7wu1wm0 发表于 2024-6-14 16:31:01

16种肿瘤标志的运用说明必要保藏!


    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"> 肿瘤标志物在1978年就被<span style="color: black;">发掘</span>了,它<span style="color: black;">指的是</span>在血液、体液及组织中可检测到的与肿瘤<span style="color: black;">关联</span>的物质,达到<span style="color: black;">必定</span>水平时,可反映某些肿瘤的存在,今天<span style="color: black;">博主</span>给<span style="color: black;">大众</span>详解一下。</p>

    <div style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><img src="https://pic1.zhimg.com/80/v2-df06873c4cbe6d2b96c269e6ecacfc7c_720w.webp" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></div>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">一个最广谱的指标:癌胚抗原(CEA)</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">1965年<span style="color: black;">发掘</span>的CEA可谓是最广谱的指标,它的<span style="color: black;">上升</span>可见于结/直肠癌、胃癌、肺癌、胰腺癌、乳腺癌、卵巢癌、子宫及子宫颈癌、泌尿系肿瘤等,其他恶性肿瘤<span style="color: black;">亦</span>有不同程度的阳性率。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">总之,腺癌中CEA最容易<span style="color: black;">上升</span>,其次是鳞癌和低分化癌。肿瘤分期晚、瘤体负荷大、肿瘤转移者,<span style="color: black;">亦</span>会<span style="color: black;">显现</span>CEA<span style="color: black;">上升</span>。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">另外</span>,肝硬化、肝炎、肺气肿、肠道憩室、直肠息肉、结肠炎等良性病<span style="color: black;">亦</span>会<span style="color: black;">引起</span>CEA<span style="color: black;">上升</span>,胸腔积液、腹水、消化液、分泌物中的CEA常常<span style="color: black;">上升</span>。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">33%的吸烟人群的CEA会<span style="color: black;">上升</span>,<span style="color: black;">必须</span><span style="color: black;">尤其</span><span style="color: black;">重视</span>。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">肝癌:甲胎蛋白(AFP)</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">AFP是一个古老但优秀的肿瘤标志物,在原发性肝癌中特异性很高,阳性率达70%。<span style="color: black;">倘若</span><span style="color: black;">病人</span>有乙肝病史、肝脏有包块、AFP>400ng/ml且<span style="color: black;">连续</span>1个月,<span style="color: black;">就可</span>诊断为肝癌。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">除肝癌之外,内胚窦癌、畸胎瘤、睾丸癌、卵巢癌、胃癌伴肝转移者AFP<span style="color: black;">亦</span>会升高,病毒性肝炎、肝硬化<span style="color: black;">病人</span>绝大部分<span style="color: black;">亦</span>会<span style="color: black;">显现</span>AFP<span style="color: black;">上升</span>,但不会超过400ng/ml。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">女性</span>妊娠3个月后,AFP<span style="color: black;">起始</span><span style="color: black;">上升</span>,7~8个月时达到高峰(<span style="color: black;">亦</span>不会超过400ng/ml),分娩3周后恢复正常。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">卵巢癌:糖类抗原125(CA125)</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">CA125在临床上最<span style="color: black;">要紧</span>的<span style="color: black;">道理</span><span style="color: black;">便是</span>反映卵巢癌,阳性率达61.4%,且CA125是判断卵巢癌疗效和复发的良好指标,治疗有效时CA125下降,复发则CA125<span style="color: black;">上升</span>先于症状。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">CA125于其他恶性肿瘤<span style="color: black;">亦</span>有<span style="color: black;">必定</span>的阳性率,宫颈癌、宮体癌、子宫内膜癌中阳性率为43%,胰腺癌50%,肺癌41%,胃癌47%,结直肠癌34%,乳腺癌40%。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">其他非恶性<span style="color: black;">疾患</span><span style="color: black;">亦</span>有不同程度的CA125<span style="color: black;">上升</span>,虽然阳性率较低,<span style="color: black;">亦</span>需<span style="color: black;">导致</span><span style="color: black;">警觉</span>,如子宫内膜异位症、盆腔炎、卵巢囊肿、胰腺炎、肝炎、肝硬化、结核。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">良、恶性胸、腹水中都会<span style="color: black;">发掘</span>CA125<span style="color: black;">上升</span>,<span style="color: black;">因此</span><span style="color: black;">不可</span>借此判断其良恶性。<span style="color: black;">初期</span>妊娠,<span style="color: black;">亦</span>有CA125<span style="color: black;">上升</span>。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">乳腺癌:糖类抗原15-3(CA15-3)</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">CA15-3在乳腺癌诊断方面有<span style="color: black;">要紧</span>的临床<span style="color: black;">道理</span>。