数字货币或是数字凭证(上):到底什么是“数字货币”?
<img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/23kU7bgPtQLXT3G1Xx1IKcNFTHmTM6hicjV07ljhuQHts33aB52axXs801X6D0owgIB7VtFibB7BArYAecXxpe8A/640?wx_fmt=gif&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"><p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;">点击上方蓝字关注<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>吧</strong></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/23kU7bgPtQKIflIH1vjNJR2o5YWq4iavERiceOZIx4kte7zn142GV4UAdWLhsOPHvKPLeYnJCCv0usgKjNOiciaf3w/640?wx_fmt=gif&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">1.前言</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">央行数字货币(Central Bank Digital Currency, CBDC)从2015年发展<span style="color: black;">迄今</span>,讨论基本围绕两个<span style="color: black;">重点</span>方向展开:基于代币(Token)模型和基于账户模型。这两个方向都有支持者:</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">1)基于代币的系统中,CBDC创建为<span style="color: black;">拥有</span>特定面额的代币,将代币从一方转移到另一方就像将钞票从一个人移交给另一人<span style="color: black;">同样</span>。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">2)基于账户的系统中,央行、<span style="color: black;">商场</span>银行和其他金融<span style="color: black;">公司</span>需要为CBDC的所有用户<span style="color: black;">保存</span>账户信息,这<span style="color: black;">寓意</span>着要管理许多账户。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">关于这两个方向的讨论<span style="color: black;">始终</span>在进行。例如:</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">国际清算银行(Bank for International Settlement, BIS)<span style="color: black;">保持</span><span style="color: black;">运用</span>账户模型;</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">美<span style="color: black;">百姓</span>间的数字美元(Digital Dollar)计划却<span style="color: black;">保持</span><span style="color: black;">运用</span>Token模型;</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">花旗银行认为Token模型更好,并在数字货币2.0 (Digital Currency 2.0)中<span style="color: black;">保持</span>数字货币只能走Token路线;</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">美联储认为这两个模型各有千秋。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">本文以3篇国外学者的<span style="color: black;">文案</span>来讨论这问题:</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">第1篇<span style="color: black;">文案</span>是英国金融科技<span style="color: black;">机构</span> SETL的观点,该<span style="color: black;">机构</span><span style="color: black;">长时间</span>在数字货币<span style="color: black;">行业</span>做<span style="color: black;">科研</span>,<span style="color: black;">尤其</span>是在交易结算方面。文中认为<span style="color: black;">有些</span>公开的讨论存在误区(见第2节)。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">第2篇<span style="color: black;">文案</span>作者是前美联储的学者,他认为<span style="color: black;">日前</span>公开的讨论<span style="color: black;">无</span>依据,<span style="color: black;">此刻</span>数字代币系统既有Token属性,又有账户属性,很难说这系统是基于Token的还是基于账户的(见第3节)。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">第3篇论文作者是美联储学者,<span style="color: black;">她们</span>同意第2篇作者的观点,<span style="color: black;">然则</span>措辞更加激烈。<span style="color: black;">她们</span>认为这些讨论<span style="color: black;">文案</span>出自计算机界和央行界两个<span style="color: black;">区别</span>学术<span style="color: black;">行业</span>,存在学术壁垒,讨论时常会<span style="color: black;">显现</span>鸡同鸭讲的现象。<span style="color: black;">例如</span>,即便<span style="color: black;">运用</span><span style="color: black;">一样</span>名词,<span style="color: black;">然则</span>其<span style="color: black;">表率</span><span style="color: black;">道理</span><span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">区别</span>。美联储学者还指出<span style="color: black;">此刻</span>央行经常提及的基于账户和基于Token的观点出自一篇论文,而该论文发布时间早于数字货币时期且<span style="color: black;">基本</span><span style="color: black;">无</span><span style="color: black;">思虑</span>到数字货币的<span style="color: black;">归类</span>。可是央行学者却反复引用该论文的<span style="color: black;">归类</span>法来区分数字货币,这<span style="color: black;">不足</span>严谨。<span style="color: black;">同期</span>计算机界常<span style="color: black;">运用</span>的专业名<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>在银行界却可能有<span style="color: black;">区别</span>的解释(见第4节)。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">过去有人说数字货币不是科技问题,<span style="color: black;">亦</span>不是金融问题,而是“信仰”问题。这里<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>不讨论信仰问题,而是实事求是地讨论到底什么是数字货币。从上面3篇<span style="color: black;">文案</span><span style="color: black;">能够</span>看出,即使<span style="color: black;">此刻</span><span style="color: black;">已然</span>爆发数字货币战争,而到底什么是“数字货币”还<span style="color: black;">无</span><span style="color: black;">结论</span>。数字货币的<span style="color: black;">显现</span>早<span style="color: black;">已然</span>震撼美联储等多家央行,什么是数字货币是个严肃的问题。