为么中晚期癌症没法治愈? 尤其是肝癌中晚期怎么样延长病人生命?
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">恶性肿瘤在全世界死亡率排名第二,仅次于心脑血管<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>。中晚期恶性肿瘤之<span style="color: black;">因此</span>难治,<span style="color: black;">重点</span><span style="color: black;">由于</span>癌细胞<span style="color: black;">这里</span>时<span style="color: black;">已然</span><span style="color: black;">出现</span>了转移。一方面,癌细胞拥有<span style="color: black;">没</span>限增殖的能力,中晚期癌症<span style="color: black;">病人</span>的癌细胞<span style="color: black;">能够</span>在不同转移灶进一步<span style="color: black;">没</span>限增殖,直到压迫、破<span style="color: black;">暴徒</span>体<span style="color: black;">要紧</span>组织器官,如肺、脑、骨等,<span style="color: black;">从而</span><span style="color: black;">导致</span>器官衰竭;另一方面,癌细胞的在增殖生长的过程中,<span style="color: black;">持续</span>汲取营养,致使人体正常的组织器官得不到足够营养供给。长此以往,<span style="color: black;">显现</span>消瘦、营养不良<span style="color: black;">乃至</span>恶病质,<span style="color: black;">最后</span>走向生命的终点。<span style="color: black;">没</span>论<span style="color: black;">以上</span>的哪一方面,<span style="color: black;">日前</span>均<span style="color: black;">无</span>一种治疗手段<span style="color: black;">或</span><span style="color: black;">药品</span>能够逆转这一过程,最多只能做到减缓<span style="color: black;">以上</span>过程的发展。这<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">便是</span>中晚期癌症几乎<span style="color: black;">没</span>法治愈的<span style="color: black;">重要</span>所在。</p>
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<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">详细</span>到肝癌。肝癌在世界范围内严重威胁人类健康和生命,其<span style="color: black;">出现</span>率在<span style="color: black;">所有</span>恶性肿瘤中,排在第五位,病死率排名第二位。肝癌的<span style="color: black;">归类</span><span style="color: black;">包含</span>肝细胞癌、肝内胆管癌、混合性肝癌及<span style="color: black;">有些</span>少见类型。其中,肝细胞癌(hepatocellular carcinoma, HCC)是原发性肝癌中最<span style="color: black;">平常</span>的一种病理类型【1】。中国<span style="color: black;">始终</span><span style="color: black;">败兴</span>都是“肝癌大国”。最新<span style="color: black;">科研</span>数据<span style="color: black;">显示</span>,在我国肝癌的致死率排名第三位,每年的新发病例约为46万,死亡病例约42万,五年相对<span style="color: black;">存活</span>率仅10.1%。据统计,中国新增肝癌病例数和死亡病例数均占<span style="color: black;">全世界</span>新增病例数和死亡病例数的一半以上【2】。</p>
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<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">初期</span>肝癌的治疗<span style="color: black;">目的</span>是力争治愈,手术是最有效的治疗手段。<span style="color: black;">通常</span><span style="color: black;">初期</span>肝癌<span style="color: black;">病人</span>如能<span style="color: black;">即时</span>手术切除病变肝组织,术后再<span style="color: black;">经过</span>给予或不给予辅助治疗,均会的得到较为<span style="color: black;">阳光</span>的预后。</p>
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<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">中晚期肝癌的治疗<span style="color: black;">目的</span>是延长<span style="color: black;">没</span><span style="color: black;">发展</span><span style="color: black;">存活</span>时间,<span style="color: black;">加强</span>生活质量。系统治疗/全身治疗(Systemic therapy)是中晚期肝癌公认的治疗手段。中晚期肝癌的系统治疗<span style="color: black;">包含</span>全身化疗、局部放疗、分子靶向治疗以及免疫治疗等。遗憾的是在<span style="color: black;">以上</span>治疗<span style="color: black;">办法</span>中,传统的治疗手段如全身化疗和局部放疗对肝癌的收效甚微,即<span style="color: black;">不可</span>达到既定的治疗<span style="color: black;">目的</span>,<span style="color: black;">存活</span>率和生活质量均得不到<span style="color: black;">显著</span>改善。<span style="color: black;">日前</span><span style="color: black;">仅有</span>分子靶向治疗和免疫治疗或可为中晚期肝癌治疗带来新的突破【3】。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">靶向治疗方面,尽管近年来肿瘤的靶向治疗取得了举世瞩目的发展,<span style="color: black;">然则</span>肝癌的靶向治疗<span style="color: black;">行业</span>却并不像肺癌、结直肠癌等发展<span style="color: black;">快速</span>,自2007年<span style="color: black;">第1</span>个<span style="color: black;">获准</span>治疗肝癌的靶向<span style="color: black;">药品</span>索拉菲尼上市<span style="color: black;">败兴</span>,十年来并<span style="color: black;">无</span><span style="color: black;">更加多</span>的靶向<span style="color: black;">药品</span>被<span style="color: black;">准许</span>上市。直到2017年美国FDA<span style="color: black;">准许</span>第二个小分子靶向<span style="color: black;">药品</span>Stivarga上市,为中晚期肝癌的靶向治疗带来了<span style="color: black;">期盼</span>。</p>
