219mze 发表于 2024-10-10 07:03:51

家族性乳糜微粒血症综合症的科研发展


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      <div style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><strong style="color: blue;">中国心血管杂志</strong><strong style="color: blue;">2024</strong><strong style="color: blue;">Chinese Journal of Cardiovascular Medicine</strong>
            <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">本刊为《中文核心期刊要目总览》2023年版入编期刊、科技期刊世界影响力指数(WJCI)报告2023收录期刊、中国科技核心期刊,欢迎来稿!</span></p>
            <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://p3-sign.toutiaoimg.com/tos-cn-i-axegupay5k/d7263ea065c04930ac881de09f87ea38~noop.image?_iz=58558&amp;from=article.pc_detail&amp;lk3s=953192f4&amp;x-expires=1728785874&amp;x-signature=fcBzWsgpbHEfcP1xIj6BD3ahyoQ%3D" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
            <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">photo by qiuqiu</span></p>
            <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">家族性乳糜微粒血症<span style="color: black;">综合症</span>的研究<span style="color: black;">发展</span></span></strong></p>
            <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">Research progress in familial chylomicronemia syndrome</span></strong></p>
            <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">梁芙萌 王方芳 唐熠达</span></p>
            <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">作者单位:</span></strong><span style="color: black;">100191 北京大学第三医院心内科、血管医学<span style="color: black;">科研</span>所,血管稳态与重构全国重点实验室,国家卫生健康委心血管分子生物学与调节肽重点实验室,心血管受体<span style="color: black;">科研</span>北京市重点实验室</span></p>
            <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">通信作者:</span></strong><span style="color: black;">王方芳,电子信箱:doctorfancy@126.com</span></p>
            <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">引用本文:</span></strong></p>
            <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">梁芙萌, 王方芳, 唐熠达. 家族性乳糜微粒血症<span style="color: black;">综合症</span>的<span style="color: black;">科研</span><span style="color: black;">发展</span>. 中国心血管杂志, 2024, 29(1): 80-84. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-5410.2024.01.015.</span></p>
            <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">家族性乳糜微粒血症<span style="color: black;">综合症</span>(familial chylomicronemia syndrome,FCS),<span style="color: black;">亦</span>被<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>为Ⅰ型原发性高脂蛋白血症(T1HLP)(OMIM#238600),或脂蛋白脂肪酶缺乏症(lipoprotein lipase deficiency,LPLD),是一种罕见的常染色体隐性遗传<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>,最早于1932年由Bürger和Grütz提出。</span></p>0<span style="color: black;">1</span><strong style="color: blue;">流行病学特点</strong>资源 1<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">随着人们对FCS的<span style="color: black;">持续</span>深入<span style="color: black;">科研</span>,<span style="color: black;">非常多</span>学者认为其<span style="color: black;">实质</span>发病率高于1/100万。2018年Khavandi等分析了2008—2017年纽约州385 000份电子病历记录,<span style="color: black;">发掘</span>FCS的发病率约为1/10万。Pallazola等回顾性分析了2013—2017年在约翰霍普金斯医院就诊的1 627 763例<span style="color: black;">病人</span>,统计FCS患病率高达13/100万。Shah等回顾性分析了2006—2016年在克利夫兰诊所脂质中心就诊的70 201例<span style="color: black;">病人</span>,<span style="color: black;">发掘</span>FCS患病率<span style="color: black;">最少</span>为1/5 000,比报告的发病率高出200倍。目前我国尚无FCS发病率<span style="color: black;">关联</span>数据<span style="color: black;">报告</span>。</span></p>
            <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">FCS多由脂蛋白脂肪酶(lipoprotein lipase,LPL)基因的双等位基因(纯合)变异<span style="color: black;">导致</span>,从而使LPL的活性下降或功能缺失,<span style="color: black;">引起</span><span style="color: black;">血液</span>中乳糜微粒(chylomicron,CM)浓度<span style="color: black;">上升</span>和高三酰甘油血症(hypertriglyceridemia,HTG)。到<span style="color: black;">日前</span>为止,已知参与CM脂肪分解且与FCS<span style="color: black;">关联</span>的基因有5种,即LPL、载脂蛋白C2(apolipoprotein C-Ⅱ,APOC2)、载脂蛋白A5(apolipoprotein A-Ⅴ,APOA5)、脂肪酶成熟因子1(lipase maturation factor 1,LMF1)和甘油磷酸肌醇锚定高密度脂蛋白结合蛋白1(glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored high-density lipoprotein binding protein 1,GPIHBP1),其中LPL基因突变率在欧美FCS人群中高达80%以上。