怎么样通俗地理解 2018 年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖「癌症免疫疗法」?它对癌症治疗的道理有多大?
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<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">十一国庆,众人瞩目的2018诺贝尔奖<span style="color: black;">最终</span>揭开面纱,<span style="color: black;">第1</span>个揭晓的是医学和生理学奖:热门了<span style="color: black;">数年</span>的肿瘤免疫疗法<span style="color: black;">最终</span>得奖了!获奖者为美国<span style="color: black;">专家</span>James P. Allison(詹姆斯·<span style="color: black;"><a style="color: black;">艾利森</a></span>)和日本<span style="color: black;">专家</span>Tasuku Honjo(<span style="color: black;"><a style="color: black;">本庶佑</a></span>)。</p>
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<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">随着诺奖谜底揭晓,后台和<span style="color: black;">微X</span><span style="color: black;">没</span>数问题都抛了过来。最简单的办法,是去看过去几年我的<span style="color: black;">有些</span>和免疫治疗<span style="color: black;">关联</span>的科普<span style="color: black;">文案</span>,<span style="color: black;">例如</span>下面这些:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><a style="color: black;">超级有趣,两分钟看懂“癌症免疫”</a>
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<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><a style="color: black;">数据大汇总,免疫<span style="color: black;">药品</span>疗效到底<span style="color: black;">怎样</span>?</a></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><a style="color: black;">关于免疫治疗,先搞清楚这5个问题!</a></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><a style="color: black;">免疫治疗到底能<span style="color: black;">不可</span>延长<span style="color: black;">病人</span>生命?</a></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><a style="color: black;">最新突破!可能载入史册的</a><a style="color: black;">个性化免疫疗法</a>
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<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><a style="color: black;">抗癌「神药」PD-1:你想<span style="color: black;">晓得</span>的,都在<span style="color: black;">这儿</span>。</a></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><a style="color: black;">免疫联合治疗进入肺癌一线,</a>这些问题<span style="color: black;">必要</span>搞清楚!</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><a style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">最终</span>等到这一天!首个PD-1<span style="color: black;">控制</span>剂在中国大陆<span style="color: black;">获准</span>!</a></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><a style="color: black;">重磅<span style="color: black;">资讯</span>!K药在中国大陆<span style="color: black;">获准</span>上市!</a></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><a style="color: black;">免疫新药Imfinzi上市,局部晚期肺癌<span style="color: black;">病人</span>的福音到来!</a></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">没时间一个一个读?<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">不碍事</span>,下面是菠萝今天被问得最多的十个问题,看完应该就<span style="color: black;">能够</span>在这几天的饭局上和<span style="color: black;">大众</span>谈笑风生了。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">1:James Allison和Tasuku Honjo <span style="color: black;">为何</span><span style="color: black;">得到</span>诺贝尔奖?</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">她们</span>二人的<span style="color: black;">科研</span>工作,<span style="color: black;">极重</span>推动了肿瘤免疫<span style="color: black;">科研</span><span style="color: black;">行业</span>,<span style="color: black;">最后</span>引出了<span style="color: black;"><a style="color: black;">PD-1/CTLA-4<span style="color: black;">控制</span>剂</a></span>等免疫<span style="color: black;">药品</span>的产生。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">艾利森的<span style="color: black;">重点</span>贡献是首次在动物模型上证明了<span style="color: black;">控制</span>CTLA-4能<span style="color: black;">掌控</span>肿瘤生长,推动了CTLA-4抗体的转化医学、并<span style="color: black;">最后</span>促<span style="color: black;">成为了</span>CTLA-4<span style="color: black;">控制</span>剂Yervoy<span style="color: black;">作为</span><span style="color: black;">第1</span>个上市的新型免疫<span style="color: black;">药品</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">本庶佑的贡献是<span style="color: black;">发掘</span>了免疫系统的PD-1信号通路,开启了一个全新的<span style="color: black;">科研</span><span style="color: black;">行业</span>。值得一提的是,他本身是杰出的免疫学家,但并<span style="color: black;">无</span>在肿瘤免疫<span style="color: black;">行业</span>有太多贡献。但<span style="color: black;">因为</span>诺奖给的是开创性工作,而这个信号通路后来被证明对肿瘤免疫极其<span style="color: black;">要紧</span>,<span style="color: black;">因此呢</span>他得奖应该是<span style="color: black;">能够</span>预见的。 </p>
