【答题得学分】急性心肌梗死后左心室血栓的科研发展
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/TQMJRfJDBMYocvhOMoqhgXnOVvJpOB68qrybbj78MeBhgrJ1AtBYic6yKTMlgbX1TOic6D2E31o26CPzaIaRoZRg/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">本文刊于:中华心血管病杂志 </span></strong><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">2021,49</span></strong><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">(8) : 839-844</span></strong></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">作者:</span></strong></span><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">史博群 </span></strong><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">刘曦 </span></strong><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">蔡中兴 </span></strong><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">宋晨曦 </span></strong><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">王虹剑 </span></strong><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">尹栋 </span></strong><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">窦克非 </span></strong><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">宋卫华</span></strong></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">单位:</span></strong><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">中国医学科学院 北京协和医学院 国家心血管病中心 阜外医院心内科</span></strong></span></p><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/TQMJRfJDBMYocvhOMoqhgXnOVvJpOB68DFIRxIbRkAOcRpBqSAIXalxH68hhMl0GSYAdzVUt4jJffadzfy64Vg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;">
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;">摘要</strong></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">左心室血栓(LVT)是急性心肌梗死(AMI)的一种严重并发症,血栓脱落可<span style="color: black;">诱发</span>系统性栓塞。<span style="color: black;">日前</span>尚<span style="color: black;">没</span><span style="color: black;">评定</span>抗凝预防或AMI治疗后LVT的随机对照<span style="color: black;">实验</span><span style="color: black;">发布</span>。随着直接口服抗凝剂的广泛应用,AMI后LVT的治疗变得更加<span style="color: black;">繁杂</span>。本文旨在对AMI后LVT的最新<span style="color: black;">发展</span>做一综述。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">左心室血栓(left ventricular thrombus,LVT)是心肌梗死后的一种严重并发症。在血运重建时代,随着经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(percutaneous coronary intervention,PCI)、延缓心室重构<span style="color: black;">药品</span>及强力抗栓治疗的广泛应用,这一并发症的<span style="color: black;">出现</span>率<span style="color: black;">已然</span>大大降低</span>[1]<span style="color: black;">,急性心肌梗死(acute myocardial infarction,AMI)<span style="color: black;">病人</span>LVT的<span style="color: black;">出现</span>率从33%<span style="color: black;">逐步</span>降低到约10%</span>[2]。<span style="color: black;">然则</span>当前<span style="color: black;">关联</span>指南中关于LVT的证据<span style="color: black;">非常</span>有限,且大部分来自<span style="color: black;">初期</span>的观察性<span style="color: black;">科研</span>,关于<span style="color: black;">怎样</span><span style="color: black;">初期</span><span style="color: black;">发掘</span>LVT及最佳的抗血栓治疗<span style="color: black;">方法</span>等问题仍然存在争议。本文对AMI后LVT的<span style="color: black;">关联</span>问题进行总结,并提出可行性<span style="color: black;">意见</span>。