大<span style="color: black;">都数</span><span style="color: black;">引起</span>家族性LPL功能缺陷的基因突变<span style="color: black;">位置于</span>LPL基因的外显子4、5和6上。</span></p>0<span style="color: black;">2</span><strong style="color: blue;">发病机制</strong>资源 1<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">CM是在摄入高脂肪<span style="color: black;">食品</span>后,由肠壁细胞合成的<span style="color: black;">饱含</span>三酰甘油(triglyceride,TG)的巨大脂蛋白,是循环血液中外源性TG及胆固醇的<span style="color: black;">重点</span>运输形式。在外周血中成熟的CM借助APOC2激活LPL,TG在LPL的<span style="color: black;">功效</span>下水解为甘油一酯和脂肪酸,<span style="color: black;">而后</span>被肌肉、脂肪组织、心肌组织等摄取或利用。CM中的载脂蛋白和磷脂转移到高密度脂蛋白中,而剩下的CM残粒,分别被肝脏低密度脂蛋白(low-density lipoprotein,LDL)受体和清道夫受体识别后摄取。健康人<span style="color: black;">血液</span>中的CM在空腹12 h后会被完全清除,<span style="color: black;">因此呢</span>健康人血浆中几乎无CM。但在FCS<span style="color: black;">病人</span>中,<span style="color: black;">因为</span>缺乏功能性的LPL(如LPL基因突变),或其他<span style="color: black;">关联</span>基因编码的蛋白质与LPL相互<span style="color: black;">功效</span>等,使<span style="color: black;">血液</span>中CM的清除能力受损,<span style="color: black;">引起</span>TG堆积在<span style="color: black;">血液</span>中而使<span style="color: black;">血液</span>呈乳糜状。</span></p>
            <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">2018年Hegele等对52例FCS<span style="color: black;">病人</span>的临床<span style="color: black;">科研</span><span style="color: black;">发掘</span>,41例(79%)<span style="color: black;">病人</span>携带LPL双等位基因突变;在11例(21%)非LPL基因突变FCS<span style="color: black;">病人</span>中,1例携带APOC2基因突变,5例<span style="color: black;">出现</span>GPIHBP1基因突变,1例<span style="color: black;">包括</span>LMF1基因突变,2例<span style="color: black;">出现</span>APOA5基因突变,2例携带双杂合子突变。2020年葡萄牙一所医学<span style="color: black;">科研</span>中心对26例FCS<span style="color: black;">病人</span>进行<span style="color: black;">科研</span>,其中7例<span style="color: black;">病人</span>进行的基因检测结果<span style="color: black;">表示</span>,3例为LPL纯合子突变,3例为LPL复合杂合子突变,1例为APOC2纯合子突变。2018年法裔加拿<span style="color: black;">成人</span>一项队列<span style="color: black;">科研</span><span style="color: black;">表示</span>,在25例FCS<span style="color: black;">病人</span>中,8例携带LPL207(P234L)纯合突变,7例<span style="color: black;">包括</span>LPL188(G215E)纯合突变,6例<span style="color: black;">病人</span>为LPL杂合子携带者(LPL207+LPL188),1例<span style="color: black;">出现</span>GPIHBP1移码纯合突变。总之,对欧美人群FCS<span style="color: black;">病人</span>的基因突变检测分析<span style="color: black;">显示</span>,LPL基因<span style="color: black;">关联</span>的纯合或双重杂合突变是最<span style="color: black;">平常</span>的患病机制。</span></p>
            <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">2018年中国医学科学院阜外医院<span style="color: black;">报告</span>了其血脂门诊既往7年来就诊的45例极高TG血症(≥11.3 mmol/L)<span style="color: black;">病人</span>的基因检测结果,<span style="color: black;">包含</span>11.1%的LPL变异和17.8%的LPL调控基因(APOA5、APOC2、GPIHBP1和LMF1)变异。</span></p>
            <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">另一</span>,<span style="color: black;">近期</span><span style="color: black;">科研</span><span style="color: black;">报告</span>,载脂蛋白C3(apolipoprotein C-Ⅲ,APOC3)和血管生成素样3(angiopoietin-like proteins 3,ANGPTL3)在脂质代谢中<span style="color: black;">亦</span>发挥重要<span style="color: black;">功效</span>,可<span style="color: black;">做为</span>FCS<span style="color: black;">病人</span>的<span style="color: black;">药品</span>治疗靶点。FCS<span style="color: black;">关联</span>基因及各基因<span style="color: black;">功效</span>机制见<strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">表1</span></strong>。</span></p>
            <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">表1 FCS<span style="color: black;">关联</span>基因及<span style="color: black;">功效</span>机制</span></strong></p>
            <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://p6-sign.toutiaoimg.com/tos-cn-i-tjoges91tu/5120e862e899df286ce2dd8fccb26bf4~noop.image?_iz=58558&amp;from=article.pc_detail&amp;lk3s=953192f4&amp;x-expires=1728785874&amp;x-signature=Ys0Ykgv1jYV4rucGQiyk2UhQIgQ%3D" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