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<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">这两位<span style="color: black;">专家</span>得奖实至名归,<span style="color: black;">由于</span><span style="color: black;"><a style="color: black;">肿瘤免疫治疗</a></span>实在是划时代的革命。但<span style="color: black;">非常多</span><span style="color: black;">专家</span>都在这个<span style="color: black;">行业</span>做出了杰出贡献,<span style="color: black;">可否</span>应该有第三个人得奖?<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>有,谁应该是第三个人?这些问题争议非常大,有科学,<span style="color: black;">亦</span>有政治,<span style="color: black;">这儿</span>就不讨论了。就个人而言,<span style="color: black;"><a style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">摆设</span>平</a></span>
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<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">教授毫<span style="color: black;">没</span>疑问在肿瘤免疫<span style="color: black;">行业</span>做出了非常杰出<span style="color: black;">况且</span><span style="color: black;">连续</span>的贡献,这次是遗憾的。<span style="color: black;">没</span>论<span style="color: black;">可否</span>得诺奖,他的贡献都不会被忘记,<span style="color: black;">亦</span>期待<span style="color: black;">更加多</span>来自他团队的突破,毕竟<span style="color: black;">此刻</span>的免疫治疗还远<span style="color: black;">不足</span>完美。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">除此之外,<span style="color: black;">咱们</span><span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">不可</span>忘记诺奖<span style="color: black;">暗地里</span>的<span style="color: black;">没</span>名英雄。这次的诺奖表面上给了<span style="color: black;">基本</span><span style="color: black;">研究</span>,但让<span style="color: black;">她们</span>获奖的,其实是转化医学和临床医学。<span style="color: black;">倘若</span><span style="color: black;">无</span>对应免疫<span style="color: black;">药品</span>的<span style="color: black;">显现</span>,PD-1和CTLA-4信号通路的<span style="color: black;">科研</span>不可能获奖。而免疫<span style="color: black;">药品</span>的<span style="color: black;">显现</span>,<span style="color: black;">必须</span>成千上万<span style="color: black;">专家</span>,医务人员,<span style="color: black;">病人</span>的参与和奉献。<span style="color: black;">大众</span>同心协力,才促进了抗癌<span style="color: black;">行业</span>新的突破!</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">2:免疫疗法<span style="color: black;">为何</span>是革命性的?</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">免疫治疗之<span style="color: black;">因此</span>让人激动,<span style="color: black;">重点</span><span style="color: black;">由于</span>三点:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">第1</span>,免疫疗法能治疗<span style="color: black;">已然</span>广泛转移的晚期癌症。部分标准疗法<span style="color: black;">所有</span>失败的晚期癌症<span style="color: black;">病人</span>,<span style="color: black;">运用</span>免疫治疗后,依然取得了很好的效果。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">第二,免疫疗法有“<span style="color: black;">存活</span><span style="color: black;"><a style="color: black;">拖尾效应</a></span>”。响应免疫疗法的<span style="color: black;">病人</span>,有很大机会高质量<span style="color: black;">长时间</span>存活,这批曾经被判死刑的晚期癌症<span style="color: black;">病人</span><span style="color: black;">一般</span>被<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>为“超级幸存者”!在黑色素瘤,肺癌,肾癌等<span style="color: black;">病人</span>中,免疫疗法都制造出了一批“超级幸存者”,最初接受治疗的一批<span style="color: black;">病人</span>,<span style="color: black;">非常多</span><span style="color: black;">已然</span>存活了10年以上!这种“拖尾效应”是免疫<span style="color: black;">药品</span>和化疗或靶向<span style="color: black;">药品</span>最大的区别。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">第三,免疫疗法是广谱型的,<span style="color: black;">能够</span>治疗很多种不同的癌症。异病同治<span style="color: black;">作为</span>了现实。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">3:<span style="color: black;">那些</span>免疫疗法是<span style="color: black;">可靠</span>的?</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">当年的“魏则西事件”证明了并不是所有的“免疫疗法”都是<span style="color: black;">同样</span>的。