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">在这两方的观点中,一方是从<span style="color: black;">守护</span>个人隐私<span style="color: black;">方向</span>出发,<span style="color: black;">另一</span>一方是从<span style="color: black;">保持</span>央行执行监管的职责出发。<span style="color: black;">经过</span>在学术和<span style="color: black;">媒介</span>舆论上的<span style="color: black;">持续</span>讨论,<span style="color: black;">最后</span><span style="color: black;">才可</span>得到一个双方都<span style="color: black;">能够</span>接受的<span style="color: black;">方法</span>。虽然<span style="color: black;">此刻</span>还有观点<span style="color: black;">无</span>理清,讨论什么是数字货币还为时尚早,<span style="color: black;">然则</span>以后还会有许多新思想和理论来解释这个问题。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">数字货币讨论<span style="color: black;">亦</span>不会只关注在“隐私vs 监管”的冲突。事实上,这两个模型的社会治理理念<span style="color: black;">区别</span>,数字货币系统设计、监管科技、清结算<span style="color: black;">亦</span>都会<span style="color: black;">区别</span>。<strong style="color: blue;">这两模型的路线<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>继续发展,会产生截然<span style="color: black;">区别</span>的CBDC模型,<span style="color: black;">区别</span>的金融市场模型,<span style="color: black;">区别</span>的合规和地下经济。</strong>英国学者认为CBDC会改变<span style="color: black;">全部</span>国家经济体系,<span style="color: black;">区别</span>CBDC模型必然会产生<span style="color: black;">区别</span>的经济生态和生活方式,<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>预测这个问题会<span style="color: black;">始终</span>讨论下去。今天<span style="color: black;">热榜</span>的<span style="color: black;">专题</span>,以后可能<span style="color: black;">基本</span>不是问题;而<span style="color: black;">此刻</span>不认为是问题的课题,以后可能反而是争论的热点。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">咱们</span>在写《智能合约:重构社会契约》这本书时,<span style="color: black;">发掘</span>英国法律协会在2019年<span style="color: black;">科研</span>智能合约时提出的一个观点值得<span style="color: black;">大众</span>关注。<span style="color: black;">她们</span>认为数字资产,不是真实资产,只是<span style="color: black;">表率</span>资产的所有权。例如数字房地产,不是真实房地产,而是房地产所有权的数字凭证。数字货币是数字资产的一种,<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>其他数字资产都不是真实资产,<span style="color: black;">那样</span>数字货币<span style="color: black;">亦</span>不是真实货币,更不是数字现金。<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>从该<span style="color: black;">方向</span>出发,又会<span style="color: black;">步行到</span>一个完全<span style="color: black;">区别</span>的数字货币系统设计和<span style="color: black;">运用</span>场景中。这将<span style="color: black;">寓意</span>着有<span style="color: black;">最少</span>3种数字货币模型:</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">基于Token的数字货币;</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">基于账户的数字货币;</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">基于凭证的数字货币。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">在基于凭证的模型中,凭证的密钥遗失只是<span style="color: black;">表率</span>需要重新开启一个流程申请资产凭证,这并不会<span style="color: black;">导致</span>资产的流失。这就<span style="color: black;">基本</span>性地<span style="color: black;">处理</span>了数字货币如今存在的一个关键问题:私钥遗失<span style="color: black;">表率</span>资产流失。基于凭证的数字货币<span style="color: black;">再也不</span>是有价的“数字资产”,而是有价资产的“数字凭证”。数字货币只是凭证不是资产,这与传统数字货币思想<span style="color: black;">区别</span>。<span style="color: black;">根据</span>传统观点,不论是基于Token还是基于账户的数字货币都属于“数字资产”。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">这般</span>的设计<span style="color: black;">亦</span>带来新的思想。除了密钥遗失问题<span style="color: black;">能够</span>一劳永逸地<span style="color: black;">处理</span>,监管方式<span style="color: black;">一样</span><span style="color: black;">亦</span>改变了。监管方<span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">掌控</span>存储在金融<span style="color: black;">公司</span>的资金,<span style="color: black;">倘若</span><span style="color: black;">发掘</span>洗钱现象,则<span style="color: black;">能够</span>不放款,<span style="color: black;">乃至</span><span style="color: black;">能够</span>远程取消<span style="color: black;">关联</span>数字货币的合法性,使其停止继续流通。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">另一</span>数字稳定币或是CBDC<span style="color: black;">亦</span>不<span style="color: black;">必定</span>只能采取一种方式,<span style="color: black;">同期</span>间可能有多种方式一同<span style="color: black;">显现</span>。就像<span style="color: black;">此刻</span>资金<span style="color: black;">准许</span>以现金、银行存款、支票、或是预付卡的形式<span style="color: black;">同期</span><span style="color: black;">显现</span>。以后可能有多种数字货币方式<span style="color: black;">同期</span>间<span style="color: black;">显现</span>,与传统货币共存。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">英国法律协会仅提出了凭证这个名<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>,却<span style="color: black;">无</span>提出<span style="color: black;">详细</span>实施<span style="color: black;">方法</span>和系统设计<span style="color: black;">方法</span>,<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>将在下篇提出<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>的关于数字凭证的设计<span style="color: black;">方法</span>和理论。