            <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">注:FCS:家族性乳糜微粒血症<span style="color: black;">综合症</span>;LPL:脂蛋白脂肪酶;TG:三酰甘油;CM:乳糜微粒;GPIHBP1:甘油磷酸肌醇锚定高密度脂蛋白结合蛋白1;APOA5:载脂蛋白A5;VLDL:极低密度脂蛋白;APOC2:载脂蛋白C2;LMF1:脂肪酶成熟因子1;ANGPTL3:血管生成素样3;APOC3:载脂蛋白C3</span></p>0<span style="color: black;">3</span><strong style="color: blue;">临床表现和诊断</strong>资源 1<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">FCS是一种罕见的常染色体隐性遗传病,<span style="color: black;">一般</span>由多种单基因突变<span style="color: black;">导致</span>,区别于多<span style="color: black;">原因</span>乳糜微粒血症<span style="color: black;">综合症</span>(multifactorial chylomicronemia syndrome,MCS),后者是一种多基因<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>,<span style="color: black;">一般</span>与危险<span style="color: black;">原因</span>或合并<span style="color: black;">疾患</span><span style="color: black;">相关</span>,如饮酒、<span style="color: black;">饱含</span>碳水化合物(果糖)的<span style="color: black;">膳食</span>、<span style="color: black;">掌控</span><span style="color: black;">不良</span>的糖尿病、甲状腺功能<span style="color: black;">衰退</span>、胆道<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>、肾脏<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>、妊娠和某些<span style="color: black;">药品</span>等。<span style="color: black;">因此</span>相比之下,MCS比FCS要多见<span style="color: black;">有些</span>。</span></p>
            <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">FCS多始于儿童期、青少年期或成年<span style="color: black;">初期</span>,其特征是空腹血浆TG水平非常高(未治疗<span style="color: black;">状况</span>下≥11.3 mmol/L),这个TG阈值水平(11.3 mmol/L)既是<span style="color: black;">血液</span>中CM血症存在的水平,<span style="color: black;">亦</span>是急性胰腺炎(acute pancreatitis,AP)<span style="color: black;">爆发</span>的高<span style="color: black;">危害</span>阈值水平。FCS<span style="color: black;">重点</span>临床特征<span style="color: black;">包含</span>急性<span style="color: black;">爆发</span>性腹痛、乏力、皮肤黄色瘤、肝脾肿大、视网膜脂质症、反复<span style="color: black;">爆发</span>AP及神经症状,如易怒、记忆丧失和抑郁,严重者影响<span style="color: black;">病人</span>的生活质量。</span></p>
            <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">国外<span style="color: black;">科研</span><span style="color: black;">报告</span>,高三酰甘油血症性急性胰腺炎(hypertriglyceridemia-induced acute pancreatitis,HTG-AP)占所有胰腺炎<span style="color: black;">爆发</span>的10%,是继饮酒和胆石症<span style="color: black;">导致</span>AP后最<span style="color: black;">平常</span>的原因,而TG水平高于11.3 mmol/L<span style="color: black;">亦</span>被认为是<span style="color: black;">引起</span>胰腺炎<span style="color: black;">爆发</span>的必要诱因。<span style="color: black;">初期</span>识别并诊断FCS<span style="color: black;">病人</span>非常关键,<span style="color: black;">由于</span>这些<span style="color: black;">病人</span><span style="color: black;">出现</span>严重AP的<span style="color: black;">危害</span>很高,<span style="color: black;">况且</span>更有可能<span style="color: black;">显现</span>严重的不可逆的胰腺坏死和器官衰竭。随着CM浓度<span style="color: black;">上升</span>,血液黏度<span style="color: black;">增多</span>及血管内皮受损,<span style="color: black;">引起</span>胰腺内的缺血性<span style="color: black;">损害</span>和酸中毒,加上游离脂肪酸<span style="color: black;">针对</span>胰腺的直接毒性,进一步<span style="color: black;">增多</span>了AP的<span style="color: black;">爆发</span><span style="color: black;">危害</span>。AP除了是一种可能危及生命的紧急<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>外,还可能<span style="color: black;">引起</span><span style="color: black;">有些</span>临床并发症,如慢性胰腺炎、胰腺功能不全、2型糖尿病等。</span></p>
            <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">欧洲专家小组<span style="color: black;">科研</span>认为,诊断FCS的标准<span style="color: black;">包含</span>:(1)严重的原发性HTG(多次空腹TG水平&gt;10 mmol/L),对传统降低TG<span style="color: black;">药品</span>治疗无效或无反应;(2)发病<span style="color: black;">初始</span>年龄小,有早发(幼儿、青少年时期)AP史、不明<span style="color: black;">原由</span>腹痛史;(3)排除其他影响<span style="color: black;">原因</span>如妊娠、<span style="color: black;">药品</span>、酒精中毒、胆石症等。