为了避免类似悲剧,一方面政府<span style="color: black;">必须</span>加强监管,防止<span style="color: black;">没</span>效疗法泛滥,另一方面,<span style="color: black;">病人</span>家庭自己要多<span style="color: black;">认识</span>被证明有效的免疫疗法。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">那到底<span style="color: black;">那些</span>疗法被证明了疗效呢?</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">针对</span><span style="color: black;">研究</span>者和投资者,这个问题很<span style="color: black;">繁杂</span>,<span style="color: black;">由于</span>科技发展日新月异,每时每刻都有新的数据,随时都可能<span style="color: black;">显现</span>新的有效的免疫疗法。但<span style="color: black;">针对</span>中国<span style="color: black;">病人</span>,<span style="color: black;">重点</span><span style="color: black;">思虑</span><span style="color: black;">已然</span>中国上市或能在中国参与临床的疗法,答案则简单得多:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">针对</span><span style="color: black;">都数</span>实体瘤<span style="color: black;">病人</span>,<span style="color: black;">此刻</span><span style="color: black;">必须</span>关注的<span style="color: black;">便是</span>“免疫<span style="color: black;">检测</span>点<span style="color: black;">控制</span>剂”,<span style="color: black;">包含</span><span style="color: black;"><a style="color: black;">PD-1/PD-L1<span style="color: black;">控制</span>剂</a></span>,CTLA-4<span style="color: black;">控制</span>剂等。这类<span style="color: black;">药品</span>对部分实体瘤,<span style="color: black;">例如</span>肺癌、<span style="color: black;"><a style="color: black;">黑色素瘤</a></span>、肾癌、膀胱癌、头颈癌等效果不错。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">另一个更小众,但值得血液癌症<span style="color: black;">病人</span>重点关注的免疫疗法是<span style="color: black;"><a style="color: black;">CAR-T细胞疗法</a></span>,它对B系急淋白血病,<span style="color: black;"><a style="color: black;">多发性骨髓瘤</a></span>等<span style="color: black;">病人</span>有效。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">值得一提的是,<span style="color: black;"><a style="color: black;">淋巴瘤</a></span>比较<span style="color: black;">尤其</span>,它兼有血液癌和实体瘤的<span style="color: black;">有些</span>特点,<span style="color: black;">按照</span>不同淋巴瘤亚型,免疫<span style="color: black;">检测</span>点<span style="color: black;">控制</span>剂和<span style="color: black;"><a style="color: black;">CAR-T疗法</a></span>都可能有效。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">其它<span style="color: black;">非常多</span>疗法,<span style="color: black;">包含</span><span style="color: black;"><a style="color: black;">溶瘤病毒</a></span>,TIL,<span style="color: black;"><a style="color: black;">TCR-T</a></span>,BiTE双抗等,都在某些<span style="color: black;">病人</span>身上<span style="color: black;">生效</span>,但<span style="color: black;">日前</span>在中国还<span style="color: black;">无</span>上市。暂时就不讨论了。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">4:免疫疗法到底怎么工作的?</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">免疫细胞是<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>身体的<span style="color: black;">守护</span>神,正常<span style="color: black;">状况</span>下,能清除掉一看就不是好人的“癌细胞”。免疫细胞清除癌细胞<span style="color: black;">必须</span>两个<span style="color: black;">要紧</span><span style="color: black;">过程</span>,<span style="color: black;">第1</span>步是识别,第二步是消灭。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">首要</span>是识别。免疫细胞<span style="color: black;">必须</span>识别肿瘤细胞的<span style="color: black;">有些</span>表面特征,<span style="color: black;">发掘</span>它是坏蛋。这就像巡警从发型,衣着,纹身等综合外表信息,判断街上一个人<span style="color: black;">是否</span>黑社会。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">而后</span>是消灭。警察光<span style="color: black;">晓得</span>一个人是黑社会并<span style="color: black;">无</span>用,还<span style="color: black;">必须</span>能铲除<span style="color: black;">她们</span>。<span style="color: black;">一样</span>道理,免疫细胞<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">不可</span>光<span style="color: black;">发掘</span>癌细胞,还<span style="color: black;">必须</span>清除它。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">癌症的<span style="color: black;">出现</span>,说明免疫细胞的监管<span style="color: black;">功效</span>失灵了,这叫做“免疫逃逸”。识别和消灭这两步之中,<span style="color: black;">最少</span>其中一个出了问题。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">有些时候,“识别”会出问题,<span style="color: black;">由于</span>癌细胞<span style="color: black;">经过</span>伪装,外表怎么看怎么像好人,免疫细胞<span style="color: black;">没</span>法识别。还有些时候,“消灭”这一步出了问题。