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">2. 英国金融科技<span style="color: black;">机构</span>SETL的观点</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">SETL是一家致力于为金融市场、资产管理和支付构建基于区块链<span style="color: black;">处理</span><span style="color: black;">方法</span>的英国<span style="color: black;">机构</span>,其最先投身于数字货币的<span style="color: black;">科研</span>。该<span style="color: black;">机构</span>的总工程师安东尼·库利根对Consensys白皮书展开了批评和讨论。他提出Consensys白皮书《央行与数字货币的将来》(Central Banks and the Future of Digital Money) 问题<span style="color: black;">非常多</span>。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">这儿</span>先介绍Consensys白皮书<span style="color: black;">关联</span>的部分内容:</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">一个重要的设计决策是系统基于代币还是基于账户。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">在基于代币的系统中,CBDC创建为<span style="color: black;">拥有</span>特定面额的代币。将代币从一方转移到另一方并不需要协调两个数据库,而是实时将所有权转让,就像将纸币从一人交给另一人<span style="color: black;">同样</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">在基于账户的系统中,央行将为CBDC的用户持有账户。在这种<span style="color: black;">办法</span>中,各国央行必须为货币的所有用户持有账户,这<span style="color: black;">寓意</span>着要管理<span style="color: black;">更加多</span>的账户。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">咱们</span>基于多种<span style="color: black;">原由</span><span style="color: black;">意见</span>基于代币的系统。它将使央行免于承担大规模账户保管和对账的职责,以及在<span style="color: black;">显现</span>问题或服务质量差的<span style="color: black;">状况</span>下随之而来的声誉<span style="color: black;">危害</span>。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">SETL总工程师对上面的思想持<span style="color: black;">区别</span>看法。<span style="color: black;">首要</span>,他指出Consensys<span style="color: black;">机构</span>自己<span style="color: black;">运用</span>以太坊账号系统,而以太坊不是Token系统。<span style="color: black;">按照</span>以太坊的白皮书,以太坊<span style="color: black;">便是</span>账户系统(下面是以太坊白皮书内容):</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">在以太坊,状态<span style="color: black;">是由于</span><span style="color: black;">叫作</span>为“账户”的对象<span style="color: black;">构成</span>,<span style="color: black;">每一个</span>账户都有20个byte <span style="color: black;">位置</span>,状态转换是账户之间的价值和信息的直接转移。以太坊账户<span style="color: black;">包括</span>四个部分:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">1)随机数,用于<span style="color: black;">保证</span>每笔交易只能被处理一次的计数器;</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">2)该账户当前的以太币余额;</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">3)该账户的合约代码(<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>有);</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">4)账户的存储空间(默认为空)。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">既然Consensys自己都<span style="color: black;">运用</span>账户系统,<span style="color: black;">那样</span><span style="color: black;">亦</span>就<span style="color: black;">无</span>理由<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">无</span>借口批评其他团队<span style="color: black;">运用</span>账户模型。在摇旗呐喊强力支持基于Token的团队的<span style="color: black;">同期</span>,自己反倒<span style="color: black;">运用</span>基于账户的数字货币。<span style="color: black;">按照</span>白皮书,他还提出5个观点来反驳:</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">1)他认为所有货币<span style="color: black;">包含</span>数字货币,都有特定面额。<span style="color: black;">因此呢</span>Consensys白皮书上说“CBDC 创建为<span style="color: black;">拥有</span>特定面额的代币”<span style="color: black;">无</span><span style="color: black;">道理</span>。所有货币不论是CBDC或是传统货币,都有单位<span style="color: black;">体积</span>(例如,一美分或一美元)<span style="color: black;">能够</span>在其中进行转移。而这与货币的设计和<span style="color: black;">运用</span>代币系统或是账户系统<span style="color: black;">无</span>一点关系。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">2)基于账户的系统,例如以太坊,并<span style="color: black;">无</span>“两个数据库”,<span style="color: black;">亦</span>不需要协调。 </span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">3)他认为Consensys白皮书<span style="color: black;">无</span>解释<span style="color: black;">为何</span>基于代币的系统比基于账本的系统更快。而事实上,以太坊交易速度超过比特币交易速度。Consensys 作者的观点和事实不符。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">4)白皮书所说的基于账户的CBDC,央行需要管理<span style="color: black;">海量</span>的用户账户。但如今央行系统已然是<span style="color: black;">这般</span>运营的。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">5)白皮书说<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>央行<span style="color: black;">运用</span>账户系统,会<span style="color: black;">引起</span>央行有声誉<span style="color: black;">危害</span>。但<span style="color: black;">此刻</span>世界上所有央行都<span style="color: black;">运用</span>基于账户的系统,<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>按此<span style="color: black;">规律</span>,<span style="color: black;">她们</span>都存在声誉<span style="color: black;">危害</span>,<span style="color: black;">包含</span>国际清算银行。