低位直肠癌的平常10种手术方式
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">癌症的<span style="color: black;">显现</span>是一个漫长的过程,除了和遗传基因<span style="color: black;">相关</span>外,</span><span style="color: black;">与</span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">膳食</span>、生活习惯<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">相关</span>系。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">直肠癌属于大肠癌的一种,顾名思义<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">便是</span>出<span style="color: black;">此刻</span>直肠上的癌变。<span style="color: black;">因为</span>其<span style="color: black;">初期</span>症状不<span style="color: black;">显著</span>,有部分<span style="color: black;">病人</span><span style="color: black;">乃至</span>是毫<span style="color: black;">没</span><span style="color: black;">反常</span>,<span style="color: black;">因此</span>大部分癌症<span style="color: black;">病人</span>在确诊时,都<span style="color: black;">已然</span>到了中晚期!临床上有<span style="color: black;">非常多</span><span style="color: black;">病人</span>,都是在<span style="color: black;">显现</span>了腹痛难忍、便血症状后才就诊,<span style="color: black;">最后</span>被确诊为直肠癌。<strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">针对</span><span style="color: black;">病人</span><span style="color: black;">来讲</span>,手术仍然是<span style="color: black;">日前</span>公认的最有效的治疗手段。</strong></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">选取</span>不同的手术方式,<span style="color: black;">必须</span><span style="color: black;">按照</span><span style="color: black;">疾患</span>分期来<span style="color: black;">详细</span>分析。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">倘若</span>是<span style="color: black;">初期</span>及中期的结肠癌<span style="color: black;">病人</span>,</span></strong><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">选取</span>进行根治性手术,<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">便是</span>切除肿瘤的手术。根治性手术又分为传统的开腹手术以及腹腔镜微创手术。传统开腹手术适合所有<span style="color: black;">能够</span>手术的结肠癌<span style="color: black;">病人</span>,而腹腔镜微创手术适合肿瘤较小的、<span style="color: black;">初期</span>结肠癌<span style="color: black;">病人</span>。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">倘若</span>是晚期的结肠癌<span style="color: black;">病人</span>,</span></strong><span style="color: black;">若不伴有梗阻,就不<span style="color: black;">意见</span>进行手术治疗,<span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">思虑</span>进行放疗或化疗;而<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>晚期结肠癌<span style="color: black;">病人</span>伴有梗阻,就<span style="color: black;">必须</span>进行手术治疗。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">手术刀,听起来是可怕、冰冷的。但那把握在<span style="color: black;">大夫</span>手上的“神圣”之刀,<span style="color: black;">常常</span>拯救了许多人,<span style="color: black;">乃至</span>是许多个家庭。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">手术的方式多种多样,<span style="color: black;">到底</span>这些手术是什么?</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">我国直肠癌的发病特点是以中低位多见(<span style="color: black;">位置于</span>距齿状线7cm 以内,腹膜反折下的癌),约占直肠癌的70%~75%。<span style="color: black;">日前</span>尚<span style="color: black;">没</span>对低位直肠癌的精确定义。男性解剖学肛管长约2cm,女性约1.5 cm。直肠长度12~15 cm,可分为上、中、下3部分。<span style="color: black;">因此呢</span>,低位直肠癌<span style="color: black;">一般</span>被定义为距离肛缘<5 cm或距离肛管直肠交界处<3 cm的直肠癌。