l14107cb 发表于 2024-6-15 11:35:07

为么环境原由亦与癌症密切相关?想要早发掘癌症,能够这么做…


    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="//q8.itc.cn/q_70/images03/20240316/56da2569731d462a81c89bb61e6b119c.jpeg" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">环境致癌<span style="color: black;">原因</span></strong></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="//q5.itc.cn/q_70/images03/20240316/e5f361401d6e497886cd7b3d5c7e7a75.jpeg" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">肿瘤的<span style="color: black;">出现</span>和先天<span style="color: black;">原因</span>遗传<span style="color: black;">相关</span>,<span style="color: black;">亦</span>和后天的<span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;">环境<span style="color: black;">原因</span></strong></span>脱不开关系。环境致癌<span style="color: black;">原因</span><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">或自然存在,或人为环境污染产生</span></strong>,其特征<span style="color: black;">重点</span>表现为:</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">广泛存在于工作和生活环境</span></strong>中;<span style="color: black;">一般</span>以低剂量<span style="color: black;">出现</span>,但在某些<strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">特定人群中环境致癌物暴露水平相对较高</span></strong>,如职业环境中致癌物;多以<strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">混合物形式</span></strong>存在,如工业废水中的<span style="color: black;">各样</span>致癌物质;可能<strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">存于<span style="color: black;">全部</span>生命过程</span></strong>,如某些致癌物暴露可能<span style="color: black;">初始</span>于胎儿孕育,在儿童和成年期仍有暴露;<strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">源自</span>广泛和状态多样</span></strong>,如来自冶炼厂、钢铁厂和化工厂的重金属、气态物、颗粒物等。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="//q2.itc.cn/q_70/images03/20240316/b6ace1c5b81148f490ae61e3a09855ba.jpeg" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">以下概述<strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">空气污染、水污染和土壤污染</span></strong>中<span style="color: black;">重点</span>环境致癌物及其<span style="color: black;">害处</span>。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">空气污染</strong></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">按照</span>2019年<span style="color: black;">全世界</span><span style="color: black;">疾患</span><span style="color: black;">包袱</span><span style="color: black;">科研</span>报告,空气污染共<span style="color: black;">引起</span><span style="color: black;">全世界</span>过早死亡667万人和伤残调整寿命年(DALYs)21328万人年,其中空气污染<span style="color: black;">引起</span>癌症死亡38.8万人和895万人年DALYs损失。空气污染的<span style="color: black;">源自</span>和<span style="color: black;">成份</span><span style="color: black;">繁杂</span>,<span style="color: black;">重点</span>分为<strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">室外大气污染、室内空气污染</span></strong>。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="//q1.itc.cn/q_70/images03/20240316/7dacfb7af33a41cc91a87804db768b52.jpeg" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">室外大气污染</strong></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">大气污染致癌物<span style="color: black;">重点</span><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">源自</span>于交通<span style="color: black;">工具</span>、工业生产等排放</span></strong>,<span style="color: black;">包含</span>细颗粒物(PM2.5)、可吸入颗粒物(PM10)、二氧化硫(SO2)、二氧化氮(NO2)、氮氧化物(NOX)、一氧化碳(CO)、臭氧(O3)等。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">大气污染与<strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">肺癌</span></strong>的<span style="color: black;">出现</span>及死亡密切<span style="color: black;">关联</span>。除肺癌外,大气污染<span style="color: black;">亦</span>与<strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">乳腺癌、膀胱癌</span></strong>等<span style="color: black;">相关</span>联。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="//q3.itc.cn/q_70/images03/20240316/c378cdf9ccfe4f34954e3de22fdd26aa.jpeg" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">按照</span>2019年影响<span style="color: black;">全世界</span><span style="color: black;">疾患</span><span style="color: black;">包袱</span><span style="color: black;">危害</span><span style="color: black;">原因</span><span style="color: black;">科研</span>,室外PM2.5<span style="color: black;">导致</span>414万人过早死亡和11822万人年DALYs损失,分别占归因于空气污染死亡人数的62%和DALYs的55%。<strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">室外PM2.5是肺癌死亡的<span style="color: black;">重点</span><span style="color: black;">原由</span></span></strong>,共<span style="color: black;">引起</span><span style="color: black;">全世界</span>肺癌死亡30.8万人和702万人年DALYs损失。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">室内空气污染 </strong></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">在<span style="color: black;">全世界</span>范围内,<strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">室内烹饪和取暖过程中固体燃料不完全燃烧</span></strong>是<span style="color: black;">导致</span>室内污染的<span style="color: black;">重点</span><span style="color: black;">原由</span>,<strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">IARC将室内燃煤排放归为1类致癌物,室内生物质燃烧排放归为2A类致癌物</span></strong>。在中国城市地区开展的病例对照<span style="color: black;">科研</span><span style="color: black;">显示</span>,<strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">烹饪时<span style="color: black;">运用</span>煤和木材等固体燃料的<span style="color: black;">科研</span>对象<span style="color: black;">出现</span>肺癌的危险性</span></strong>是<span style="color: black;">运用</span>清洁燃料<span style="color: black;">科研</span>对象的<strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">4倍</span></strong>。