基因检测<span style="color: black;">亦</span>是支持诊断的<span style="color: black;">办法</span>之一,当临床表现<span style="color: black;">剧烈</span>提示<span style="color: black;">病人</span>可能<span style="color: black;">身患</span>FCS时,<span style="color: black;">能够</span>进行基因检测,但其<span style="color: black;">亦</span>并<span style="color: black;">不可</span>百分之百确诊,如在<span style="color: black;">无</span>临床症状的<span style="color: black;">状况</span>下可能携带基因突变,或临床症状可能提示FCS,而致病基因突变在当前检测技术下仍<span style="color: black;">没法</span>确定。O’Dea等<span style="color: black;">科研</span><span style="color: black;">报告</span><span style="color: black;">叫作</span>,对基因确诊的FCS和MCS<span style="color: black;">病人</span>进行比较,空腹低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(low-density lipoprotein cholesterol,LDL-C)、体质指数(body mass index,BMI)和胰腺炎病史对<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>的鉴别准确率高达91.0%,<span style="color: black;">因此呢</span>提出将低BMI(&lt;26.1 <span style="color: black;">公斤</span>/m2)和低LDL-C(&lt;1.01 mmol/L)两项指标<span style="color: black;">亦</span>纳入诊断FCS标准中。</span></p>0<span style="color: black;">4</span><strong style="color: blue;">治疗</strong>资源 1<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">FCS治疗目的<span style="color: black;">包含</span>降低<span style="color: black;">出现</span>胰腺炎的<span style="color: black;">危害</span>、减轻因<span style="color: black;">血液</span>TG水平<span style="color: black;">上升</span><span style="color: black;">关联</span>的短期临床症状。<span style="color: black;">血液</span>TG水平是<span style="color: black;">评定</span>治疗效果最合适的标志物,2002年美国国家胆固醇教育计划(national cholesterol education program,NCEP)提出降低TG水平并维持在5.65 mmol/L以下,可改善<span style="color: black;">病人</span>的炎症反应程度,促进胰腺组织修复、改善预后,并有效预防胰腺炎复发。Gallo等提出,FCS<span style="color: black;">病人</span>TG<span style="color: black;">目的</span>值应&lt;11.3 mmol/L,或较治疗前降低50%水平,当然<span style="color: black;">首要</span>需要<span style="color: black;">按照</span>临床<span style="color: black;">实质</span><span style="color: black;">状况</span>来判断。</span></p>
            <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">极低脂肪(每日不高于20 g)<span style="color: black;">膳食</span>是<span style="color: black;">日前</span>治疗FCS的<span style="color: black;">重点</span><span style="color: black;">办法</span>,但<span style="color: black;">都数</span>人很难<span style="color: black;">长时间</span><span style="color: black;">保持</span>。<span style="color: black;">针对</span><span style="color: black;">身患</span>FCS的成年人,<span style="color: black;">意见</span>将<span style="color: black;">膳食</span>中的脂肪能量限制在摄入总能量的15%以内,但不<span style="color: black;">意见</span>儿童将其水平降低到20%以下,需综合<span style="color: black;">思虑</span>年龄增长及身体<span style="color: black;">生长</span>等<span style="color: black;">详细</span><span style="color: black;">状况</span>来<span style="color: black;">调节</span>能量摄入量,以<span style="color: black;">保证</span>摄入相对较平衡的营养物质如维生素、微量元素等。相较于长链TG,中链TG因与CM的结合少,适量摄入可能对<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>预后有益。虽然CM的水平取决于<span style="color: black;">膳食</span>中的脂肪含量,但仍<span style="color: black;">意见</span>限制酒精摄入量,限制摄入过量的糖,避免<span style="color: black;">吃下</span>已知会<span style="color: black;">上升</span>TG水平的<span style="color: black;">药品</span>如大剂量噻嗪类<span style="color: black;">药品</span>、β受体阻滞剂和外源性雌激素等。但<span style="color: black;">针对</span>FCS<span style="color: black;">病人</span>,<span style="color: black;">长时间</span><span style="color: black;">保持</span>极低脂肪<span style="color: black;">膳食</span><span style="color: black;">明显</span>影响其生活质量。</span></p>
            <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">FCS<span style="color: black;">病人</span>因缺乏分解代谢脂肪的能力,与绝大<span style="color: black;">都数</span>严重高三酰甘油血症(severe hypertriglyceridemia,SHTG)<span style="color: black;">病人</span><span style="color: black;">区别</span>,对标准降脂<span style="color: black;">药品</span>反应<span style="color: black;">不良</span>。Chaudhry等<span style="color: black;">科研</span><span style="color: black;">发掘</span>,贝特类(纤维酸衍生物类)或Ω-3脂肪酸制剂等<span style="color: black;">药品</span>治疗对MCS<span style="color: black;">病人</span>可能有益,但对FCS<span style="color: black;">病人</span>基本无效。曾有<span style="color: black;">科研</span>提出高剂量(4~6 g/d)的Ω-3脂肪酸类<span style="color: black;">药品</span>可降低SHTG<span style="color: black;">病人</span>的TG和APOC3水平,但<span style="color: black;">日前</span>未提示对FCS<span style="color: black;">病人</span>有效,可能是<span style="color: black;">由于</span>FCS<span style="color: black;">病人</span>中TG水平与脂肪摄入量<span style="color: black;">增多</span><span style="color: black;">关联</span>,FCS<span style="color: black;">病人</span>应严格<span style="color: black;">掌控</span>脂肪摄入量,应避免摄入高剂量的Ω-3脂肪酸。</span></p>