</span></p><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">1、</span>流行病学</strong></span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">Robinson等[3]共纳入19项急诊PCI后心脏超声诊断LVT的<span style="color: black;">科研</span>(n=10 076),ST段抬高型心肌梗死(ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction,STEMI)<span style="color: black;">病人</span>LVT的<span style="color: black;">出现</span>率为2.7%,前壁STEMI<span style="color: black;">病人</span>中LVT的<span style="color: black;">出现</span>率为9.1%。这些<span style="color: black;">科研</span>诊断LVT的时间在AMI后的3~90 d。但应用更加<span style="color: black;">敏锐</span>的心脏核磁<span style="color: black;">检测</span>后<span style="color: black;">发掘</span>,在接受PCI治疗的心肌梗死<span style="color: black;">病人</span>中,仍有相当数量的<span style="color: black;">病人</span><span style="color: black;">显现</span>LVT。Bulluck等[4]共纳入10项急诊PCI后行心脏核磁诊断LVT的<span style="color: black;">科研</span>(n=2 072),STEMI<span style="color: black;">病人</span>中LVT的<span style="color: black;">出现</span>率为6.3%,前壁STEMI<span style="color: black;">病人</span>中LVT的<span style="color: black;">出现</span>率为12.2%。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">在<span style="color: black;">出现</span>时间上,有<span style="color: black;">病人</span>在心肌梗死后24 h内即<span style="color: black;">显现</span>LVT,<span style="color: black;">亦</span>有<span style="color: black;">病人</span>在<span style="color: black;">几周</span>或数月随访时<span style="color: black;">发掘</span>LVT。Delewi等[5]用晚期钆<span style="color: black;">加强</span>心脏核磁<span style="color: black;">影像</span>(late gadolinium enhancement cardiac magnetic resonance,LGE-CMR)<span style="color: black;">评定</span>STEMI后的LVT,15%的<span style="color: black;">病人</span><span style="color: black;">发掘</span>LVT,其中9%是在心肌梗死1周内<span style="color: black;">发掘</span>血栓,而<span style="color: black;">另一</span>6%是在4个月后随访时<span style="color: black;">发掘</span>。Solheim等[6]<span style="color: black;">运用</span>经胸超声心动图(transthoracic echocardiography,TTE)<span style="color: black;">评定</span>前壁STEMI<span style="color: black;">病人</span>的LVT,100例<span style="color: black;">病人</span>中15例<span style="color: black;">发掘</span>LVT,10例<span style="color: black;">出现</span>在1周内,1~4周时与5~12周时新<span style="color: black;">发掘</span>的分别仅有4例和1例。<span style="color: black;">出现</span>时间的<span style="color: black;">很强</span>差异为影像学筛查及适时<span style="color: black;">起步</span>抗凝治疗提出了挑战。</span></p><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">2、</span>危险<span style="color: black;">原因</span></strong></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">Jiang等</span>[7]<span style="color: black;">及Albaeni等</span>[8]<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">科研</span><span style="color: black;">发掘</span>前壁心肌梗死、前降支近端闭塞、射血分数减低的心力衰竭、左心室室壁瘤、心尖部运动减低、心房颤动、左心瓣膜病、深静脉血栓形成和酗酒等是心肌梗死后LVT的危险<span style="color: black;">原因</span>。Garg等</span>[9]</span><span style="color: black;">运用四维血流心脏核磁分析了32例LVT<span style="color: black;">病人</span>,<span style="color: black;">发掘</span>心肌梗死<span style="color: black;">病人</span>全心血液动能减低,心肌梗死合并LVT<span style="color: black;">病人</span>左心室排空<span style="color: black;">显著</span>延迟且减少。在所有影像学标志物中,左心室舒张末期远端心室内A波动能相对下降与LVT<span style="color: black;">关联</span>性最强。</span><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">3、</span>影像学诊断</strong></span><span style="color: black;">TTE特异度高(95%~98%),但灵敏度较低(21%~35%)。