而<span style="color: black;">运用</span>Token系统的央行,就<span style="color: black;">无</span>声誉<span style="color: black;">危害</span>吗?<span style="color: black;">有些</span>国家发行基于Token的数字货币却失败的故事是<span style="color: black;">显著</span>的反例(一些<span style="color: black;">这般</span>数字货币的币价<span style="color: black;">已然</span>归零)。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">他还认为CBDC的<span style="color: black;">优良</span>在于人们<span style="color: black;">能够</span>以数字形式转移价值。在<span style="color: black;">有些</span>数字货币系统中<span style="color: black;">能够</span>无需证明<span style="color: black;">运用</span>人身份,或是不经过第3方<span style="color: black;">公司</span>(例如银行)。数字货币的价值是不需要记录<span style="color: black;">运用</span>人的身份,而是需要<span style="color: black;">运用</span>人能够操作<span style="color: black;">有些</span>手机或是计算机的作业,例如输入数字<span style="color: black;">秘码</span>。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">3. 加州大学前美联储学者的观点</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">一篇英文论文《代币或是账户系统:数字货币<span style="color: black;">能够</span>都是》(Token or Account-Based? A Digital Currency can be both)。作者是Rod Garratt,他是加州大学讲座教授,<span style="color: black;">亦</span>是前美联储学者。作者认为基于账户系统和基于代币系统的区别:</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">基于账户的系统需要验证付款人的身份;</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">而基于代币的系统则需要验证用于付款的对象的有效性。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">基于代币的数字货币模型受到<span style="color: black;">有些</span>人的追捧,<span style="color: black;">原由</span>是在这种模型下的数字货币或是稳定币<span style="color: black;">拥有</span>较强的匿名性,就像把纸币从一个人交给另一个人,所有权随<span style="color: black;">实质</span>占有而改变。而纸币和硬币<span style="color: black;">便是</span><span style="color: black;">这般</span>的无记名工具,一个人能够不可逆转的将一件事物的<span style="color: black;">掌控</span>权传递给另一个人,双方不需要证明自己的身份,<span style="color: black;">亦</span>不需要任何第三方证明<span style="color: black;">她们</span>的信誉和身份。<span style="color: black;">因此呢</span>,在基于代币的数字货币模型下,用户的自由度较高,隐私性较好,但<span style="color: black;">同期</span>会给监管带来困难。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">作者<span style="color: black;">暗示</span>许<span style="color: black;">都数</span>字代币事实上<span style="color: black;">能够</span>算基于账户的系统,但<span style="color: black;">同期</span><span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">能够</span>算做基于代币的系统,例如比特币(传统上比特币属于基于代币的系统)。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">比特币是基于账户的系统:该账户是“比特币<span style="color: black;">位置</span>”,私钥是从该账户交易所需的身份证明。每次比特币用户想消费比特币时,该用户必须<span style="color: black;">运用</span>私钥验证其身份。重要的是用户必须遵循系统的流程,以验证<span style="color: black;">她们</span>在系统内<span style="color: black;">创立</span>的身份。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">比特币是基于代币的系统:当有人想花比特币时,协议<span style="color: black;">经过</span>跟踪其历史来验证其有效性。当前事件历史记录用于验证正在传输的“对象”(例如在比特币<span style="color: black;">便是</span>UTXO)的有效性,<span style="color: black;">仅有</span>当它尚未<span style="color: black;">运用</span>时,该对象才有效。<span style="color: black;">因此呢</span>比特币像现金<span style="color: black;">同样</span>,<span style="color: black;">通常</span>人<span style="color: black;">不可</span>识别真假比特币,尽管真假现金有的时候<span style="color: black;">亦</span>不是很容易识别。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">作者得到上面2个完全<span style="color: black;">区别</span>的结论,是<span style="color: black;">由于</span><span style="color: black;">能够</span>以<span style="color: black;">区别</span>观点来解释什么是账户。当定义改变的时候,解释<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">区别</span>。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">咱们</span>的观点:</span></strong></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">Rod Garratt的观点是正确的。<span style="color: black;">初期</span>比特币和以太坊白皮书都<span style="color: black;">无</span>说清楚什么是Token?什么是账户?连比特币<span style="color: black;">这般</span>被公认为基于Token的系统,<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">能够</span>解释为基于账户的系统。<span style="color: black;">因为</span>比特币<span style="color: black;">便是</span>“<span style="color: black;">运用</span>一次的账户”,这么来看<span style="color: black;">便是</span>一个账户系统。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">况且</span><span style="color: black;">因为</span><span style="color: black;">近期</span>美国监管科技发展较快,以前认为基于Token的数字货币隐私性更好的观点<span style="color: black;">已然</span>被推翻。<span style="color: black;">由于</span>美国最大的暗网都不接受比特币。在美国监管科技<span style="color: black;">机构</span>眼里,绝大部分比特币交易都能被<span style="color: black;">跟踪</span>,<span style="color: black;">无</span>隐私权。反而<span style="color: black;">由于</span><span style="color: black;">运用</span>比特币,参与者被监管单位<span style="color: black;">可疑</span>在洗钱,于是受到了全程监管。