肺癌的症状及临床归类
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=1.0 encoding=UTF-8%3F%3E%3Csvg width=1px height=1px viewBox=0 0 1 1 version=1.1 xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg xmlns:xlink=http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink%3E%3Ctitle%3E%3C/title%3E%3Cg stroke=none stroke-width=1 fill=none fill-rule=evenodd fill-opacity=0%3E%3Cg transform=translate(-249.000000, -126.000000) fill=%23FFFFFF%3E%3Crect x=249 y=126 width=1 height=1%3E%3C/rect%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p><span style="color: black;">时珍医选网致力于传播国际上权威、</span><span style="color: black;">前沿的医学信息</span><span style="color: black;"> <strong style="color: blue;">客观、<span style="color: black;">即时</span> </strong>的<span style="color: black;">报告</span>生命科学时事</span><span style="color: black;"> <strong style="color: blue;">全面、公正 </strong>的展现医疗行业动态</span><span style="color: black;"> 旨在搭建生命科学专家学术传播、</span><span style="color: black;"> 为健康产业发声的<span style="color: black;">媒介</span>平台</span><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">肺癌是支气管黏膜或腺体的恶性肿瘤</span></strong><span style="color: black;">，其发病率和死亡率增长<span style="color: black;">快速</span>，对人群健康和生命<span style="color: black;">形成</span>严重威胁。它是全世界癌症死因中的<span style="color: black;">第1</span>名，每年死于肺癌的人数都在上升。肺癌的发病年龄多在40岁以上，发病年龄高峰在60～79岁间，男女患病率为2.3:1。</span><span style="color: black;">肺癌的病因比较<span style="color: black;">繁杂</span>，与多种<span style="color: black;">原因</span><span style="color: black;">相关</span>。<span style="color: black;">长时间</span><span style="color: black;">海量</span>吸烟是肺癌的一个<span style="color: black;">要紧</span>危险因子，吸烟<span style="color: black;">能够</span>引致支气管粘膜上皮细胞增生，诱发鳞状上皮癌或未分化小细胞癌。吸烟时间越长、吸烟的支数越多和<span style="color: black;">起始</span>吸烟的年龄越小，患肺癌的机会越大。另外，被动吸烟<span style="color: black;">亦</span>是肺癌的一个高<span style="color: black;">危害</span><span style="color: black;">原因</span>，<span style="color: black;">女性</span>被动吸烟者患肺癌的发病率比配偶不吸烟者高2倍以上。</span><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/sz_mmbiz_jpg/DKBMEhIMCYFsibhicK5prXAPHFZ8JfJTjcQAcjzN1IalSOPj8X21e4hKujgc6X4urmUTHr2fmNXCkllwvRmicDJkA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"><span style="color: black;">职业<span style="color: black;">原因</span><span style="color: black;">亦</span>是肺癌的一个<span style="color: black;">要紧</span><span style="color: black;">原由</span>，<span style="color: black;">长时间</span>接触石棉、砷、铬、镍、煤焦油以及放射性元素等致癌物质的工作人员，肺癌的发病率较高。<span style="color: black;">另外</span>，大气污染、肺部慢性<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>（如肺结核、矽肺、尘肺等）以及人<span style="color: black;">身体</span>在<span style="color: black;">原因</span>（如家族遗传、免疫机能降低、代谢活动、内分泌功能失调等）<span style="color: black;">亦</span>可能与肺癌的<span style="color: black;">出现</span><span style="color: black;">相关</span>。</span><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/sz_mmbiz_jpg/DKBMEhIMCYFsibhicK5prXAPHFZ8JfJTjcgGFQFbEVtMDFTKmTtsoyXftuyApeuPExibTJZfVEaUP8CwN26ia1WicGQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">1、</span>症状</span></strong><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">1.<span style="color: black;">初期</span>症状</span></strong><span style="color: black;">绝大<span style="color: black;">都数</span>的肺癌<span style="color: black;">病人</span><span style="color: black;">初期</span><span style="color: black;">没</span>任何症状，部分即使有症状者，其症状<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">常常</span>缺乏特征性，难以<span style="color: black;">导致</span><span style="color: black;">病人</span><span style="color: black;">乃至</span><span style="color: black;">大夫</span>的<span style="color: black;">注意</span>，这是<span style="color: black;">引起</span>肺癌<span style="color: black;">病人</span><span style="color: black;">不可</span><span style="color: black;">初期</span><span style="color: black;">发掘</span>的<span style="color: black;">要紧</span><span style="color: black;">原由</span>。