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<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">Stivarga<span style="color: black;">是由于</span>拜耳<span style="color: black;">机构</span>研制,于2017年4月获FDA批转上市,<span style="color: black;">准许</span>其用于接受过索拉菲尼治疗的肝癌<span style="color: black;">病人</span>。这是继索拉菲尼后,FDA<span style="color: black;">准许</span>的第二个肝癌靶向<span style="color: black;">药品</span>。Stivarga是一种多激酶<span style="color: black;">控制</span>剂,<span style="color: black;">经过</span>阻断多种促进肿瘤生长的酶,从而<span style="color: black;">控制</span>肿瘤的<span style="color: black;">出现</span>发展。该<span style="color: black;">药品</span>此前已<span style="color: black;">得到</span>FDA<span style="color: black;">准许</span>用于既往治疗<span style="color: black;">没</span>效的转移性结直肠癌和胃肠道间质瘤。此次扩大肝癌的适应症是基于一项<span style="color: black;">包括</span>573名接受索拉菲尼治疗后病情<span style="color: black;">发展</span><span style="color: black;">病人</span>的临床<span style="color: black;">实验</span>,<span style="color: black;">实验</span>结果<span style="color: black;">显示</span>,Stivarga治疗组中位数总<span style="color: black;">存活</span>期为10.6个月,中位数<span style="color: black;">没</span><span style="color: black;">发展</span><span style="color: black;">存活</span>期为3.1个月,分别较对照组延长2.8和1.6个月。总体缓解率上,Stivarga治疗的<span style="color: black;">病人</span>达到了11%。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">免疫治疗方面,肿瘤免疫治疗是<span style="color: black;">日前</span>最前沿的<span style="color: black;">科研</span><span style="color: black;">行业</span>,<span style="color: black;">日前</span>肿瘤免疫治疗在血液系统的恶性肿瘤(如白血病,淋巴瘤等)<span style="color: black;">科研</span>相对成熟,实体瘤的<span style="color: black;">科研</span>相对滞后。直到2017年9月,FDA<span style="color: black;">准许</span>免疫<span style="color: black;">检测</span>点PD-1的单克隆抗体<span style="color: black;">药品</span>Nivolumab上市,用于接受过索拉菲尼治疗后的肝癌<span style="color: black;">病人</span>。该<span style="color: black;">药品</span>的<span style="color: black;">准许</span>是基于一项著名的“CheckMate-040”临床<span style="color: black;">实验</span>。该<span style="color: black;">科研</span>中,14.3%的<span style="color: black;">病人</span>在Nivolumab治疗后<span style="color: black;">显现</span>缓解。完全缓解率为1.9%(3/154),部分缓解率为12.3%(19/154)。在所有缓解的<span style="color: black;">病人</span>中(n=22),缓解时间范围为3.2至38.2+ 个月,91%的<span style="color: black;">病人</span>缓解时间达6个月或更长,55%的<span style="color: black;">病人</span>缓解时间达12个月或更长。安全性方面,该<span style="color: black;">药品</span>并未<span style="color: black;">显现</span>新的安全警示。该<span style="color: black;">药品</span>是首个在肝癌上<span style="color: black;">获准</span>的免疫<span style="color: black;">药品</span>,<span style="color: black;">拥有</span>里程碑似的<span style="color: black;">道理</span>,正式开启了肝癌免疫治疗新时代。</p>
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<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">相信,随着科学的发展,<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>对待中晚期癌症会越来越有办法,期待有一天,治愈癌症<span style="color: black;">再也不</span>是梦。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">References:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"> Nault JC, Sutter O, Nahon P, Ganne-Carrie N and Seror O. Percutaneous treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma: state of the art and innovations. J Hepatol. 2017.</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"> Chen W, Zheng R, Baade PD, Zhang S, Zeng H, Bray F, Jemal A, Yu XQ and He J. Cancer statistics in China, 2015. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians. 2016; 66(2):115-132.</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"> Finn RS, Zhu AX, Farah W, Almasri J, Zaiem F, Prokop LJ, Murad MH and Mohammed K. Therapies for Advanced Stage Hepatocellular Carcinoma with Macrovascular invasion or Metastatic Disease: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Hepatology. 2017.</p>
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