在乳腺癌初期的<span style="color: black;">敏锐</span>性较低为30%,于乳腺癌晚期<span style="color: black;">敏锐</span>性高达80%,对乳腺癌的疗效观察、预后判断、复发和转移的诊断有<span style="color: black;">要紧</span>的价值。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">其他恶性肿瘤<span style="color: black;">亦</span>有<span style="color: black;">必定</span>的阳性率,在肝、胃肠道、肺、乳腺、卵巢等非恶性肿瘤性<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>中阳性率不足10%。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">消化系统:糖类抗原19-9(CA19-9)</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">CA19-9是消化系统肿瘤中一个<span style="color: black;">要紧</span>的指标,在胰腺癌、胆囊癌、胆管壶腹癌中,CA19-9<span style="color: black;">显著</span><span style="color: black;">上升</span>,尤其是胰腺癌,晚期阳性率<span style="color: black;">达到</span>75%。<span style="color: black;">另外</span>,胃癌、结/直肠癌、肝癌中CA19-9阳性率分别为50%、60%、65%。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">一样</span>,CA19-9<span style="color: black;">上升</span><span style="color: black;">亦</span>不要着急诊断为癌症,急性胰腺炎、胆囊炎、胆汁淤积性胆囊炎、肝炎、肝硬化等<span style="color: black;">有些</span>消化道炎症中,CA19-9<span style="color: black;">亦</span>有不同程度的<span style="color: black;">上升</span>。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">利用CA19-9鉴别癌性黄疸和阻塞性黄疸:后者CA19-9<span style="color: black;">通常</span><200 U/mL;鉴别胰腺癌和慢性胰腺炎:前者CA19-9<span style="color: black;">显著</span><span style="color: black;">上升</span>、后者正常。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">糖类抗原242(CA242)</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">CA242临床应用较少,在腺癌中<span style="color: black;">上升</span><span style="color: black;">显著</span>,在非鳞状组织中比鳞癌水平高,CEA、CA242两者联合检测能<span style="color: black;">加强</span>腺癌的<span style="color: black;">敏锐</span>性。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">CA242被<span style="color: black;">做为</span>CA19-9的升级指标,在胰腺癌、胆管癌中灵敏度与CA199一致,特异性优于CA199,较少受到胰腺炎、肝炎及肝硬化等良性<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>影响,在结直肠癌中,灵敏度<span style="color: black;">达到</span>60%~72%。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">前列腺特异抗原(PSA)</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">PSA是前列腺最特异的指标,阳性率可高达50%~80%,但前列腺增生、前列腺炎、肾脏和泌尿生殖系统<span style="color: black;">疾患</span><span style="color: black;">亦</span>可见PSA<span style="color: black;">上升</span>。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">当总PSA(T-PSA)的值为4~10 ng/ml时,可引入游离PSA/总PSA,即F/T的概念:F/T>0.16,为正常<span style="color: black;">状况</span>;F/T< 0.1,则有56%的可能为前列腺癌;PSA >0.25时,前列腺癌<span style="color: black;">危害</span>为5%。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">神经特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">小细胞肺癌最<span style="color: black;">敏锐</span>、最特异的肿瘤标志物。在神经内分泌肿瘤中<span style="color: black;">上升</span><span style="color: black;">显著</span>,如:嗜铬细胞瘤、甲状腺髓样癌、黑色素瘤、胰岛细胞瘤等。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">必须</span><span style="color: black;">重视</span>的是,NSE的值非常不稳定,溶血会<span style="color: black;">引起</span><span style="color: black;">上升</span>。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">糖类抗原50(CA50)</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">CA50<span style="color: black;">亦</span>是一个非常广谱的肿瘤标志物,肝、肺、胃、结/直肠、胰腺、胆囊、肾、子宫、卵 巢、乳腺、膀胱、前列腺癌、淋巴瘤、黑色素瘤中都有<span style="color: black;">上升</span>,在肺炎、肾炎、胰腺炎、结肠炎等某些感染性<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>中<span style="color: black;">亦</span>会<span style="color: black;">上升</span>。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">另一</span>,某些溃疡性<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>、<span style="color: black;">自己</span>免疫性<span style="color: black;">疾患</span><span style="color: black;">亦</span>有CA50<span style="color: black;">上升</span>的现象。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">胃癌:糖类抗原(CA72-4)</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">CA72-4在胃癌中的阳性率为65%~70%,有转移者更高。在结/直肠癌、胰腺癌、肝癌、肺癌、乳腺癌、卵巢癌中<span style="color: black;">亦</span>有<span style="color: black;">必定</span>阳性率。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">CA72-4可<span style="color: black;">做为</span>癌症治疗后随访及复发和预后的<span style="color: black;">要紧</span>判断指标。