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">美国<span style="color: black;">已然</span>将<span style="color: black;">有些</span>交易所,列为100%洗钱<span style="color: black;">公司</span>(<span style="color: black;">便是</span>每一笔交易都在洗钱)。任何用户在这些交易所买卖数字代币,都会被美国监管单位认为参与洗钱。2021年6月美国FBI在很<span style="color: black;">短期</span>就找到比特币赎金事件,就在传递一个重要信息:不要再幻想<span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">运用</span>比特币来洗钱。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">《互链网:<span style="color: black;">将来</span>连接的方式》书中提出了一个概念:<strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">倘若</span>数字货币完全基于Token系统,反而有可能得到<span style="color: black;">更加多</span>的监管。</strong>美国监管单位提出TRISA系统,而<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>又提出STRISA系统,这些系统都是洗钱的克星。不论是基于token, 或是基于账户系统,都<span style="color: black;">能够</span>被监管到。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">4. 美联储学者的观点</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">美联储的学者在《数字货币环境中的代币和账户》(Tokens and Accounts in the Context of Digital Currencies)这篇<span style="color: black;">文案</span>中拿以太坊为实例讨论了代币和账户模型。<span style="color: black;">首要</span>,作者<span style="color: black;">暗示</span>在计算机界和金融界对<span style="color: black;">运用</span>代币是有<span style="color: black;">区别</span>的看法。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">4.1. 计算机界的观点</span></strong></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">以太坊有智能合约,其<span style="color: black;">初期</span>用例是区块链上资产(或其<span style="color: black;">暗示</span>)的程序化定义。以太坊社区将这些资产<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>为“代币”。总体思路是,智能合约<span style="color: black;">能够</span>定义自己的账户,以跟踪用户代币的余额,并<span style="color: black;">准许</span>用户以该代币进行交易。鉴于在以太坊上进行智能合约编程的灵活性,有<span style="color: black;">非常多</span><span style="color: black;">办法</span><span style="color: black;">能够</span>实现这种系统。<span style="color: black;">因此呢</span>,为了<span style="color: black;">保证</span>代币操作的一致性,在以太坊<span style="color: black;">起步</span>后不久后就提出并采用了可替代代币的标准接口。该标准以其提案号ERC-20闻名。遵循此标准的智能合约发行的代币<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>为ERC-20代币。该标准接口<span style="color: black;">准许</span><span style="color: black;">各样</span>功能,<span style="color: black;">包含</span>在区块链上从一个<span style="color: black;">位置</span>到另一个<span style="color: black;">位置</span>发送代币,将它们作为“津贴”委派给第三方,以及为它们分配类似于股票代号的标识符。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">ERC-20标准的广泛采用可能有助于<span style="color: black;">经过</span><span style="color: black;">运用</span>智能合约将“加密货币代币”的概念塑造为在区块链上发行的自定义资产。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">以太坊一个重要的特征是电子记录。与比特币<span style="color: black;">运用</span><span style="color: black;">叫作</span>为“未用交易输出”(<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">叫作</span>为UTXO)的格式处理记录<span style="color: black;">保留</span><span style="color: black;">区别</span>,以太坊<span style="color: black;">经过</span>账户<span style="color: black;">位置</span>记录信息。这些账户<span style="color: black;">位置</span>在概念上类似于传统金融中的用户账户。<span style="color: black;">然则</span>,在以太坊中,任何ERC-20账户上的代币余额都分散在参与计算的网络节点中。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">掌控</span>这些代币的用户余额的软件被<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>为数字钱包,但此类钱包不<span style="color: black;">包括</span>任何有价值的资产,只存储私钥。只要<span style="color: black;">持有</span>私钥,就<span style="color: black;">能够</span>在区块链平台上授权数字代币的交易,就像在支票上签名<span style="color: black;">能够</span>激活支票的价值。有私钥,就<span style="color: black;">能够</span>查看或是<span style="color: black;">掌控</span>在以太坊网络上的数字代币。<span style="color: black;">然则</span>数字代币只存在区块链网络上,并以账户余额的形式存在,并不储存在“钱包”内。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">备注:</span></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">以太币:只存在以太坊网络上;</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">数字钱包:<span style="color: black;">保留</span>以太币的私钥的系统(<span style="color: black;">能够</span>是硬件或是软件钱包);</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">私钥:<span style="color: black;">持有</span>这私钥,就<span style="color: black;">持有</span>在网络上的以太币,<span style="color: black;">包含</span>转移以太币。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">一旦<span style="color: black;">持有</span>私钥就能<span style="color: black;">掌控</span>网络上的代币,<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">能够</span>将这些代币的<span style="color: black;">掌控</span>权转让给他人。代币的发送方和接收方不需要与代币发行方<span style="color: black;">创立</span>关系,<span style="color: black;">她们</span>只需要一个以太坊<span style="color: black;">位置</span>,并<span style="color: black;">掌控</span>私钥。发件人<span style="color: black;">经过</span>加密签名向以太坊网络提交<span style="color: black;">信息</span>来发起传输,该<span style="color: black;">信息</span>将从其余额中扣除代币,并将这笔代币添加到收件人账户余额中。