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">二手烟</span></strong>是室内空气污染的另一<span style="color: black;">要紧</span><span style="color: black;">源自</span>,2019年<span style="color: black;">全世界</span><span style="color: black;">疾患</span><span style="color: black;">包袱</span><span style="color: black;">科研</span><span style="color: black;">表示</span>,由二手烟<span style="color: black;">引起</span>的肺癌<span style="color: black;">包袱</span>仍在<span style="color: black;">增多</span>,即从2010年的9.15万例肺癌死亡和223万人年DALYs,<span style="color: black;">增多</span>到2019年的11.3万例死亡和266万人年DALYs。<span style="color: black;">另外</span>,<strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">氡、铅和石棉</span></strong>等是室内空气污染的其他<span style="color: black;">要紧</span><span style="color: black;">源自</span>。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="//q4.itc.cn/q_70/images03/20240316/2f1b1c2bd44d48d6a49f247aede03e3b.jpeg" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">水污染</strong></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">据WHO<span style="color: black;">报告</span>,全世界水体中检测出2221种化学物质,其中<strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">饮水中有害污染物765种</span></strong>,经鉴定<span style="color: black;">包括</span><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">20种确认致癌物,23种可疑致癌物,18种促癌物和56种致突变物</span></strong>。饮用水中的致癌物<span style="color: black;">重点</span><span style="color: black;">包含</span><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">砷、消毒副产物、硝酸盐、全氟烷基物质</span></strong>等,<strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">长时间</span>接触和饮用</span></strong>由致癌物污染的水源可<span style="color: black;">增多</span>患癌<span style="color: black;">危害</span>。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="//q9.itc.cn/q_70/images03/20240316/db2c37a7cea842c5a6e027590721af90.jpeg" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">饮用水中的砷</strong></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">饮用水中的砷与<strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">膀胱癌、肺癌和皮肤癌</span></strong>等<span style="color: black;">出现</span><span style="color: black;">关联</span>,随着饮用年限和水中砷浓度的<span style="color: black;">增多</span>,患癌<span style="color: black;">危害</span><span style="color: black;">亦</span>随之<span style="color: black;">上升</span>。在中国台湾西南部砷高暴露地区,井水中砷含量高达0.35~1.14mg/L;20世纪70年代安装自来水供应系统后当地居民<span style="color: black;">再也不</span>饮用井水,1979—2003年间膀胱癌和肺癌发病率<span style="color: black;">明显</span>下降,膀胱癌的发病<span style="color: black;">危害</span>降低15倍,肺癌降低约6倍,皮肤鳞状细胞癌的标化死亡比从1979年的5.50下降到了2007年的3.80,而皮肤基底细胞癌的标准化死亡比从1979年4.82下降到了2007年的1.73。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="//q1.itc.cn/q_70/images03/20240316/65b84c1b7eca43e1a2d45ee43001a871.jpeg" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">消毒副产物 </strong></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">日前</span>饮用水中<span style="color: black;">发掘</span>的消毒副产物超过600种,其中<strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">4种三卤甲烷、7种卤乙酸、3种醛类、5种亚硝胺类</span></strong>以及<strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">溴酸盐、水合氯醛、氯酸盐、三氯硝基甲烷、二溴乙腈、卤代呋喃酮</span></strong>等消毒副产物<span style="color: black;">拥有</span>致癌性,<span style="color: black;">通常</span><span style="color: black;">来讲</span><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">溴化消毒副产物比氯化消毒副产物更具致癌性</span></strong>。<span style="color: black;">科研</span><span style="color: black;">显示</span>,水消毒副<span style="color: black;">制品</span>与<strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">膀胱癌</span></strong><span style="color: black;">出现</span><span style="color: black;">关联</span>。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="//q0.itc.cn/q_70/images03/20240316/fdd80ba9a42d4e909b547557efef6507.jpeg" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">硝酸盐 </strong></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">硝酸盐是饮用水中广泛存在的污染物,WHO《饮用水水质准则》(第四版)对饮用水中硝酸盐限定浓度是11mg/L(以氮计),<strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">我国规定不得超过10mg/L</span></strong>。<span style="color: black;">科研</span><span style="color: black;">显示</span>,饮用水中硝酸盐的暴露与胃<strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">癌、食道癌、脑癌、淋巴瘤、膀胱癌、结直肠癌和乳腺癌</span></strong><span style="color: black;">出现</span><span style="color: black;">关联</span>。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="//q7.itc.cn/q_70/images03/20240316/91e06975add14d14aebb700ad3ca8c38.jpeg" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">土壤污染</strong></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">土壤污染是癌症<span style="color: black;">出现</span>的危险<span style="color: black;">原因</span>,在污染的土壤中存在天然的或人类活动产生的致癌物,如<strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">重金属、矿物油或芳香烃</span></strong>等,这些致癌物可能<strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">从土壤释放到水中</span></strong>被人体摄入或<span style="color: black;">经过</span><span style="color: black;">食品</span>链被人体吸收。<strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">工业废物<span style="color: black;">欠妥</span>处理</span></strong>是土壤污染的<span style="color: black;">重点</span><span style="color: black;">原由</span>,约占总污染的2/3。<span style="color: black;">做为</span>食品的<strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">植物<span style="color: black;">亦</span>可从被污染的土壤中吸收和<span style="color: black;">累积</span>砷、杀虫剂</span></strong>等致癌物。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="//q8.itc.cn/q_70/images03/20240316/92a1b887843b47f0b6d9f1f0fd9a1ba7.jpeg" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>