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/sz_mmbiz_jpg/eoLibEkfpk1nQgevicjZsgIIxZ4k0v35OQUY8rS2pNQmzthCxVxWsfU6zPqIMeSV1EboM0ibXoR1Q1ZS9zCcBibY7w/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1&tp=webp" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">直肠的分部</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">低位直肠癌的手术方式<span style="color: black;">重点</span>有10种:</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">(1)经肛门的局部切除;</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">(2)经骶后入路的局部切除;</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">(3)经肛门全直肠系膜切除(transanal total mesorectal excision,TaTME);</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">(4)Hartmann术(肿瘤切除远端封闭,近端造口);</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">(5)经腹直肠癌前切除术(Dixon术);</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">(6)Parks手术;</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">(7)Bacon术(结肠经肛拖出吻合术);</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">(8)括约肌间切除术(intersphincteric resection,ISR);</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">(9)Miles术(腹会阴联合切除术,abdomen perineal resection,APR);</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">(10)腹会阴柱状切除术(extralevator abdominoperineal excision,ELAPE)。</span></p><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">1、经肛门局部切除</span></span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"> 经肛门局部切除<span style="color: black;">重点</span>分直视下经肛门切除和利用肛门内镜显微手术(TEM),<span style="color: black;">重点</span>适用于特定的<span style="color: black;">初期</span>直肠癌,<span style="color: black;">对T、N分期有较严格的限制,直径在3cm内,术前MRI和直肠内超声<span style="color: black;">检测</span><span style="color: black;">评定</span>淋巴结<span style="color: black;">必要</span>为阴性(淋巴结直径<3 mm)。</span>严格<span style="color: black;">把握</span>适应证,可取得良好的<span style="color: black;">长时间</span>预后。术中仍<span style="color: black;">需求</span>肠壁全层切除,切除边界1 cm以上,肠壁<span style="color: black;">缺失</span>反复冲洗后予以缝合,切除标本须做连续大切片病理学<span style="color: black;">检测</span>,<span style="color: black;">知道</span>环周切缘阴性,否则须追加手术。<span style="color: black;">针对</span>本文探讨的距肛缘5cm的低位直肠癌,充分扩肌后自动拉勾牵开肛门,直视下已能顺利切除缝合,<span style="color: black;">通常</span><span style="color: black;">没</span>须行肛门镜平台的手术。</span></p><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">2、经骶尾部入路直肠癌切除</span></span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"> 经骶尾入路的直肠癌切除术<span style="color: black;">重点</span>有两种<strong style="color: blue;">:Kraske术</strong>和<strong style="color: blue;">Mason术</strong>,Kraske术不切断肛管括约肌,而Mason术切断肛管括约肌。经骶尾入路的局部切除,术野显露好,切缘易<span style="color: black;">把握</span>,切断的括约肌用粗丝线对合缝合后,不影响肛管括约功能。但有较高的感染和吻合口漏<span style="color: black;">出现</span>率(约20%),术野须充分冲洗,<span style="color: black;">安置</span>有效引流,引流管引出口靠近肛缘,一旦<span style="color: black;">显现</span>漏,可按单纯肛瘘处理。<span style="color: black;">经骶尾入路只适用于T分期在T1以内、MRI和直肠内超声<span style="color: black;">没</span>淋巴结转移的<span style="color: black;">初期</span>低位直肠癌</span>,肿瘤<span style="color: black;">体积</span>不受限制,可行肠段切除吻合。</span></p><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">3、<span style="color: black;">TaTME</span></span></span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">TaTME是近5年<span style="color: black;">逐步</span>开展并受到结直肠外科<span style="color: black;">大夫</span>广泛关注的一种手术方式。