在发件人<span style="color: black;">运用</span>其私钥授权将<span style="color: black;">必定</span>数量的代币<span style="color: black;">掌控</span>权重新分配给他人后,该收件人<span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">运用</span>自己的私钥以<span style="color: black;">一样</span>的方式从其账户余额中转移代币。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">4.2. 金融界的观点</span></strong></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">2009年,卡恩(Kahn)和罗伯兹(Roberds)撰写了一篇<span style="color: black;">相关</span>支付经济学的开创性论文,确立了“基于账户”的支付系统与“价值存储”的支付系统之间的区别。在<span style="color: black;">她们</span>的描述中,二分法的本质归结为<span style="color: black;">每一个</span>系统所需的验证类型:身份验证是账户系统的核心,防伪<span style="color: black;">守护</span>是价值存储系统的核心。这<span style="color: black;">显示</span>身份验证是基于账户的支付系统(例如银行存款)和价值存储支付系统(例如现金)之间的本质区别。如此一来,传统的代币系统则可归类为价值存储系统。<span style="color: black;">然则</span>这篇<span style="color: black;">文案</span><span style="color: black;">基本</span><span style="color: black;">无</span>讨论数字货币,这篇<span style="color: black;">文案</span>的结论<span style="color: black;">是不是</span>符合数字货币的范畴<span style="color: black;">能够</span>进一步讨论,但<span style="color: black;">此刻</span>随意地将数字货币区分为这两种形态可能早了<span style="color: black;">有些</span>。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">美联储<span style="color: black;">文案</span>作者认为严格区分两种支付系统类型的<span style="color: black;">道理</span>不大:</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">并非所有账户都依赖身份验证。例如,<span style="color: black;">拜访</span>某些银行账户可能<span style="color: black;">触及</span><span style="color: black;">认识</span>一条<span style="color: black;">奥密</span>信息,而不是对身份进行验证。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">其次,“数字对象”(digital objects)形式的货币<span style="color: black;">诱发</span>了<span style="color: black;">相关</span>技术可行性、安全性和隐私性的重大问题。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">再有,数字代币本质上只是加密货币和央行的信息片段。历史上代币只<span style="color: black;">表率</span>价值的有形资产。然而,<span style="color: black;">此刻</span>的代币化<span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">表率</span>任何有价值的资产数字化,例如现金和证券。例如,<span style="color: black;">经过</span>区块链系统发行数字股票或是数字房地产。而这些数字资产,离开了其发行环境,<span style="color: black;">是不是</span>还<span style="color: black;">拥有</span>类似于现金的价值值得思考。(备注:例如2021年河南水灾,当时当地<span style="color: black;">无</span>网络,支付宝等<span style="color: black;">不可</span><span style="color: black;">运用</span>,而现金仍然<span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">运用</span>。支付宝离开它的特定环境(互联网)就失去价值。)</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">她们</span>认为许多CBDC<span style="color: black;">科研</span>报告都集中在概念、货币政策或是技术问题上。<span style="color: black;">然则</span>讨论货币政策需要<span style="color: black;">同期</span><span style="color: black;">思虑</span>技术是不是可行。<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>技术不可行,或是有其他科技有办法绕过政策,货币政策就<span style="color: black;">无</span>价值。任何数字货币讨论需要<span style="color: black;">同期</span><span style="color: black;">思虑</span>货币政策和技术可行性,避免连数字货币是什么,能做什么,<span style="color: black;">不可</span>做什么,都<span style="color: black;">无</span>理清。(<span style="color: black;">文案</span>首发于:新华财经-中国金融信息网)</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">参考文献</span></strong></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">.https://coinfomania.com/imf-and-world-bank-launches-crypto-token/</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">.https://www.nasdaq.com/articles/while-support-grows-for-fed-issued-digital-dollar-progress-is-slow-2021-06-24</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">.https://finance.yahoo.com/news/citi-cbdcs-part-digital-money-155205790.html</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">. https://setl.io/blog/token-or-account-based-cbdc/</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">.http://econintersect.com/pages/contributors/contributor.php?post=202008220530</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">.https://www.marketscreener.com/news/latest/Tokens-and-accounts-in-the-context-of-digital-currencies--32078317/</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">.https://pages.consensys.net/central-banks-and-the-future-of-digital-money</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">.https://ethereum.org/en/developers/docs/standards/tokens/erc-20/</span></p><img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=1.0 encoding=UTF-8%3F%3E%3Csvg width=1px height=1px viewBox=0 0 1 1 version=1.1 xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg xmlns:xlink=http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink%3E%3Ctitle%3E%3C/title%3E%3Cg stroke=none stroke-width=1 fill=none fill-rule=evenodd fill-opacity=0%3E%3Cg transform=translate(-249.000000, -126.000000) fill=%23FFFFFF%3E%3Crect x=249 y=126 width=1 height=1%3E%3C/rect%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">蔡维德</span></strong></span><span