            <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">血液</span>置换术多用于TG非常高(如妊娠<span style="color: black;">时期</span>)的<span style="color: black;">病人</span>,以避免AP<span style="color: black;">出现</span>或降低AP并发症的<span style="color: black;">危害</span>。Lu等<span style="color: black;">科研</span>认为,在病程<span style="color: black;">初期</span>,将TG<span style="color: black;">掌控</span>到5.65 mmol/L以下可能会减少胰腺炎带来的<span style="color: black;">连续</span>性器官衰竭的风险。萨格勒布大学曾<span style="color: black;">报告</span>1例患FCS的妊娠女性采用<span style="color: black;">血液</span>置换来预防胰腺炎及母婴潜在并发症的治疗成功案例。阿根廷<span style="color: black;">亦</span>有一项对2002—2019年4个中心21例儿童FCS<span style="color: black;">病人</span>进行的回顾性综合<span style="color: black;">科研</span>,结果提示限制脂肪<span style="color: black;">膳食</span>及<span style="color: black;">血液</span>置换治疗有效。</span></p>
            <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">Alipogene tiparvovec(Glybera)基因替代疗法是<span style="color: black;">运用</span>腺病毒<span style="color: black;">关联</span>病毒(adeno-associated virus,AAV)<span style="color: black;">做为</span>载体将LPL基因传递到LPL缺乏(功能缺失突变)的FCS<span style="color: black;">病人</span>中,从而表达功能正常的LPL基因。该药<span style="color: black;">经过</span>多次肌肉注射达到治疗效果,<span style="color: black;">包含</span>降低胰腺炎<span style="color: black;">出现</span>率,但因治疗效果短暂且非常昂贵,已于2017年被<span style="color: black;">机构</span>召回。</span></p>
            <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">微粒体三酰甘油转移蛋白(microsomal triglyceride transfer protein,MTTP)<span style="color: black;">重点</span>存在于肝细胞和肠上皮细胞,其生理功能是将TG转移到肝细胞中的载脂蛋白B100(ApoB-100)和肠上皮细胞中的载脂蛋白B48(ApoB-48),是极低密度脂蛋白和CM合成与分泌不可缺少的脂质转运蛋白。MTTP<span style="color: black;">控制</span>剂洛米他滨(lomitapide)<span style="color: black;">经过</span><span style="color: black;">控制</span><span style="color: black;">饱含</span>TG的脂蛋白合成和分泌来降低<span style="color: black;">血液</span>中的TG浓度。Cefalu等<span style="color: black;">科研</span>认为,lomitapide可有效降低FCS<span style="color: black;">病人</span>的TG水平,预防AP复发,但lomitapide对FCS<span style="color: black;">病人</span>的<span style="color: black;">长时间</span>疗效仍需进一步<span style="color: black;">实验</span><span style="color: black;">科研</span>来评估。<span style="color: black;">日前</span>多项<span style="color: black;">科研</span><span style="color: black;">发掘</span>,<span style="color: black;">长时间</span>口服lomitapide可能<span style="color: black;">引起</span>肝脏脂肪变性和肝硬化,<span style="color: black;">因此呢</span>尚未<span style="color: black;">得到</span><span style="color: black;">准许</span>用于治疗FCS<span style="color: black;">病人</span>。</span></p>
            <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">Pradigastat(LCQ908)是一种二酰甘油-O-酰基转移酶同源物1(diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1,DGAT1)<span style="color: black;">控制</span>剂。Gaudet等<span style="color: black;">科研</span><span style="color: black;">表示</span>,20 mg/d的pradigastat<span style="color: black;">就可</span>降低FCS<span style="color: black;">病人</span>的空腹TG水平,40 mg/d的pradigastat在12周治疗中有更高的应答率。<span style="color: black;">另外</span>,有<span style="color: black;">科研</span><span style="color: black;">报告</span>pradigastat<span style="color: black;">能够</span>有效降低FCS<span style="color: black;">病人</span>的空腹TG水平及餐后TG,但腹泻的<span style="color: black;">出现</span>率很高。</span></p>