TaTME是完全经肛门,由下往上分离直肠系膜直至肠系膜下动静脉的手术方式,<span style="color: black;">其优点是良好的下切缘和环周切缘,</span><span style="color: black;">适用于腹膜反折下的直肠癌,有学者将其用于距肛缘≤6 cm的直肠癌,尤其适用于<span style="color: black;">肥壮</span>、强壮和骨盆相对狭窄的青壮年男性病人。</span>笔者认为,不要刻意强调完全经肛门切除,腹腔镜辅助下的TaTME更安全,副<span style="color: black;">损害</span>少,且容易清扫肠系膜下动脉根部<span style="color: black;">淋巴结。<span style="color: black;">在左结肠动脉缺如的变异<span style="color: black;">状况</span>下,游离肠系膜下动脉,<span style="color: black;">保存</span>乙状结肠动脉分支以<span style="color: black;">保准</span>近端结肠血供非常<span style="color: black;">要紧</span>。</span>完全经肛门手术完成乙状结肠动脉的<span style="color: black;">保存</span>、仅结扎直肠上动脉并清扫肠系膜下动脉根部淋巴结是</span>极有难度的,几乎<span style="color: black;">不可</span>完美实现。</span></p><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">4、Hartmann术</span></span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">Hartmann术为直肠肿瘤切除后远端封闭、近端造口的手术方式。<span style="color: black;">该手术<span style="color: black;">重点</span>用于<span style="color: black;">不可</span>耐受手术,或已有肛门功能不全的老年病人。</span>分离到足够切缘后,<span style="color: black;">因为</span>是针对低位直肠癌,会阴组<span style="color: black;">大夫</span>经肛门内荷包缝合将肿瘤隔离,充分冲洗残留直肠肛管后,经腹用闭合器离断或经肛门离断,封闭残端。该手术对部分病人可免去肛门切除手术,术后恢复快,远期疗效待商榷。</span></p><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">5、<span style="color: black;">经腹直肠癌前切除术(Dixon术)</span></span></span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">直肠癌前切除吻合术是因<span style="color: black;">全部</span>手术过程都是在腹部操作而得名,是Dixon于1944年<span style="color: black;">发帖</span>介绍的术式。Dixon术是继mile’s手术后又一在临床上最广泛应用的保肛术式之一。而随着吻合器的广泛应用后,Dixon术由原来的只适用于腹膜返折以上的肿瘤,扩展到适用于中低位直肠癌手术。</span></p><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">6、Parks手术</span></span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">1972年Parks提出一种新的低位直肠癌手术<span style="color: black;">办法</span>,经腹经肛门行切除直肠、经肛门行结肠肛管吻合。此<span style="color: black;">办法</span>癌肿远侧直肠切除2cm,于齿状线的粘膜下注入1:100000的肾上腺素生理盐水溶液,使粘膜下层浮起,粘膜与肛门内括约肌<span style="color: black;">掰开</span>。以电刀于齿线稍上方切开、剥离肛管直肠粘膜达内括约肌上缘,吸收线间断缝合结肠断端全层与齿线黏膜及肌层,与腹部切除平面会师后切断直肠,吻合口<span style="color: black;">位置于</span>肛管上缘或齿状线。</span></p><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">7、Bacon术</span></span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">该术式的腹部操作与Dixon术<span style="color: black;">类似</span>,<span style="color: black;">通常</span>于结肠内置入小儿<span style="color: black;">麻木</span>螺旋导管作支架,拖出肛门结肠浆肌层与肛管缝合6~8针固定,10d<span style="color: black;">上下</span>自动脱落,但<span style="color: black;">增多</span>了会阴部手术过程,将结肠经腹拖出切除肿瘤<span style="color: black;">而后</span>与肛管吻合,<span style="color: black;">适用于低位直肠癌、直肠阴道瘘、部分放疗后、低位吻合失效和低位吻合口漏再手术的病人</span>。<span style="color: black;">因为</span>该手术<span style="color: black;">必须</span>较长的近端游离肠段,术后肛门括约肌功能不甚满意,控便功能差。将肠管结扎在螺纹导管上的距离应在肛门外2cm,过长可能须二期切除多余肠管,此术式因在<span style="color: black;">身体</span><span style="color: black;">没</span>吻合口,<span style="color: black;">出现</span>漏的机会少,但有部分病人<span style="color: black;">显现</span>肠管回缩。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/sz_mmbiz_jpg/eoLibEkfpk1nQgevicjZsgIIxZ4k0v35OQbs7XCXqUPVJC1H9PpiaEHzKrvDqcUEC0fonKoZPndxGa0yKXfg0bfZg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1&tp=webp" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">改良Bacon术(手术<span style="color: black;">次序</span>:左上→左下→右)</span></p><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">8、括约肌间切除术(ISR<span style="color: black;">)</span></span></span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"> 相比较Bacon术和Parks术,ISR的肿瘤位置更低。