事实上，肺癌<span style="color: black;">病人</span><span style="color: black;">初期</span>会<span style="color: black;">显现</span><span style="color: black;">有些</span>症状，只是这些症状太过轻微或<span style="color: black;">病人</span>自认为正常而未能<span style="color: black;">导致</span><span style="color: black;">注意</span><span style="color: black;">相关</span>。<span style="color: black;">初期</span>肺癌<span style="color: black;">病人</span>症状的轻重有<span style="color: black;">没</span>与肺癌<span style="color: black;">出现</span>的类型、生长部位、病变<span style="color: black;">体积</span>和生长速度<span style="color: black;">相关</span>，总结起来，肺癌<span style="color: black;">初期</span>最<span style="color: black;">平常</span>的症状<span style="color: black;">包含</span>：</span><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">（1）咳嗽：</span></strong><span style="color: black;">多为干咳，<span style="color: black;">没</span>痰或少量白色<span style="color: black;">泡泡</span>痰，部分<span style="color: black;">长时间</span>吸烟或患慢性支气管炎的<span style="color: black;">病人</span><span style="color: black;">出现</span>肺癌时可能<span style="color: black;">显现</span>咳嗽性质的改变，如咳嗽程度加重、更为频繁、咳嗽声音改变等，但常常难以鉴别，因而极易延误诊断。</span><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">（2）咯血：</span></strong><span style="color: black;">肿瘤侵犯和破坏支气管粘膜的毛细血管或肿瘤组织内的血管破裂均可<span style="color: black;">引起</span>痰中带血，临床多为痰中带<span style="color: black;">鲜嫩</span>血丝或血点，间断或反复<span style="color: black;">显现</span>。<span style="color: black;">初期</span>肺癌少有整口咯血者。咯血较其它症状更易<span style="color: black;">导致</span><span style="color: black;">病人</span><span style="color: black;">注意</span>，从而进一步<span style="color: black;">检测</span><span style="color: black;">发掘</span><span style="color: black;">初期</span>肺癌。</span><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/sz_mmbiz_jpg/DKBMEhIMCYFsibhicK5prXAPHFZ8JfJTjctzk5xK2zW5E3KLmEyTy0x04UF66FUtbMVz1QrrNjicpCLibibmK4gxjHg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">（3）胸痛：</span></strong><span style="color: black;">肿瘤<span style="color: black;">位置于</span>胸膜<span style="color: black;">周边</span>时，易产生不规则的钝痛或隐痛。当肿瘤直接侵犯壁层胸膜时，<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>较为尖锐，呈针刺样，在<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>或咳嗽时加重。<span style="color: black;">初期</span>肺癌<span style="color: black;">病人</span><span style="color: black;">显现</span><span style="color: black;">病痛</span>症状的很少，有些即使<span style="color: black;">显现</span><span style="color: black;">病痛</span>症，其<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>部位<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">常常</span>与病变部位不一致。</span><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">（4）其它：</span></strong><span style="color: black;">如发热、胸闷气短、<span style="color: black;">显现</span>杵状指（趾）、骨关节<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>等，均较少见。<span style="color: black;">因为</span>肺癌<span style="color: black;">初期</span>症状隐匿，<span style="color: black;">很难</span>觉察，<span style="color: black;">因此呢</span>大部分<span style="color: black;">初期</span>肺癌<span style="color: black;">常常</span>是<span style="color: black;">因为</span><span style="color: black;">病人</span><span style="color: black;">由于</span>体检或车祸、外伤等<span style="color: black;">原由</span>在医院拍片或CT<span style="color: black;">检测</span>时偶然<span style="color: black;">发掘</span>。而当<span style="color: black;">病人</span>当真正<span style="color: black;">显现</span><span style="color: black;">以上</span>典型症状、体征时，<span style="color: black;">常常</span><span style="color: black;">已经是</span><span style="color: black;">疾患</span>的晚期。</span><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/sz_mmbiz_jpg/DKBMEhIMCYFsibhicK5prXAPHFZ8JfJTjc74CQQGHCTiblhAb58VdNHTS2F4kmfuTy2xuVmwniaGSu62jduw2sdnwg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">2.晚期症状</span></strong><span style="color: black;">晚期肺癌压迫邻近器官、组织或<span style="color: black;">出现</span>远处转移时，<span style="color: black;">能够</span>产生：</span><span style="color: black;">（1）压迫或侵犯膈神经，<span style="color: black;">导致</span>同侧膈肌麻痹。</span><span style="color: black;">（2）压迫或侵犯喉返神经，<span style="color: black;">导致</span>声带麻痹声音嘶哑。