免疫细胞明明识别了癌细胞,但却没啥反应,变成“围观吃瓜警察”。<span style="color: black;">一般</span>,这是<span style="color: black;">由于</span>癌细胞很聪明,它们能给免疫细胞发送<span style="color: black;">各样</span>信号,来<span style="color: black;">控制</span>免疫细胞的活性。就像坏蛋给警察送礼<span style="color: black;">同样</span>,让它们“高抬贵手”。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">免疫疗法,<span style="color: black;">便是</span>要修复这些缺陷,<span style="color: black;">帮忙</span>免疫细胞识别癌细胞,<span style="color: black;">或</span><span style="color: black;">帮忙</span>免疫细胞消灭癌细胞。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">之前<span style="color: black;">说到</span>的CAR-T免疫细胞疗法,<span style="color: black;">重点</span>是<span style="color: black;">帮忙</span>识别癌细胞,而免疫<span style="color: black;">检测</span>点<span style="color: black;">控制</span>剂,则<span style="color: black;">重点</span>是<span style="color: black;">帮忙</span>消灭癌细胞。</p>
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<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">5:免疫<span style="color: black;">检测</span>点<span style="color: black;">控制</span>剂的原理是什么?</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><a style="color: black;">免疫<span style="color: black;">检测</span>点<span style="color: black;">控制</span>剂</a></span>是<span style="color: black;">日前</span>最受关注的免疫疗法,<span style="color: black;">由于</span>它适应症很广,在<span style="color: black;">非常多</span>实体瘤里,都有不同程度的效果。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">日前</span>国外<span style="color: black;">已然</span>上市的免疫<span style="color: black;">检测</span>点<span style="color: black;">控制</span>剂有三种,<span style="color: black;">根据</span>上市时间,分别是CTLA-4<span style="color: black;">控制</span>剂,PD-1<span style="color: black;">控制</span>剂,和PD-L1<span style="color: black;">控制</span>剂。相<span style="color: black;">针对</span>CTLA-4<span style="color: black;">药品</span>,PD-1/PD-L1<span style="color: black;">控制</span>剂副<span style="color: black;">功效</span>更小,<span style="color: black;">况且</span>整体疗效更好。<span style="color: black;">日前</span><span style="color: black;">广泛</span>认为,它们会<span style="color: black;">作为</span><span style="color: black;">将来</span>癌症治疗的中坚力量。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">那PD-1/PD-L1<span style="color: black;">这般</span>的免疫<span style="color: black;">检测</span>点<span style="color: black;">控制</span>剂到底是怎么<span style="color: black;">生效</span>的呢?简单而言,是<span style="color: black;">帮忙</span><span style="color: black;">已然</span>识别癌细胞,但处在“吃瓜群众”状态的免疫细胞,重获战斗力。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">PD-1/PD-L1这俩蛋白,平时的功能是为了防止免疫细胞误伤正常细胞。正常细胞表面表达PD-L1,免疫细胞表面表达PD-1,它俩是一对鸳鸯,一旦结合,免疫细胞就<span style="color: black;">晓得</span>,对方是好细胞。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">但这个机制被<span style="color: black;">有些</span>聪明的癌细胞学会了,<span style="color: black;">作为</span>癌细胞<span style="color: black;">控制</span>免疫细胞的一个<span style="color: black;">重要</span><span style="color: black;">招数</span>。癌细胞<span style="color: black;">经过</span>表达<span style="color: black;">海量</span>PD-L1蛋白来结合免疫细胞表面的PD-1。从而<span style="color: black;">诈骗</span>免疫细胞,传递一个错误信号:对方是好细胞,别杀死它。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">PD-1<span style="color: black;">控制</span>剂<span style="color: black;">亦</span>好,PD-L1<span style="color: black;">控制</span>剂<span style="color: black;">亦</span>好,<span style="color: black;">功效</span>原理很类似,<span style="color: black;">便是</span>棒打鸳鸯,把它俩强行拆开,从而打破这种<span style="color: black;">控制</span>。消除了<span style="color: black;">控制</span>以后,免疫细胞就像打了鸡血<span style="color: black;">同样</span>,对癌细胞开展攻击。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">6:上市的PD-1/PD-L1类免疫药有<span style="color: black;">那些</span>?</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">截止<span style="color: black;">日前</span>,已有5种PD-1<span style="color: black;">控制</span>剂在欧美几十个国家上市,<span style="color: black;">包含</span>2种PD-1抗体和3种<span style="color: black;"><a style="color: black;">PD-L1抗体</a></span>。