左心声学造影可清晰<span style="color: black;">表示</span>左心室心内膜边界,在不降低特异高的前提下<span style="color: black;">加强</span>灵敏度(约64%)[10]。诊断LVT最准确的<span style="color: black;">办法</span>是LGE-CMR,其灵敏度为82%~88%,特异度为99%~100%[11]。然而,成本和可及性限制了它的广泛<span style="color: black;">运用</span>。</span><span style="color: black;">从卫生经济学<span style="color: black;">方向</span>考量,TTE<span style="color: black;">一般</span>是首选的筛查方式[12]。<span style="color: black;">针对</span><span style="color: black;">哪些</span>LVT形成高<span style="color: black;">危害</span>的<span style="color: black;">病人</span>(如梗死面积<span style="color: black;">很强</span>、再灌注延迟等),应该在入院后24 h内进行[1]。Bulluck等[13]认为高危<span style="color: black;">病人</span>24 h内进行TTE筛查可能为时尚早,Gellen等[14]的一项<span style="color: black;">科研</span><span style="color: black;">发掘</span>,在AMI后第9~12 d进行LGE-CMR的<span style="color: black;">病人</span>LVT检出率最高(25%),<span style="color: black;">然则</span>该<span style="color: black;">科研</span>中<span style="color: black;">病人</span><span style="color: black;">无</span>连续进行前瞻性<span style="color: black;">影像</span>。Weinsaft等[10]提出一种筛选算法,<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>TTE下存在下列<span style="color: black;">状况</span>之一:(1)左心室心尖部图像不清晰,(2)存在前壁或心尖节段性室壁运动<span style="color: black;">反常</span>,(3)心尖部室壁运动积分≥5分,可<span style="color: black;">思虑</span>进行左心声学造影或LGE-CMR。Holzknecht等[15]提出了一种临床预测模型(AUC=0.93,95%CI 0.88~0.97,P<0.001),前降支为罪犯血管计2分,经胸心脏超声左心室射血分数<42%计2分,高敏肌钙蛋白峰值超过6 200 ng/L计1分,高敏C反应蛋白峰值超过72 mg/L计2分。总分0~2分为低<span style="color: black;">危害</span>,3~7分为高<span style="color: black;">危害</span>,<span style="color: black;">意见</span>高<span style="color: black;">危害</span><span style="color: black;">病人</span>行CMR<span style="color: black;">知道</span>诊断。该模型建模数据集较小(n=556),且尚缺乏<span style="color: black;">外边</span>验证。</span><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">4、</span>LVT的预后<span style="color: black;">道理</span></strong></span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">LVT与<span style="color: black;">重点</span>心血管不良事件(major adverse cardiovascular events,MACE)<span style="color: black;">危害</span>和死亡率<span style="color: black;">上升</span><span style="color: black;">关联</span>[16],不同抗凝治疗<span style="color: black;">方法</span><span style="color: black;">得到</span>的LVT完全溶解均与死亡率降低<span style="color: black;">相关</span>(HR=0.48,95%CI 0.23~0.98,P=0.039)[17]。Maniwa等[18]对2 301例AMI患者随访5.4年的<span style="color: black;">科研</span>结果<span style="color: black;">表示</span>,存在LVT的AMI<span style="color: black;">病人</span>栓塞<span style="color: black;">出现</span>率高达16.3%,而<span style="color: black;">没</span>LVT的AMI<span style="color: black;">病人</span>栓塞<span style="color: black;">出现</span>率仅为2.9%(P<0.001),LVT为系统性栓塞的独立预测<span style="color: black;">原因</span>(HR=3.98,95%CI 2.04~7.77,P<0.001)。这项<span style="color: black;">科研</span>中26%的<span style="color: black;">病人</span><span style="color: black;">无</span>接受<span style="color: black;">初期</span>血运重建。<span style="color: black;">初期</span>血运重建可改善左心室功能<span style="color: black;">阻碍</span>,从而降低LVT和<span style="color: black;">关联</span>栓塞的<span style="color: black;">危害</span>。<span style="color: black;">另外</span>,较高的栓塞<span style="color: black;">出现</span>率(16.3%)可能与随访时间较长(5.4年)<span style="color: black;">相关</span>。