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">肺癌:细胞角质素片段抗原21-1(CYFRA21-1)</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">检测肺癌的最佳指标。<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>肺部存在不清晰的环形<span style="color: black;">暗影</span>,<span style="color: black;">同期</span>血清CYFRA21-1浓度>30ng/ml,需高度<span style="color: black;">可疑</span>肺癌。初诊肺癌时一旦<span style="color: black;">发掘</span>CYFRA21-1<span style="color: black;">上升</span>,它就<span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">做为</span>判断肺癌预后的<span style="color: black;">要紧</span>指标。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">CYFRA21-1在肺癌中的<span style="color: black;">敏锐</span>度:鳞癌&gt;腺癌&gt;大细胞癌&gt;小细胞癌。在子宫癌、卵巢癌、乳腺癌、膀胱癌、前列腺癌、胰腺癌、胃癌、结肠癌、肝癌和良性肝病、肾衰竭中,CYFRA21-1<span style="color: black;">亦</span>会<span style="color: black;">上升</span>。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">组织多肽抗原(TPA)</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">TPA由细胞角质蛋白8、18和19<span style="color: black;">构成</span>,<span style="color: black;">能够</span>直接反映细胞增殖、分化和肿瘤浸润程度。肺癌<span style="color: black;">病人</span>TPA <span style="color: black;">升高</span>,<span style="color: black;">敏锐</span>性与CYFRA21-1相当,阳性率约61%。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">膀胱癌、前列腺癌、乳腺癌、卵巢癌和消化道恶性肿瘤<span style="color: black;">病人</span>,TPA<span style="color: black;">上升</span>;急性肝炎、胰腺炎、肺炎和胃肠道<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>及妊娠后3个月<span style="color: black;">亦</span>可见TPA <span style="color: black;">上升</span>。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">鳞状上皮癌抗原(SCCA)</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">鳞癌特异性标志物。用于诊断鳞癌,宫颈癌、肺癌、头颈部癌,其浓度随病情加重而<span style="color: black;">升高</span>。其<span style="color: black;">升高</span><span style="color: black;">亦</span>见于肝炎,肝硬化,肺炎,结核病等良性<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">人附睾分泌蛋白4(HE4)</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">HE4是诊断卵巢癌的一个非常好的肿瘤标志物,<span style="color: black;">敏锐</span>性最高72.9%(高于CA 125),特异性为95%,CA125+HE4是诊断卵巢癌的最佳组合。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">Free-β-HCG</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">生殖细胞癌最<span style="color: black;">敏锐</span>指标,尤其是绒癌,<span style="color: black;">敏锐</span>性高达100%。肝上有包块时,若是AFP<span style="color: black;">上升</span>,则高度<span style="color: black;">可疑</span>原发性肝癌;若Free-β-HCG<span style="color: black;">上升</span>,则<span style="color: black;">可疑</span>生殖细胞癌。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">Free-β-HCG<span style="color: black;">上升</span>还提示肿瘤恶性程度高,预后差。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">铁蛋白(Ft)</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">Ft与多种肿瘤<span style="color: black;">关联</span>,但不是肿瘤的直接证据。输血、铁剂治疗;再障、溶血性贫血、地中海贫血;原发性含铁血黄素沉积症;结缔组织病;<span style="color: black;">各样</span>肝脏<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>及慢性肾衰;感染性<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>等都会<span style="color: black;">显现</span>Ft<span style="color: black;">上升</span>的现象。缺铁性贫血<span style="color: black;">病人</span>会<span style="color: black;">显现</span>Ft下降。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">经过</span>对这些肿瘤标志物的一一<span style="color: black;">诠释</span>,不难得出结论:肿瘤标志物<span style="color: black;">上升</span>,不<span style="color: black;">必定</span><span style="color: black;">便是</span>癌症;某<span style="color: black;">有些</span>肿瘤并不分泌<span style="color: black;">关联</span>蛋白,<span style="color: black;">因此</span>肿瘤标志物正常<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">不可</span>排除肿瘤。<span style="color: black;">恰当</span>应用、适时监测,才是临床上应用肿瘤标志物的正确方式。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">源自</span>于:张岩 图腾生物抗癌<span style="color: black;">科研</span>所 <span style="color: black;">微X</span>号:18502432834</p>





流星的美 发表于 2024-9-2 04:33:31

我完全同意你的观点,说得太对了。

fate 发表于 2024-9-4 23:15:08

期待你更多的精彩评论,一起交流学习。

情迷布拉格 发表于 2024-9-10 01:49:39

在遇到你之前,我对人世间是否有真正的圣人是怀疑的。

7wu1wm0 发表于 2024-11-12 06:35:02

你的见解真是独到,让我受益匪浅。
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