分别是:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">Nivolumab(商品名Opdivo,简<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>O药);</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">Pembrolizumab(商品名Keytruda,简<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>K药);</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">Atezolizumab(商品名Tecentriq,简<span style="color: black;">叫作</span><span style="color: black;"><a style="color: black;">T药</a></span>);</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">Avelumab(商品名Bavencio,简<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>B药);</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">Durvalumab(商品名Imfinzi,简<span style="color: black;">叫作</span><span style="color: black;"><a style="color: black;">I药</a></span>)。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">国产的类似<span style="color: black;">药品</span>有<span style="color: black;">非常多</span>,但都还没上市,有几家比较领先,<span style="color: black;">包含</span>信达、恒瑞、<span style="color: black;"><a style="color: black;">君实</a></span>和百济,不出意外的话,应该都会尽快上市。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">7:<span style="color: black;">运用</span>PD-1/PD-L1免疫疗法之前<span style="color: black;">必须</span>做基因测序么?</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">运用</span>靶向<span style="color: black;">药品</span>之前,<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>都<span style="color: black;">必须</span>先进行基因测序,<span style="color: black;">仅有</span>携带特定基因突变的<span style="color: black;">病人</span>,才被<span style="color: black;">举荐</span><span style="color: black;">运用</span>某种靶向<span style="color: black;">药品</span>。<span style="color: black;">例如</span>,用EGFR靶向药之前应该检测EGFR基因突变,用ALK靶向<span style="color: black;">药品</span>前应该检测ALK基因融合。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">那<span style="color: black;">运用</span>免疫疗法,<span style="color: black;">例如</span>PD-1<span style="color: black;">控制</span>剂之前,<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">必要</span>做基因测序么?</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">不<span style="color: black;">必要</span>,但<span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">思虑</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">为何</span>不<span style="color: black;">必要</span>呢?</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">由于</span>免疫系统和基因突变关系很<span style="color: black;">繁杂</span>,<span style="color: black;">日前</span><span style="color: black;">没</span>法用简单基因检测来准确预测免疫疗法效果。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">但<span style="color: black;">为何</span><span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">思虑</span>呢?</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">由于</span>还是能有<span style="color: black;">有些</span><span style="color: black;">帮忙</span>和提示。一方面,<span style="color: black;">咱们</span><span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">经过</span>基因测序获取“肿瘤突变负荷(TMB)”的信息。TMB高的患者,响应PD1类疗法的概率会<span style="color: black;">加强</span>。另一方面,<span style="color: black;">拥有</span>某些突变的肿瘤,几乎<span style="color: black;">能够</span>确定不响应肿瘤疗法,<span style="color: black;">例如</span>KRAS和STK11双突变的肺腺癌。这些<span style="color: black;">病人</span>进行测序确认后,应该优先<span style="color: black;">思虑</span>其它疗法。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">怎样</span>找到更好的“疗效预测标记物”(生物标记物),筛选合适的<span style="color: black;">病人</span><span style="color: black;">运用</span>PD-1/PD-L1<span style="color: black;">控制</span>剂是<span style="color: black;">日前</span><span style="color: black;">全部</span>肿瘤免疫治疗<span style="color: black;">行业</span>最热火朝天的<span style="color: black;">科研</span>课题。基因检测<span style="color: black;">可否</span>有必要,很大程度上,将取决于<span style="color: black;">将来</span>找到什么样的生物标记物。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">8:PD-1/PD-L1类免疫<span style="color: black;">药品</span>到底在什么肿瘤类型中有效?</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">这类免疫药属于广谱抗癌药,对多种癌症都能<span style="color: black;">生效</span>。O药(Opdivo)和K药(Keytruda)的OK组合是临床数据最多的,<span style="color: black;">她们</span>各自都<span style="color: black;">由于</span>数据良好,在<span style="color: black;">非常多</span>个适应症中被<span style="color: black;">准许</span>了。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">例如</span><span style="color: black;"><a style="color: black;">O药</a></span>,已<span style="color: black;">获准</span>15个适应症,用于治疗8种不同的肿瘤,<span style="color: black;">包含</span>黑色素瘤、非小细胞肺癌、肾癌、<span style="color: black;"><a style="color: black;">霍奇金淋巴瘤</a></span>、头颈癌、膀胱癌、MSI-H型结直肠癌和肝癌。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">而K药<span style="color: black;">亦</span>不少。</p>