            <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">近年来已<span style="color: black;">开发</span>出一种第二代反义寡核苷酸<span style="color: black;">药品</span>volanesorsen,<span style="color: black;">经过</span>反义结合APOC3信使核糖核酸(mRNA)、<span style="color: black;">控制</span>APOC3合成来调节TG水平。Volanesorsen是<span style="color: black;">全世界</span><span style="color: black;">第1</span>个正式<span style="color: black;">获准</span>用于治疗FCS的<span style="color: black;">药品</span>,可有效降低TG水平(94%),并观察到胰腺炎<span style="color: black;">爆发</span><span style="color: black;">显著</span>减少,还可有效降低肝脏脂肪分数。但多项<span style="color: black;">报告</span><span style="color: black;">表示</span>其严重血小板减少的不良反应。尽管存在潜在的严重不良反应,但<span style="color: black;">思虑</span>到<span style="color: black;">运用</span>volanesorsen的获益可能高于<span style="color: black;">危害</span>,在欧洲和巴西被<span style="color: black;">准许</span>用于治疗AP高<span style="color: black;">危害</span>的FCS<span style="color: black;">病人</span>。<span style="color: black;">另外</span>,Witztum等<span style="color: black;">科研</span><span style="color: black;">表示</span>,延长<span style="color: black;">运用</span>volanesorsen可<span style="color: black;">连续</span>降低FCS患者空腹TG水平(48%~55%)。<span style="color: black;">日前</span>在研的olezarsen(AKCEA-APOCⅢ-LRx),已<span style="color: black;">表示</span>可<span style="color: black;">明显</span>降低TG水平(23%~60%),无血小板下降及肝肾功能变化等不良反应,2022年开展了用于FCS<span style="color: black;">病人</span>的<span style="color: black;">全世界</span>Ⅲ期BALANCE<span style="color: black;">科研</span>,可能于近期<span style="color: black;">颁布</span><span style="color: black;">科研</span>结果。Vupanorsen(AKCEA-ANGPTL3-LRx),<span style="color: black;">重点</span>用于降低心血管<span style="color: black;">危害</span>和治疗HTG,在24周时观察到,该药所有剂量下均可<span style="color: black;">明显</span>降低非高密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平(22.0%~27.7%)和TG水平(41.3%~56.8%),但在安全性方面观察到,较高剂量的vupanorsen可<span style="color: black;">导致</span>注射部位反应及丙氨酸氨基转移酶、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶<span style="color: black;">上升</span>,肝脏脂肪含量<span style="color: black;">增多</span>等。</span></p>
            <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">小干扰RNA类<span style="color: black;">药品</span>采用新的配体耦连技术,<span style="color: black;">运用</span>N-乙酰半乳糖胺三聚体(GalNAc)修饰RNA<span style="color: black;">药品</span>后靶向结合肝细胞特异表达的去唾液酸糖蛋白受体(ASGPR),该类<span style="color: black;">药品</span>治疗效果持久,并且<span style="color: black;">能够</span>最大限度减少全身暴露,<span style="color: black;">药品</span>耐受性良好,不良反应少,为FCS<span style="color: black;">病人</span><span style="color: black;">供给</span>了一个额外的治疗<span style="color: black;">选取</span>。<span style="color: black;">日前</span>临床在研的用于FCS<span style="color: black;">病人</span>的小干扰RNA类<span style="color: black;">药品</span><span style="color: black;">包含</span>ARO-APOC3、LY-3561774和ALN-ANG,<span style="color: black;">处在</span>晚期临床<span style="color: black;">开发</span><span style="color: black;">周期</span>,尚未<span style="color: black;">获准</span>上市。ARO-APOC3已<span style="color: black;">发布</span>的临床数据<span style="color: black;">表示</span>,其可<span style="color: black;">明显</span>降低FCS和MCS<span style="color: black;">病人</span>的TG水平(91%和90%),<span style="color: black;">明显</span><span style="color: black;">上升</span>高密度脂蛋白胆固醇;且<span style="color: black;">病人</span>可能只需要每3个月或6个月注射一针,耐受性良好,最<span style="color: black;">平常</span>不良事件<span style="color: black;">重点</span>为注射部位反应。</span></p>
            <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">另外</span>,重组人单克隆抗体evinacumab是一种结合并<span style="color: black;">控制</span>ANGPTL3蛋白的全人源单克隆抗体,<span style="color: black;">能够</span>阻断ANGPTL3对多种血脂<span style="color: black;">成份</span>的调控功能,是一种新的降脂治疗<span style="color: black;">办法</span>,对LDL-C有<span style="color: black;">显著</span>疗效(40%~50%),<span style="color: black;">也</span>可降低TG,其<span style="color: black;">重点</span>不良事件<span style="color: black;">包含</span>鼻咽炎、鼻漏、<span style="color: black;">头昏</span>、头痛、恶心、上腹痛、腹泻等,在治疗FCS<span style="color: black;">病人</span>中<span style="color: black;">亦</span>可能有应用前景。</span></p>0<span style="color: black;">5</span><strong style="color: blue;">小结</strong>资源 1<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">综上所述,FCS是一种较为罕见的<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>,多由LPL及其调控基因突变<span style="color: black;">导致</span>,<span style="color: black;">重点</span>表现为TG水平<span style="color: black;">明显</span><span style="color: black;">上升</span>及AP<span style="color: black;">爆发</span>,治疗目的<span style="color: black;">包含</span>降低<span style="color: black;">出现</span>胰腺炎的<span style="color: black;">危害</span>及减轻因<span style="color: black;">血液</span>TG水平<span style="color: black;">上升</span><span style="color: black;">关联</span>的短期临床症状,治疗方式<span style="color: black;">包含</span>极低脂肪<span style="color: black;">膳食</span>、<span style="color: black;">血液</span>置换术及<span style="color: black;">控制</span>TG合成<span style="color: black;">药品</span>等,<span style="color: black;">日前</span><span style="color: black;">开发</span>中的新型小核酸<span style="color: black;">药品</span>可能会<span style="color: black;">作为</span>该<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>的特效治疗手段。