</span><span style="color: black;">（3）压迫上腔静脉<span style="color: black;">导致</span>面部、颈部、上肢和上胸部静脉怒张、皮下组织水肿、上肢静脉压<span style="color: black;">上升</span>。</span><span style="color: black;">（4）侵犯胸膜，<span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">导致</span>胸腔积液，多为血性。</span><span style="color: black;">（5）癌肿侵入纵隔，压迫食管，可<span style="color: black;">导致</span>吞咽困难。</span><span style="color: black;">（6）上叶顶部肺癌，<span style="color: black;">也</span><span style="color: black;">叫作</span>Pancoast肿瘤或肺上沟瘤，<span style="color: black;">能够</span>侵入和压迫<span style="color: black;">位置于</span>胸廓上口的器官或组织，如<span style="color: black;">第1</span>肋骨、锁骨上动脉和静脉、臂丛神经、颈交感神经等，产生胸痛、颈静脉或上肢静脉怒张、水肿、臂痛和上肢运动<span style="color: black;">阻碍</span>，同侧上眼睑下垂，瞳孔缩小，眼球内陷，面部<span style="color: black;">没</span>汗等颈交感神经<span style="color: black;">综合症</span>。</span><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/sz_mmbiz_jpg/DKBMEhIMCYFsibhicK5prXAPHFZ8JfJTjc8jzHUaibhZE5iadJWsDTpdKGuQtyiaw2FibpeibDpzmPq9py5Lo0icpkS08Q/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">少许</span>肺癌，<span style="color: black;">因为</span>癌肿产生内分泌物质，临床上呈现非转移性的全身症状：如骨关节<span style="color: black;">综合症</span>(杵状指、关节痛、骨膜增生等)、Cushing<span style="color: black;">综合症</span>、重症肌<span style="color: black;">没</span>力、男性乳腺增大、多发性肌肉神经痛等肺外症状。这些症状在切除肺癌后可能消失。</span><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">2、</span>临床<span style="color: black;">归类</span></span></strong><span style="color: black;">肺癌是一种<span style="color: black;">平常</span>的恶性肿瘤，其<span style="color: black;">归类</span><span style="color: black;">办法</span>有多种，<span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">按照</span>其<span style="color: black;">出现</span>部位、细胞类型、组织学类型等不同维度进行<span style="color: black;">归类</span>。以下将<span style="color: black;">按照</span>肺癌的组织学类型进行<span style="color: black;">仔细</span>的<span style="color: black;">归类</span>说明：</span><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">1.小细胞肺癌：</span></strong><span style="color: black;">这是一种特殊类型的肺癌，其特点是恶性程度高、生长速度快、<span style="color: black;">初期</span>转移等。小细胞肺癌的细胞形态较小，染色深，核分裂像多，与燕麦细胞<span style="color: black;">类似</span>，<span style="color: black;">因此呢</span><span style="color: black;">亦</span>被<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>为燕麦细胞癌。小细胞肺癌的治疗<span style="color: black;">重点</span>以化疗和放疗为主，手术切除的机会较小。</span><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/sz_mmbiz_png/DKBMEhIMCYFsibhicK5prXAPHFZ8JfJTjcc2R5TksNMK1U1Bb6Q1S34pZBKNyiaI3m79eTrt5qh6deBo1TrF6PtXQ/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">2.非小细胞肺癌：</span></strong><span style="color: black;">这是最<span style="color: black;">平常</span>的肺癌类型，<span style="color: black;">包含</span>了鳞状细胞癌、腺癌、大细胞癌等。</span><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">（1）鳞状细胞癌：</span></strong><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">叫作</span>为鳞癌，是最<span style="color: black;">平常</span>的肺癌类型之一。鳞状细胞癌多<span style="color: black;">出现</span>在老年男性，大多起源于<span style="color: black;">很强</span>的支气管，常为中央型肺癌。鳞状细胞癌的恶性程度较高，但与小细胞肺癌相比，其生长速度较慢，转移较晚。</span><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/sz_mmbiz_png/DKBMEhIMCYFsibhicK5prXAPHFZ8JfJTjcIIqm8sy0F16Hgiarn7Qcgmrc4xFnNXB1h3rc9OAsX1Vr5CCu1qsKSsQ/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">（2）腺癌：</span></strong><span style="color: black;">是一种<span style="color: black;">平常</span>的肺癌类型，起源于支气管粘膜上皮，<span style="color: black;">少许</span>起源于大支气管的粘液腺。腺癌的发病率比鳞癌和未分化癌低，但近年来在<span style="color: black;">青年</span>人中的发病率有所<span style="color: black;">提升</span>。腺癌多<span style="color: black;">出现</span>在较小的支气管，为<span style="color: black;">周边</span>型肺癌。</span><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/sz_mmbiz_jpg/DKBMEhIMCYFsibhicK5prXAPHFZ8JfJTjcCib8d3nO0owhTtRr1tQFLwwA1kZcEL8AsbS1EJHACpicWm1HslfSFiaHA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">（3）大细胞癌：</span></strong><span style="color: black;">是一种少见的肺癌类型，其特点是恶性程度高、生长速度快、<span style="color: black;">初期</span>转移等。大细胞癌的细胞形态<span style="color: black;">很强</span>，染色深，核分裂像多，与未分化癌<span style="color: black;">类似</span>。