    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">环境危险<span style="color: black;">原因</span>是<span style="color: black;">知道</span>的和可预防的。随着<span style="color: black;">全世界</span>社会经济的<span style="color: black;">持续</span>发展、社会健康安全<span style="color: black;">认识</span><span style="color: black;">持续</span>进步,以及各国环境污染治理,较高收入国家的空气质量已有所改善,而较低收入和中等收入国家的空气污染程度仍<span style="color: black;">处在</span>危险水平。我国自2013年实施《大气污染防治行动计划》后,31个省份74个重点城市2013—2017年的PM2.5、PM<span style="color: black;">十、</span>SO2和CO的年均浓度分别下降了33.3%、27.8%、54.1%和28.2%,我国<span style="color: black;">经过</span>实施一系列空气污染防控<span style="color: black;">办法</span>,<strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">大气质量<span style="color: black;">明显</span>改善,但颗粒物(PM<span style="color: black;">十、</span>PM2.5)、O3和NO2等仍是大气污染的<span style="color: black;">重点</span>防治对象。</span></strong></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="//q0.itc.cn/q_70/images03/20240316/58c1bbbdbd234a66ac188fa85573d8bd.jpeg" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">咱们</span>更应该从自己做起,降低癌症<span style="color: black;">出现</span>的可能,如<strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">少涉足污染源所在地,<span style="color: black;">尽可能</span>保持<span style="color: black;">周边</span>环境的清洁和安全性</span></strong>。<span style="color: black;">另外</span>,<strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">目的</span>人群<span style="color: black;">定时</span>接受癌症筛查<span style="color: black;">亦</span>能<span style="color: black;">提高</span>癌症的早诊早治。</span></strong></p>