<span style="color: black;">另外</span>,FCS的中国人群流行病学调研尚空白,亟待开展中国人群队列<span style="color: black;">科研</span>,以<span style="color: black;">知道</span>该<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>的中国人群诊断标准,并规范治疗及改善预后。</span></p>
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            <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"> Gesner M, Frishman WH. Drug Therapy for Hypertriglyceridemia and Familial Chylomicronemia Syndrome: Focus on Volnesorsen. Cardiol Rev, 2023, 31(6): 325-329.</span></p>
            <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"> Khetarpal SA, Wang M, Khera AV. Volanesorsen, familial chylomicronemia syndrome, and thrombocytopenia. N Engl J Med, 2019, 381(26): 2582-2584.</span></p>
            <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"> Lazarte J, Hegele RA. Volanesorsen for treatment of familial chylomicronemia syndrome. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther, 2021, 19(8): 685-693.</span></p>
            <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"> Witztum JL, Gaudet D, Arca M, et al. Volanesorsen and triglyceride levels in familial chylomicronemia syndrome: Long-term efficacy and safety data from patients in an open-label extension trial. Clin Lipidol, 2023, 17(3): 342-355.</span></p>
            <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"> Tardif JC, Karwatowska-Prokopczuk E, Amour ES, et al. Apolipoprotein C-III reduction in subjects with moderate hypertriglyceridaemia and at high cardiovascular risk. Eur Heart J, 2022, 43(14): 1401-1412.</span></p>
            <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"> Alexander V, Prokopczuk E, Stroes ESG, et al. Rationale and design of the balance study: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 study of Olezarsen in patients with familial chylomicronemia syndrome. American College of Cardiology, 2023, 81(8): 1764.</span></p>
            <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"> Bergmark BA, Marston NA, Bramson CR, et al. Effect of Vupanorsen on Non-High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Levels in Statin-Treated Patients With Elevated Cholesterol: TRANSLATE-TIMI 70. Circulation, 2022, 145(18): 1377-1386.</span></p>
            <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"> Peter C, David S, John b, et al. ARO-APOC3, an Investigational RNAi Therapeutic, Shows Similar Efficacy and Safety in Genetically Confirmed FCS and Non-FCS Participants with Severe Hypertriglyceridemia. Circulation, 2021, 144(1): A10357.</span></p>
            <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"> MarkhamA. Evinacumab: First Approval. Drugs, 2021, 81(9): 1101-1105.</span></p>
            <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"> Rosenson RS, Gaudet D, BallantyneCM. Evinacumab in severe hypertriglyceridemia with or without lipoprotein lipase pathway mutations: a phase 2 randomized trial. Nat Med, 2023, 29(3): 729-737.</span></p>
            <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://p3-sign.toutiaoimg.com/tos-cn-i-tjoges91tu/0d9200303cddf95160db74a1c13af461~noop.image?_iz=58558&amp;from=article.pc_detail&amp;lk3s=953192f4&amp;x-expires=1728785874&amp;x-signature=EJ6fUCyJxiZR8W5uHNmQ0QKhzL8%3D" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p><span style="color: black;">官方网站</span> | <span style="color: black;">投稿链接</span>