style="color: black;">北航数字社会与区块链实验室主任,天德科技首席<span style="color: black;">专家</span>,国家科技部重大项目负责人,中国信息界区块链<span style="color: black;">科研</span>院院长,国家大数据(贵州)综合<span style="color: black;">实验</span>区区块链互联网实验室<span style="color: black;">专家</span>, 天民(青岛)国际沙盒<span style="color: black;">科研</span>院院长, 赛迪(青岛)区块链<span style="color: black;">科研</span>院名誉院长,中国亚洲经济发展协会区块链产业专业委员会会长,人民创投区块链<span style="color: black;">科研</span>院专家委员会特聘专家,中国区块链生态联盟专家委员会<span style="color: black;">专家</span>,山东省互联网金融工程技术<span style="color: black;">科研</span>院中心首席<span style="color: black;">专家</span>,广电运通区块链首席<span style="color: black;">专家</span></span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=1.0 encoding=UTF-8%3F%3E%3Csvg width=1px height=1px viewBox=0 0 1 1 version=1.1 xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg xmlns:xlink=http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink%3E%3Ctitle%3E%3C/title%3E%3Cg stroke=none stroke-width=1 fill=none fill-rule=evenodd fill-opacity=0%3E%3Cg transform=translate(-249.000000, -126.000000) fill=%23FFFFFF%3E%3Crect x=249 y=126 width=1 height=1%3E%3C/rect%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">向伟静</span></strong></span></p><span style="color: black;">北京航空航天大学数字社会与区块链实验室硕士<span style="color: black;">科研</span>生</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=1.0 encoding=UTF-8%3F%3E%3Csvg width=1px height=1px viewBox=0 0 1 1 version=1.1 xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg xmlns:xlink=http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink%3E%3Ctitle%3E%3C/title%3E%3Cg stroke=none stroke-width=1 fill=none fill-rule=evenodd fill-opacity=0%3E%3Cg transform=translate(-249.000000, -126.000000) fill=%23FFFFFF%3E%3Crect x=249 y=126 width=1 height=1%3E%3C/rect%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">胡舒风</span></strong></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">北京航空航天大学数字社会与区块链实验室硕士<span style="color: black;">科研</span>生</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">举荐</span>阅读</strong></span></p><a style="color: black;">天德科技:联合发布《互链网白皮书》</a><img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=1.0 encoding=UTF-8%3F%3E%3Csvg width=1px height=1px viewBox=0 0 1 1 version=1.1 xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg xmlns:xlink=http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink%3E%3Ctitle%3E%3C/title%3E%3Cg stroke=none stroke-width=1 fill=none fill-rule=evenodd fill-opacity=0%3E%3Cg transform=translate(-249.000000, -126.000000) fill=%23FFFFFF%3E%3Crect x=249 y=126 width=1 height=1%3E%3C/rect%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"><a style="color: black;">链据通-区块链电子存证平台</a><img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=1.0 encoding=UTF-8%3F%3E%3Csvg width=1px height=1px viewBox=0 0 1 1 version=1.1 xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg xmlns:xlink=http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink%3E%3Ctitle%3E%3C/title%3E%3Cg stroke=none stroke-width=1 fill=none fill-rule=evenodd fill-opacity=0%3E%3Cg transform=translate(-249.000000, -126.000000) fill=%23FFFFFF%3E%3Crect x=249 y=126 width=1 height=1%3E%3C/rect%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;">
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><a style="color: black;">链证通-链上证书制作与平台管理</a></p><img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=1.0 encoding=UTF-8%3F%3E%3Csvg width=1px height=1px viewBox=0 0 1 1 version=1.1 xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg xmlns:xlink=http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink%3E%3Ctitle%3E%3C/title%3E%3Cg stroke=none stroke-width=1 fill=none fill-rule=evenodd fill-opacity=0%3E%3Cg transform=translate(-249.000000, -126.000000) fill=%23FFFFFF%3E%3Crect x=249 y=126 width=1 height=1%3E%3C/rect%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"><span style="color: black;"><a style="color: black;">互链</a>网助力5G<span style="color: black;">信息</span>打造强触达、高安全运营平台</span><img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=1.0 encoding=UTF-8%3F%3E%3Csvg width=1px height=1px viewBox=0 0 1 1 version=1.1 xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg xmlns:xlink=http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink%3E%3Ctitle%3E%3C/title%3E%3Cg stroke=none stroke-width=1 fill=none fill-rule=evenodd fill-opacity=0%3E%3Cg transform=translate(-249.000000, -126.000000) fill=%23FFFFFF%3E%3Crect x=249 y=126 width=1 height=1%3E%3C/rect%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"><a style="color: black;">大雁模型-互链网重大事件预警决策平台</a><img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=1.0 encoding=UTF-8%3F%3E%3Csvg width=1px height=1px viewBox=0 0 1 1 version=1.1 xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg xmlns:xlink=http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink%3E%3Ctitle%3E%3C/title%3E%3Cg stroke=none stroke-width=1 fill=none fill-rule=evenodd fill-opacity=0%3E%3Cg transform=translate(-249.000000, -126.000000) fill=%23FFFFFF%3E%3Crect x=249 y=126 width=1 height=1%3E%3C/rect%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;">