近年来,<span style="color: black;">ISR<span style="color: black;">逐步</span>用于距齿状线2~5 cm以内的<span style="color: black;">初期</span>直肠癌(T1或部分T2)</span>,能达到肿瘤彻底切除和<span style="color: black;">得到</span>满意的排便<span style="color: black;">掌控</span>功能。该术式是用腹腔镜从腹腔分离直肠到达盆底后,会阴组在肛门直视下从肿瘤下缘足够处切开至肛管内外括约肌之间,随后向上游离达肛提肌处与腹腔镜组会合。该术式<span style="color: black;">保存</span>肛门外括约肌及部分内括约肌,<span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">得到</span>足够的远端切缘,从而达到肿瘤根治及<span style="color: black;">保存</span>肛门(保肛)的目的。适用于距齿状线2~5 cm、未侵犯内括约肌且分化程度高的直肠癌病人。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">有<span style="color: black;">科研</span>证实,腹腔镜ISR是安全可行的,ISR的R0切除率为97.0%,围手术期病死率为0.8%,总并发症<span style="color: black;">出现</span>率为25.8%,局部复发率为6.7%(中位随访时间56个月),5年中位存活率为86.3%、<span style="color: black;">没</span>病存活率为78.6%。其根治效果和<span style="color: black;">长时间</span>预后不亚于Miles术;术后短期内肛门功能<span style="color: black;">显著</span>受损,但6个月后<span style="color: black;">发掘</span>肛门功能<span style="color: black;">逐步</span>恢复,并随时间延长<span style="color: black;">乃至</span>接近术前水平。内括约肌<span style="color: black;">是不是</span>完全切除为影响术后肛门功能的<span style="color: black;">重点</span><span style="color: black;">原因</span>,行全内括约肌切除病人的控便功能较差。</span></p><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">9、腹会阴联合切除术(APR)</span></span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">腹会阴联合切除术(mile’s术)是经典的低位直肠癌手术方式,是应用最多的手术之一。而针对局部浸润较剧的肿瘤近来Holm等采用了柱状经腹会阴切除术。<span style="color: black;">重点</span>是对T3、T4期低位直肠癌的<span style="color: black;">病人</span>,游离上端直肠系膜后中低位的直肠系膜切除采用<span style="color: black;">病人</span>俯卧位,远端直肠系膜切除<span style="color: black;">经过</span>会阴部进行。目的是<span style="color: black;">经过</span>会阴部扩大切除,使标本<span style="color: black;">作为</span><span style="color: black;">没</span>狭窄腰部的圆柱状,<span style="color: black;">增多</span>远端直肠癌周组织切除量,降低CRM阳性率和术中肠穿孔率,从而降低局部复发率。<span style="color: black;">科研</span><span style="color: black;">显示</span>,柱状经腹会阴切除术后并发症和死亡率较传统的APR手术并未<span style="color: black;">明显</span><span style="color: black;">增多</span>,并且优于会阴操作视野良好,还<span style="color: black;">能够</span>在<span style="color: black;">必定</span>程度上降低术中操作的<span style="color: black;">危害</span>。</span></p><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">十、</span>腹会阴联合切除和柱状切除</span></span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"> 传</span><span style="color: black;">统直肠癌APR仍是不可保肛的低位直肠癌病人首选的治疗手段,尽管采用了TME技术,但在直肠游离<span style="color: black;">周期</span>,<span style="color: black;">通常</span>随着系膜的缩小,必然<span style="color: black;">引起</span>标本形成狭窄的“腰部”。<span style="color: black;">文献<span style="color: black;">报告</span>狭窄处正是肿瘤残存复发之处</span>,严重影响病人存活率,其术后效果仍<span style="color: black;">无</span>得到<span style="color: black;">显著</span>改善。<span style="color: black;">近年来对T3~T4期低位直肠癌病人<span style="color: black;">逐步</span>推广了ELAPE</span>,标本呈圆柱状,其效果可<span style="color: black;">显著</span>降低环周切缘阳性率以及术后局部复发率。柱状切除的<span style="color: black;">不方便</span>是术中须更换体位,两次消毒铺巾。这两种手术都切除了肛门,病人的<span style="color: black;">存活</span>质量受到影响,<span style="color: black;">因为</span>局部晚期的低位直肠癌常规<span style="color: black;">举荐</span>新辅助放化疗,且可用环周切缘来判断手术质量,故柱状切除似<span style="color: black;">没</span>必要。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">(声明:本文摘选自《中国实用外科杂志》)</span></p>
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