一项纳入12项观察性<span style="color: black;">科研</span>(n=8 413)的Meta分析<span style="color: black;">表示</span>,在接受急诊PCI治疗的AMI<span style="color: black;">病人</span>中,LVT与栓塞<span style="color: black;">危害</span><span style="color: black;">增多</span>(6.7%比1.8%,RR=3.97,95%CI 2.68~5.89,P<0.001)及死亡率<span style="color: black;">上升</span><span style="color: black;">关联</span>(9.0%比5.2%,RR=2.24,95%CI 1.26~3.98,P=0.006)[19]。在急诊PCI和双联抗血小板<span style="color: black;">药品</span>广泛应用的时代,LVT依然使得<span style="color: black;">病人</span><span style="color: black;">出现</span>栓塞的<span style="color: black;">危害</span><span style="color: black;">上升</span>近4倍。</span></p><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">5、</span>LVT的预防及治疗策略</strong></span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">1.预防策略:(1)指南<span style="color: black;">举荐</span>:2013年美国心脏学院(American College of Cardiology,ACC)/美国心脏协会(American Heart Association,AHA)的STEMI指南<span style="color: black;">举荐</span>STEMI合并前壁心尖部室壁运动减弱或反向运动的<span style="color: black;">病人</span>口服抗凝药来预防LVT的形成</span>[20]<span style="color: black;">。<span style="color: black;">一样</span>,2014年AHA卒中预防指南<span style="color: black;">意见</span>,<span style="color: black;">针对</span>急性前壁STEMI并伴有前壁心尖部室壁运动减弱或反向运动的<span style="color: black;">病人</span>,若有缺血性卒中或短暂性脑缺血<span style="color: black;">爆发</span>,<span style="color: black;">能够</span>抗凝治疗3个月</span>[21]<span style="color: black;">。<span style="color: black;">以上</span>指南<span style="color: black;">举荐</span>证据等级均是C级。2017年欧洲心脏病学会(European Society of Cardiology,ESC)的STEMI指南并未提及任何预防LVT的策略</span>[22]<span style="color: black;">。指南<span style="color: black;">针对</span>预防性抗凝的<span style="color: black;">举荐</span>级别较低,三联抗栓并<span style="color: black;">不该</span>该常规用于高危<span style="color: black;">病人</span>的LVT预防,<span style="color: black;">不外</span><span style="color: black;">针对</span>高危<span style="color: black;">病人</span><span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">定时</span>复查TTE或LGE-CMR以<span style="color: black;">即时</span><span style="color: black;">起始</span>抗凝治疗。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">(2)临床<span style="color: black;">实验</span>:尽管<span style="color: black;">发掘</span>了许多LVT的高危<span style="color: black;">原因</span>,但在这些高危人群中进行预防可能并<span style="color: black;">没</span>临床获益。HORIZONS-AMI及两项观察性<span style="color: black;">科研</span><span style="color: black;">显示</span>,口服抗凝药<span style="color: black;">增多</span><span style="color: black;">流血</span><span style="color: black;">危害</span>及全因死亡率,LVT<span style="color: black;">出现</span>率及缺血性卒中<span style="color: black;">危害</span>并<span style="color: black;">没</span><span style="color: black;">显著</span>减低[23, 24]。随机、双盲的COMMANDER HF<span style="color: black;">科研</span>(n=5 022)<span style="color: black;">表示</span>,在基于指南的治疗<span style="color: black;">基本</span>上加用低剂量利伐沙班未能改善射血分数下降以及合并冠心病的慢性心力衰竭<span style="color: black;">病人</span>的复合终点事件<span style="color: black;">出现</span>率(全因死亡、心肌梗死或卒中),但利伐沙班组卒中的<span style="color: black;">出现</span>率<span style="color: black;">显著</span>较低(2%比3%,HR=0.66,95%CI 0.47~0.95)[25]。