            <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">中国心血管杂志<span style="color: black;">是由于</span>中华人民共和国国家卫生健康委员会主管,北京医院、天津医科大学主办,国内外公<span style="color: black;">研发</span>行的心血管及其<span style="color: black;">关联</span>学科的专业学术期刊。本刊为<span style="color: black;">《中文核心期刊要目总览》2023年版入编期刊</span>、<span style="color: black;">科技期刊世界影响力指数(WJCI)报告2023收录期刊</span>、<span style="color: black;">中国科技核心期刊</span>。以从事心血管<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>医疗、<span style="color: black;">研究</span>工作者为读者对象,<span style="color: black;">报告</span>心血管<span style="color: black;">行业</span>先进的<span style="color: black;">基本</span><span style="color: black;">研究</span>成果和临床诊治经验,旨在促进心血管学界的学术交流,推动心血管<span style="color: black;">行业</span>的<span style="color: black;">科研</span>发展。</span></p><img src="https://p3-sign.toutiaoimg.com/tos-cn-i-tjoges91tu/bdf07898d7c9ea21af6c683e39ccd7f7~noop.image?_iz=58558&amp;from=article.pc_detail&amp;lk3s=953192f4&amp;x-expires=1728785874&amp;x-signature=enXijbqmxp7pPM0VbWHlh4cEtnQ%3D" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"><img src="https://p3-sign.toutiaoimg.com/tos-cn-i-tjoges91tu/5f8ed183a8498d358102b343b4f26f57~noop.image?_iz=58558&amp;from=article.pc_detail&amp;lk3s=953192f4&amp;x-expires=1728785874&amp;x-signature=QEeAqLrZeRWmvzMeh8P%2BRry3niM%3D" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"><img src="https://p3-sign.toutiaoimg.com/tos-cn-i-tjoges91tu/8418948baf6fcd176d77ae5d2323422c~noop.image?_iz=58558&amp;from=article.pc_detail&amp;lk3s=953192f4&amp;x-expires=1728785874&amp;x-signature=px9mPqCyVtQEM%2B9BZIwv5TqfCWo%3D" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">本刊最新收录证书</span></strong>
            <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">本刊栏目</span></strong></span><span style="color: black;">设置<span style="color: black;">包含</span>指南与共识、述评、专题、专家论坛、临床<span style="color: black;">科研</span>、<span style="color: black;">基本</span><span style="color: black;">科研</span>、流行病学调查、荟萃分析、疑难病例分析、病例报告、新概念·新<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>·新技术、综述、讲座、专家答疑、环球要刊巡览等。</span></p>
            <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">ISSN号:</span></strong></span><span style="color: black;">1007-5410</span></p>
            <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">CN号:</span></strong></span><span style="color: black;">11-3805/R</span></p>
            <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">创刊时间:</span></strong><span style="color: black;">1996年12月</span></p>
            <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">出版日期:</span></strong><span style="color: black;">双月25日</span></p>
            <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">出版刊期:</span></strong><span style="color: black;">双月刊</span></p>
            <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">官网<span style="color: black;">位置</span>:</span></strong><span style="color: black;">https://zgxxgzz.yiigle.com/</span></p>
            <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">投稿链接:</span></strong><span style="color: black;">https://xixg.cbpt.cnki.net/EditorB3N/index.aspx</span></p>
            <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">联系<span style="color: black;">tel</span>:</span></strong></p>
            <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">010-64012981转8109</p>

            <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">电子信箱:</span></strong><span style="color: black;">zgxxgzz@bjhmoh.cn</span></p>
            <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">办公<span style="color: black;">位置</span>:</span></strong><span style="color: black;">北京市东城区大佛寺东街6号109室</span></p>
            <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">邮政编码:</span></strong><span style="color: black;">100010</span></p>
      </div>
    </div>




b1gc8v 发表于 2024-10-16 20:47:41

同意、说得对、没错、我也是这么想的等。

7wu1wm0 发表于 2024-10-19 21:08:13

外链论坛的成功举办,是与各位领导、同仁们的关怀和支持分不开的。在此,我谨代表公司向关心和支持论坛的各界人士表示最衷心的感谢!

m5k1umn 发表于 2024-10-23 11:14:50

楼主节操掉了,还不快捡起来!

wrjc1hod 发表于 2024-11-8 11:29:18

你的见解真是独到,让我受益匪浅。

wrjc1hod 发表于 5 天前

感谢您的精彩评论,为我带来了新的思考角度。
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