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=1.0 encoding=UTF-8%3F%3E%3Csvg width=1px height=1px viewBox=0 0 1 1 version=1.1 xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg xmlns:xlink=http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink%3E%3Ctitle%3E%3C/title%3E%3Cg stroke=none stroke-width=1 fill=none fill-rule=evenodd fill-opacity=0%3E%3Cg transform=translate(-249.000000, -126.000000) fill=%23FFFFFF%3E%3Crect x=249 y=126 width=1 height=1%3E%3C/rect%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=1.0 encoding=UTF-8%3F%3E%3Csvg width=1px height=1px viewBox=0 0 1 1 version=1.1 xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg xmlns:xlink=http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink%3E%3Ctitle%3E%3C/title%3E%3Cg stroke=none stroke-width=1 fill=none fill-rule=evenodd fill-opacity=0%3E%3Cg transform=translate(-249.000000, -126.000000) fill=%23FFFFFF%3E%3Crect x=249 y=126 width=1 height=1%3E%3C/rect%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;">天德科技</strong></span><span style="color: black;">国家高新技术企业,专注于区块链底层、区块链产业沙盒(测试和监控)、互链网核心技术的<span style="color: black;">开发</span>。天德科技<span style="color: black;">持有</span>500多项知识产权;90项国际领先的区块链核心算法发明专利,其中已授权专利25项;60项计算机软件著作权。</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">©2021 北京天德科技有限<span style="color: black;">机构</span></span><img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=1.0 encoding=UTF-8%3F%3E%3Csvg width=1px height=1px viewBox=0 0 1 1 version=1.1 xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg xmlns:xlink=http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink%3E%3Ctitle%3E%3C/title%3E%3Cg stroke=none stroke-width=1 fill=none fill-rule=evenodd fill-opacity=0%3E%3Cg transform=translate(-249.000000, -126.000000) fill=%23FFFFFF%3E%3Crect x=249 y=126 width=1 height=1%3E%3C/rect%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p><img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=1.0 encoding=UTF-8%3F%3E%3Csvg width=1px height=1px viewBox=0 0 1 1 version=1.1 xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg xmlns:xlink=http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink%3E%3Ctitle%3E%3C/title%3E%3Cg stroke=none stroke-width=1 fill=none fill-rule=evenodd fill-opacity=0%3E%3Cg transform=translate(-249.000000, -126.000000) fill=%23FFFFFF%3E%3Crect x=249 y=126 width=1 height=1%3E%3C/rect%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;">记录英雄故事,传承人类文明,<span style="color: black;">每一个</span>人都值得被载入史册<img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=1.0 encoding=UTF-8%3F%3E%3Csvg width=1px height=1px viewBox=0 0 1 1 version=1.1 xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg xmlns:xlink=http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink%3E%3Ctitle%3E%3C/title%3E%3Cg stroke=none stroke-width=1 fill=none fill-rule=evenodd fill-opacity=0%3E%3Cg transform=translate(-249.000000, -126.000000) fill=%23FFFFFF%3E%3Crect x=249 y=126 width=1 height=1%3E%3C/rect%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"><span style="color: black;">扫码关注天德链日记</span><span style="color: black;">银河InHener</span><img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=1.0 encoding=UTF-8%3F%3E%3Csvg width=1px height=1px viewBox=0 0 1 1 version=1.1 xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg xmlns:xlink=http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink%3E%3Ctitle%3E%3C/title%3E%3Cg stroke=none stroke-width=1 fill=none fill-rule=evenodd fill-opacity=0%3E%3Cg transform=translate(-249.000000, -126.000000) fill=%23FFFFFF%3E%3Crect x=249 y=126 width=1 height=1%3E%3C/rect%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"><img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=1.0 encoding=UTF-8%3F%3E%3Csvg width=1px height=1px viewBox=0 0 1 1 version=1.1 xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg xmlns:xlink=http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink%3E%3Ctitle%3E%3C/title%3E%3Cg stroke=none stroke-width=1 fill=none fill-rule=evenodd fill-opacity=0%3E%3Cg transform=translate(-249.000000, -126.000000) fill=%23FFFFFF%3E%3Crect x=249 y=126 width=1 height=1%3E%3C/rect%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;">
期待更新、坐等、迫不及待等。
页:
[1]