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">Bastiany等[26]旨在探讨前壁心肌梗死后预防LVT及系统性栓塞的系统综述共纳入14项<span style="color: black;">科研</span>(n=2 363),<span style="color: black;">因为</span><span style="color: black;">科研</span>异质性过大<span style="color: black;">没</span>法进行Meta分析,<span style="color: black;">无</span>令人信服的证据支持PCI术后抗凝与双联抗血小板<span style="color: black;">药品</span>联合来预防LVT。Altintas等[27]比较了氯吡格雷和替格瑞洛双联抗血小板治疗<span style="color: black;">方法</span>(n=641),<span style="color: black;">发掘</span>与氯吡格雷相比,基于替格瑞洛的双联抗血小板治疗LVT<span style="color: black;">出现</span>率低(7.4%比14.0%,P=0.012)。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">2.治疗策略:(1)指南<span style="color: black;">举荐</span>:2013年ACC/AHA的STEMI指南<span style="color: black;">意见</span>,<span style="color: black;">针对</span>合并<span style="color: black;">没</span>症状LVT的STEMI<span style="color: black;">病人</span>,在双联抗血小板治疗<span style="color: black;">基本</span>上加用口服抗凝治疗3个月是<span style="color: black;">恰当</span>的,<span style="color: black;">目的</span>国际标准化比值(international normalized ratio,INR)为2.0~2.5[20]。2014年AHA卒中预防指南<span style="color: black;">举荐</span>的治疗时长与2013年ACC/AHA的STEMI指南<span style="color: black;">类似</span>,<span style="color: black;">目的</span>INR为2.5[21]。2013年ACC/AHA的STEMI指南<span style="color: black;">举荐</span>抗凝治疗3个月的证据来自较早的<span style="color: black;">科研</span>。<span style="color: black;">思虑</span>血栓<span style="color: black;">连续</span>存在及复发的<span style="color: black;">危害</span>,2017年ESC的STEMI指南<span style="color: black;">意见</span>一旦<span style="color: black;">知道</span>诊断LVT,应权衡<span style="color: black;">流血</span><span style="color: black;">危害</span>与<span style="color: black;">同期</span>行抗血小板治疗的必要性,在多次超声心动图<span style="color: black;">指点</span>下口服抗凝治疗延长至6个月(Ⅱa,C级)[22]。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">(2)抗凝治疗时间与血栓复发<span style="color: black;">危害</span>:Maniwa等[18]的回顾性<span style="color: black;">科研</span>共纳入接受PCI治疗的AMI<span style="color: black;">病人</span>1 850例,<span style="color: black;">按照</span>心脏超声、磁共振及左心室造影<span style="color: black;">知道</span>合并LVT的<span style="color: black;">病人</span>92例(5%),对LVT<span style="color: black;">病人</span>给予口服维生素K拮抗剂(vitamin k antagonist,VKA)抗凝治疗(INR目标值1.6~2.6),在5.4年的随访中<span style="color: black;">发掘</span>,适当的抗凝治疗(治疗窗>50%)可<span style="color: black;">明显</span>降低系统性栓塞的<span style="color: black;">出现</span>率(2.9%比18%,P=0.033),且未<span style="color: black;">增多</span>大<span style="color: black;">流血</span><span style="color: black;">危害</span>(9%比8%,P=0.89)。Lattuca等[17]纳入159例LVT<span style="color: black;">病人</span>的回顾性<span style="color: black;">科研</span><span style="color: black;">发掘</span>,仅有1/2的LVT<span style="color: black;">病人</span>规范抗凝,且抗凝治疗3个月时仅有2/3的<span style="color: black;">病人</span>血栓完全溶解,提示LVT的抗凝治疗<span style="color: black;">状况</span>堪忧。基线血栓体积较小、非缺血性心脏病与LVT完全溶解<span style="color: black;">关联</span>。在随访过程中<span style="color: black;">发掘</span>14.5%(n=23)的<span style="color: black;">病人</span>LVT体积增大或复发,定性分析<span style="color: black;">表示</span>与治疗依从性差、慢性肾病、活动性恶性肿瘤或血液病<span style="color: black;">相关</span>。<span style="color: black;">另外</span>,在接受超过3个月抗凝治疗的<span style="color: black;">病人</span>中,MACE的<span style="color: black;">出现</span>率较低,提示更长的抗凝时间<span style="color: black;">能够</span>更好地预防栓塞并发症。