大细胞癌的治疗<span style="color: black;">重点</span>以手术切除为主，辅以化疗和放疗。</span><span style="color: black;">除了以上<span style="color: black;">归类</span>，肺癌还<span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">按照</span><span style="color: black;">出现</span>部位分为中央型肺癌和<span style="color: black;">周边</span>型肺癌；<span style="color: black;">按照</span>病情严重程度可分为<span style="color: black;">初期</span>肺癌和晚期肺癌等。<span style="color: black;">没</span>论属于哪种类型的肺癌，患病后都应该接受科学治疗，树立对抗<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>的<span style="color: black;">自信心</span>，保持良好<span style="color: black;">心理</span>。</span><span style="color: black;">· END ·</span><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/E5H1PaXiacjZLYQ7S7wdefKvjfHahSvxlCKfsEECibIXydvmw3TpuT2icJ9SZmmY24YzCvLnbM3pqRxO8icUyMhwzA/640?wx_fmt=gif&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;">关于时珍医选</strong></span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">时珍医选创立于2020年8月，是亚太领先的专注医学信息行业的产业信息服务中心。<span style="color: black;">机构</span>总部<span style="color: black;">位置于</span>新加坡，在香港和上海设立区域办公室。时珍医选始终致力于以信息助力，以<span style="color: black;">科研</span>驱动，<span style="color: black;">帮忙</span><span style="color: black;">全世界</span>医疗行业优秀<span style="color: black;">公司</span>成功对接新兴医学技术，为广大<span style="color: black;">病人</span>创造健康生活。时珍医选的合伙人团队由<span style="color: black;">全世界</span>地区的著名<span style="color: black;">大夫</span>集团<span style="color: black;">构成</span>，专业团队人数超过170名。时珍医选<span style="color: black;">长时间</span>密切<span style="color: black;">跟踪</span>医学新技术动态和随访趋势，<span style="color: black;">科研</span><span style="color: black;">行业</span>覆盖创新医药、创新医疗器械、IVD与生命科学、健康服务和智慧医疗等多个医学细分<span style="color: black;">行业</span>。<span style="color: black;">截止</span>2022年，时珍医选共完成超1000个新兴医学<span style="color: black;">科研</span>项目，累计服务<span style="color: black;">全世界</span>医院超2000所；2022年，时珍医选完<span style="color: black;">成为了</span>超过300个新兴医学<span style="color: black;">科研</span>项目，在医学服务<span style="color: black;">行业</span>继续保持全面领先。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=1.0 encoding=UTF-8%3F%3E%3Csvg width=1px height=1px viewBox=0 0 1 1 version=1.1 xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg xmlns:xlink=http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink%3E%3Ctitle%3E%3C/title%3E%3Cg stroke=none stroke-width=1 fill=none fill-rule=evenodd fill-opacity=0%3E%3Cg transform=translate(-249.000000, -126.000000) fill=%23FFFFFF%3E%3Crect x=249 y=126 width=1 height=1%3E%3C/rect%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">版权及免责声明：</span></strong></span><span style="color: black;">时珍医选网网旨在搭建医学专家学术传播、为医者发声的<span style="color: black;">媒介</span>平台，所有经“时珍网”<span style="color: black;">微X</span>公众号、<span style="color: black;">颁布</span>的<span style="color: black;">文案</span>，文内信息版权属于持有人，<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>只<span style="color: black;">供给</span>传递信息之用。</span><span style="color: black;">1.时珍医选网<span style="color: black;">保存</span>对内容进行技术性加工处理/删除的权利；</span><span style="color: black;">2.对转载、分享的内容，时珍医选网会注明作者及<span style="color: black;">源自</span>；</span><span style="color: black;">3.所<span style="color: black;">颁布</span><span style="color: black;">文案</span>不<span style="color: black;">表率</span>时珍医选网的立场/观点，如内容有误，欢迎指正；</span><span style="color: black;">4.针对<span style="color: black;">没</span>法确认出处的内容，若<span style="color: black;">触及</span>版权、争议问题，<span style="color: black;">没</span>意侵犯到您的权益，烦请<span style="color: black;">即时</span>联系<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>，给出内容所在网址并<span style="color: black;">供给</span><span style="color: black;">关联</span>证明资料，<span style="color: black;">咱们</span><span style="color: black;">经过</span>核实后会立即更正<span style="color: black;">或</span>删除<span style="color: black;">相关</span>内容。</span><span style="color: black;">本公众号不承担任何责任，并<span style="color: black;">持有</span>对此声明的<span style="color: black;">最后</span>解释权。</span>
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