<div style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><img src="https://picx.zhimg.com/80/v2-bfed8af0a46f81dc42ba1cadbcef8912_720w.webp?source=2c26e567" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></div>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">9:<span style="color: black;"><a style="color: black;">PD-1类免疫疗法</a></span>
</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">效果<span style="color: black;">怎样</span>?</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">在某些<span style="color: black;">病人</span>中,免疫疗法效果不错,<span style="color: black;">例如</span>经典型霍奇金淋巴瘤,或是MSI-H/dMMR亚型的<span style="color: black;">病人</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">但<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>完全不加检测和挑选(<span style="color: black;">例如</span>PD-L1蛋白检测和<span style="color: black;"><a style="color: black;">TMB检测</a></span>
</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">),在绝大<span style="color: black;">都数</span>实体瘤<span style="color: black;">病人</span>中,单独<span style="color: black;">运用</span>PD-1<span style="color: black;">控制</span>剂的有效率其实并不高:<span style="color: black;">一般</span>在10%-25%<span style="color: black;">上下</span>。<span style="color: black;">怎样</span><span style="color: black;">加强</span>免疫疗法有效率,是下一步<span style="color: black;">科研</span>的重中之中。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">更<span style="color: black;">仔细</span>的数据<span style="color: black;">能够</span>看以前整理的一篇<span style="color: black;">文案</span>:<a style="color: black;">50篇<span style="color: black;">文案</span>数据大汇总:免疫<span style="color: black;">药品</span>疗效到底<span style="color: black;">怎样</span>?</a>
</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">10:PD-1<span style="color: black;">控制</span>剂的副<span style="color: black;">功效</span><span style="color: black;">怎样</span>?<span style="color: black;">怎样</span>处理?</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">免疫疗法的副<span style="color: black;">功效</span>整体而言<span style="color: black;">明显</span><span style="color: black;">少于</span>传统的化疗,<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">少于</span>多靶点的靶向<span style="color: black;">药品</span>。<span style="color: black;">因为</span>它<span style="color: black;">功效</span>机制是激活免疫系统,<span style="color: black;">因此呢</span>最<span style="color: black;">平常</span>的副<span style="color: black;">功效</span><span style="color: black;">便是</span>过度激活<span style="color: black;">引起</span>的发热、乏力、<span style="color: black;">头昏</span>、<span style="color: black;"><a style="color: black;">全身肌肉酸痛</a></span>、嗜睡等,<span style="color: black;">一般</span>都不严重,对症处理<span style="color: black;">就可</span>,<span style="color: black;">例如</span>用退烧药、止痛、多<span style="color: black;">休憩</span>等。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">5%-10%的<span style="color: black;">病人</span>,会<span style="color: black;">显现</span>比较严重的免疫<span style="color: black;">关联</span>反应:<span style="color: black;">例如</span><span style="color: black;"><a style="color: black;">甲状腺炎症</a></span>、免疫性肺炎、免疫性肠炎、免疫性肝炎、<span style="color: black;">乃至</span><span style="color: black;"><a style="color: black;">免疫性心肌炎</a></span>。这些问题<span style="color: black;">必须</span><span style="color: black;">即时</span>处理,<span style="color: black;">倘若</span><span style="color: black;">发掘</span>不<span style="color: black;">即时</span>,<span style="color: black;">乃至</span>可能<span style="color: black;">出现</span>致命的事故。随着免疫疗法的流行,基层<span style="color: black;">大夫</span>尽快熟悉和<span style="color: black;">把握</span>免疫疗法副<span style="color: black;">功效</span>的处理,至关<span style="color: black;">要紧</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">总之,恭喜<span style="color: black;">得到</span>诺奖的<span style="color: black;">专家</span>。但在<span style="color: black;">奋斗</span>把癌症变成慢性病的路上,诺奖远不是终点,<span style="color: black;">大众</span>继续<span style="color: black;">一块</span><span style="color: black;">奋斗</span>!</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">致敬生命!</p>
</span></div>
说得好啊!我在外链论坛打滚这么多年,所谓阅人无数,就算没有见过猪走路,也总明白猪肉是啥味道的。
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