Leow等[28]的回顾性<span style="color: black;">科研</span><span style="color: black;">发掘</span>172例LVT<span style="color: black;">病人</span>中有15例(8.7%)<span style="color: black;">显现</span>血栓复发,多<span style="color: black;">原因</span>分析<span style="color: black;">发掘</span>年龄较低、血栓突向腔内是LVT复发的独立预测因子。LVT的复发与缺血性卒中的<span style="color: black;">出现</span><span style="color: black;">关联</span>。Oh等[29]<span style="color: black;">科研</span>认为LVT的活动性是与血栓<span style="color: black;">初期</span>消失有关的最<span style="color: black;">要紧</span>的参数,LVT消失晚与较差的<span style="color: black;">长时间</span>预后<span style="color: black;">相关</span>。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">日前</span>的<span style="color: black;">科研</span><span style="color: black;">显示</span>,大<span style="color: black;">都数</span><span style="color: black;">病人</span><span style="color: black;">经过</span>适当的抗凝治疗血栓可完全溶解,但仍有相当部分<span style="color: black;">病人</span>存在血栓<span style="color: black;">连续</span>存在或复发的可能,超过3个月的抗凝治疗可能临床获益<span style="color: black;">更加多</span>[17,30]。<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>血栓复发,这些<span style="color: black;">病人</span>仍有<span style="color: black;">出现</span>血栓栓塞并发症的<span style="color: black;">危害</span>。<span style="color: black;">因此呢</span>,<span style="color: black;">将来</span>的<span style="color: black;">科研</span>应该筛选出LVT<span style="color: black;">连续</span>存在及复发的预测因子,这将<span style="color: black;">指点</span>临床<span style="color: black;">可否</span><span style="color: black;">必须</span>延长抗凝疗程以及血栓溶解后<span style="color: black;">连续</span>抗凝的最佳时间。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">(3)三联抗栓治疗与<span style="color: black;">流血</span><span style="color: black;">危害</span>:AMI后常需双联抗血小板治疗,AMI合并LVT的最佳三联抗栓时间尚不<span style="color: black;">知道</span>,三联抗栓治疗的<span style="color: black;">流血</span><span style="color: black;">危害</span>值得关注。Lattuca等[17]的<span style="color: black;">科研</span>中AMI<span style="color: black;">病人</span>占46.5%,三联抗栓治疗相比双联抗栓治疗(抗血小板加抗凝)可降低MACE<span style="color: black;">出现</span>率(29%比54%),且大<span style="color: black;">流血</span>事件<span style="color: black;">出现</span>率<span style="color: black;">类似</span>(14%比12.5%)。Jones等[31]的<span style="color: black;">科研</span><span style="color: black;">出现</span>4例(4.1%)大<span style="color: black;">流血</span>,均为接受VKA治疗的LVT<span style="color: black;">病人</span>,其中2例接受三联抗栓治疗,<span style="color: black;">另一</span>2例接受双联抗栓治疗。Iqbal等[32]的<span style="color: black;">科研</span>中38%的<span style="color: black;">病人</span>接受三联抗栓治疗,大<span style="color: black;">流血</span><span style="color: black;">危害</span>为9.4%,与双联抗栓相比差异<span style="color: black;">没</span>统计学<span style="color: black;">道理</span>。Chen等[19]的系统综述<span style="color: black;">显示</span>LVT合并三联抗栓治疗后栓塞<span style="color: black;">危害</span>仍然高于<span style="color: black;">没</span>LVT组(4.1%比1.8%,RR=2.79,95%CI 1.32~5.91,P=0.007),可能与抗凝治疗不规范<span style="color: black;">相关</span>,但两组死亡率类似(4.1%比5.0%,RR=0.95,95%CI 0.39~2.30,P=0.90)。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">(4)直接口服抗凝剂(direct oral anticoagulants,DOAC)在治疗LVT中的<span style="color: black;">功效</span>及临床<span style="color: black;">实验</span>:数项观察性<span style="color: black;">科研</span>比较了DOAC与VKA在治疗LVT上的优劣。