    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="//q5.itc.cn/q_70/images03/20240316/d4fa924640364dcaa3f043334d539b67.png" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">平常</span>癌种的筛查<span style="color: black;">办法</span></strong></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="//q5.itc.cn/q_70/images03/20240316/d4fa924640364dcaa3f043334d539b67.png" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">肺癌</strong></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">肺癌的筛查<span style="color: black;">办法</span><span style="color: black;">包含</span><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">低剂量螺旋CT(LDCT)</span></strong>等。肺癌筛查<span style="color: black;">目的</span>人群的<span style="color: black;">选取</span><span style="color: black;">通常</span>要<span style="color: black;">按照</span><span style="color: black;">关联</span>的危险<span style="color: black;">原因</span>,如年龄、吸烟年限、病史遗传<span style="color: black;">原因</span>和环境<span style="color: black;">原因</span>等。在最新版的肺癌筛查指南中,<span style="color: black;">意见</span><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">连续2年LDCT筛查阴性的人群停止筛查2年,筛查阳性的人群需每年筛查</span></strong>。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="//q6.itc.cn/q_70/images03/20240316/f35e6ca458d946ee8a21ee5a539c12a5.jpeg" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="//q5.itc.cn/q_70/images03/20240316/d4fa924640364dcaa3f043334d539b67.png" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">结直肠癌</strong></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">结直肠癌筛查<span style="color: black;">办法</span><span style="color: black;">包含</span><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">结肠镜<span style="color: black;">检测</span>、免疫法粪便隐血<span style="color: black;">实验</span></span></strong>等,其中结肠镜<span style="color: black;">检测</span>是结直肠癌筛查<span style="color: black;">广泛</span>应用的金标准。中国结直肠癌筛查<span style="color: black;">重点</span>面向中老年人群(50~75岁)。<span style="color: black;">拥有</span>结直肠癌家族史、炎症性肠病<span style="color: black;">病人</span>等高<span style="color: black;">危害</span>的人群则<span style="color: black;">必须</span><span style="color: black;">定时</span>参与结直肠癌筛查。<span style="color: black;">针对</span><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">采用结直肠镜<span style="color: black;">做为</span>筛查<span style="color: black;">办法</span>,若结果正常,则5~10年后可进行下次<span style="color: black;">检测</span>;若<span style="color: black;">运用</span>免疫法粪便隐血<span style="color: black;">实验</span>,则需每年开展1次<span style="color: black;">检测</span></span></strong>。</p>


    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">胃癌</strong></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">胃癌筛查的高<span style="color: black;">危害</span>人群<span style="color: black;">一般</span>为<span style="color: black;">身患</span>消化系统<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>(如慢性萎缩性胃炎、胃溃疡、胃息肉等)的人群。<span style="color: black;">另外</span>,鉴于胃癌<span style="color: black;">拥有</span>家族遗传倾向,<span style="color: black;">因此呢</span>一级亲属<span style="color: black;">身患</span>胃癌者<span style="color: black;">亦</span>定义为胃癌的高<span style="color: black;">危害</span>人群。<strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">胃镜<span style="color: black;">检测</span>是胃癌诊断的金标准</span></strong>,但<span style="color: black;">因为</span><span style="color: black;">拥有</span>创伤性,<span style="color: black;">一般</span>在<strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">高危人群中每2~3年进行一次胃镜<span style="color: black;">检测</span></span></strong>。</p>

    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">幽门螺旋杆菌感染是<span style="color: black;">引起</span>胃癌最<span style="color: black;">平常</span>的危险<span style="color: black;">原因</span>,在《中国胃癌筛查与早诊早治指南(2022,北京)》中将45岁以上且感染幽门螺旋杆菌定义为胃癌的高危人群,可通<span style="color: black;">过</span><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">幽门螺旋杆菌检测、尿素呼气<span style="color: black;">实验</span></span></strong>等<span style="color: black;">办法</span>筛查。</p>

    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">肝癌</strong></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">中国肝癌筛查<span style="color: black;">重点</span>在慢性乙型肝炎<span style="color: black;">病人</span>、<span style="color: black;">各样</span><span style="color: black;">原由</span><span style="color: black;">引起</span>的肝硬化<span style="color: black;">病人</span>以及<span style="color: black;">拥有</span>高危<span style="color: black;">原因</span>(肝癌家族史、吸烟、饮酒等)人群中开展。合适的筛查间隔对<span style="color: black;">加强</span>肝癌筛查效果至关<span style="color: black;">要紧</span>,<span style="color: black;">日前</span>指南多<span style="color: black;">举荐</span><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">对肝癌高危人群进行每隔6个月1次的腹部超声联合甲胎蛋白监测。</span></strong></p>


    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">乳腺癌</strong></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">中国女性乳腺癌筛查<span style="color: black;">重点</span>在以下人群中开展:40岁以上的女性(但存在早发乳腺癌家族史且<span style="color: black;">自己</span>携带乳腺癌致病性遗传突变的高危<span style="color: black;">危害</span>女性,可将筛查年龄提前至35岁)、<span style="color: black;">拥有</span>乳腺癌家族史的人群、<span style="color: black;">身患</span>乳腺导管扩张症等乳腺<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>的<span style="color: black;">病人</span>。<strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">乳腺癌筛查<span style="color: black;">办法</span><span style="color: black;">重点</span>为乳腺钼靶X线摄影和乳腺超声<span style="color: black;">检测</span>。<span style="color: black;">针对</span><span style="color: black;">通常</span><span style="color: black;">危害</span>人群,筛查间隔为1~2年,而<span style="color: black;">针对</span>高<span style="color: black;">危害</span>人群,则需每年进行1次乳腺癌筛查。</span></strong></p>


    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">食管癌</strong></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">以下人群定义为食管癌的高<span style="color: black;">危害</span>:年龄≥45岁且符合以下任意一项者。(1)<span style="color: black;">长时间</span>居住于食管癌高发地区;(2)一级亲属中有食管癌<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>史;(3)<span style="color: black;">身患</span>食管癌前<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>或癌前病变;(4)有吸烟、饮酒、热烫<span style="color: black;">膳食</span>等生活和<span style="color: black;">膳食</span>习惯。食管癌的筛查<span style="color: black;">办法</span><span style="color: black;">包含</span>内镜<span style="color: black;">检测</span>、食管钡餐<span style="color: black;">检测</span>等,<strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">其中内镜<span style="color: black;">检测</span>是食管癌<span style="color: black;">检测</span>的金标准</span></strong>。<span style="color: black;">日前</span><span style="color: black;">举荐</span><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">食管癌高危人群每5年进行1次内镜<span style="color: black;">检测</span>,对低级别上皮内瘤变者每1~3年进行1次内镜<span style="color: black;">检测</span>。</span></strong></p>


    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">宫颈癌</strong></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">通常</span>而言,性生活早、性伴侣多或多次流产的女性,以及既往感染过人乳头瘤病毒(HPV)的女性,其宫颈癌的发病<span style="color: black;">危害</span><span style="color: black;">明显</span><span style="color: black;">升高</span>。中国<span style="color: black;">日前</span>宫颈癌筛查<span style="color: black;">办法</span><span style="color: black;">包含</span><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">宫颈细胞学<span style="color: black;">检测</span>、高危型HPV检测</span></strong>等。<strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">高危型HPV检测</span></strong>是一种较为准确的宫颈癌的筛查<span style="color: black;">办法</span>,<strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">若检测为阴性,5年后可复查</span></strong>。<strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">宫颈细胞学<span style="color: black;">检测</span>通是<span style="color: black;">日前</span>最为常用的宫颈癌筛查<span style="color: black;">办法</span>之一,若检测为阴性,1年后复查</span></strong>。</p>


    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">鼻咽癌</strong></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">身患</span>鼻咽炎、鼻息肉、咽喉炎等慢性<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>的人群及<span style="color: black;">长时间</span>接触烟草和酒精的人群为潜在的<span style="color: black;">危害</span>人群。<strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">血清学标志物<span style="color: black;">包含</span>EBV-VCA、EBEA</span></strong>等,可用于辅助鼻咽癌的<span style="color: black;">初期</span>诊断。鼻咽癌筛查的<span style="color: black;">意见</span>间隔时间<span style="color: black;">日前</span>尚未统一规定,<strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">通常</span><span style="color: black;">意见</span>高<span style="color: black;">危害</span>人群每年进行1次鼻咽镜<span style="color: black;">检测</span>,并且随访1~2年。</span></strong></p>

    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">内容参考</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">李纪宾,邹小农.<span style="color: black;">全世界</span>癌症流行<span style="color: black;">状况</span>及环境致癌<span style="color: black;">原因</span>解析.环境卫生学杂志,2023,13(11):795-803.DOI:10.13421/j.cnki.hjwsxzz.2023.11.001.</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">曹毛毛,陈万青.中国癌症筛查<span style="color: black;">状况</span>.科技导报,2023,41(18):11-17.</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">本文仅作科普,<span style="color: black;">详细</span>诊疗<span style="color: black;">方法</span>需结合<span style="color: black;">病人</span><span style="color: black;">仔细</span>病史,如您有较为紧急的<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>问题,<span style="color: black;">意见</span>及时前往医院就诊,<span style="color: black;">以避免</span>耽误治疗。</span></p>

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4zhvml8 发表于 2024-10-12 10:58:19

外贸B2B平台有哪些?

b1gc8v 发表于 前天 19:58

哈哈、笑死我了、太搞笑了吧等。
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