Robinson等[33]的多中心队列<span style="color: black;">科研</span>纳入了514例经超声心动图诊断为LVT的<span style="color: black;">病人</span>,结果<span style="color: black;">表示</span>与VKA组(n=300)相比,DOAC组[n=185,阿哌沙班141例(76.2%),利伐沙班46例(24.9%),达比加群9例(4.9%)]缺血性卒中和全身性栓塞的<span style="color: black;">危害</span>更高(HR=2.64,95%CI 1.28~5.43,P=0.01)。Bass等[34]的<span style="color: black;">科研</span>是迄今为止探讨DOAC对LVT疗效的规模最大的多中心<span style="color: black;">科研</span>(DOAC组n=180,VKA组n=769),两组卒中(7.8%比11.7%,P=0.524)、系统性栓塞(33.1%比30.6%,P=0.524)、GUSTO<span style="color: black;">流血</span>(11.1%比7.8%,P=0.397)差异<span style="color: black;">没</span>统计学<span style="color: black;">道理</span>,但VKA组输血比例高(25.8%比13.9%,P<0.001)。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">Cochran等[35]的Meta分析纳入了6项观察性<span style="color: black;">科研</span>(DOAC组n=408,VKA组n=1 207),两组在血栓未溶解(OR=0.61,95%CI 0.26~1.41)、栓塞事件(OR=1.24,95%CI 0.90~1.69)、<span style="color: black;">流血</span>事件(OR=1.13,95%CI 0.74~1.72)方面差异<span style="color: black;">没</span>统计学<span style="color: black;">道理</span>(P>0.05)。<span style="color: black;">日前</span>比较DOAC及VKA治疗LVT的<span style="color: black;">科研</span>均为观察性<span style="color: black;">科研</span>(表1)[17,31-41],仅有两项小规模观察性<span style="color: black;">科研</span>提示在治疗LVT方面,DOAC的有效性及安全性优于VKA[31,36]。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/TQMJRfJDBMYocvhOMoqhgXnOVvJpOB68CYvibaH5sEvp2QGRpfZRP9LxWo6MjLW7soobdEXNkj6FcEMibHGmWxbw/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">(点击查看大图)</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">有两项随机对照<span style="color: black;">实验</span>正在进行,旨在比较阿哌沙班和华法林治疗LVT的有效性和安全性,但仅仅纳入了50例(临床<span style="color: black;">实验</span>注册号NCT03232398)和40例<span style="color: black;">病人</span>(临床<span style="color: black;">实验</span>注册号NCT02982590)[42]。南京医科大学的一项<span style="color: black;">科研</span>(临床<span style="color: black;">实验</span>注册号NCT03415386)拟纳入120例LVT<span style="color: black;">病人</span>,旨在比较达比加群和华法林在血栓溶解率上的差异。中国医学科学院阜外医院的一项单臂<span style="color: black;">科研</span>(临床<span style="color: black;">实验</span>注册号ChiCTR2000038963)拟纳入60例<span style="color: black;">病人</span>,探索利伐沙班治疗LVT 12周的血栓溶解率。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">值得期待的是正在招募<span style="color: black;">病人</span>的EARLY-MYO-LVT<span style="color: black;">科研</span>(临床<span style="color: black;">实验</span>注册号NCT03764241),该<span style="color: black;">科研</span>拟纳入280例STEMI合并LVT的<span style="color: black;">病人</span>,随机给予双联抗血小板加用利伐沙班或华法林治疗,<span style="color: black;">重点</span>疗效终点为血栓溶解的<span style="color: black;">出现</span>率,<span style="color: black;">重点</span>安全终点为大<span style="color: black;">流血</span>事件的<span style="color: black;">出现</span>率[43]。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">综上所述,尽管PCI和<span style="color: black;">药品</span>治疗AMI取得了<span style="color: black;">发展</span>,但LVT的形成仍然是AMI后一个<span style="color: black;">拥有</span>挑战性的并发症。<span style="color: black;">针对</span>LVT形成高<span style="color: black;">危害</span>的<span style="color: black;">病人</span>,三联抗栓治疗<span style="color: black;">不该</span>常规应用,基于替格瑞洛的双联抗血小板治疗可<span style="color: black;">明显</span>减低LVT的<span style="color: black;">出现</span>率,并<span style="color: black;">能够</span>多次复查超声以<span style="color: black;">即时</span><span style="color: black;">起始</span>抗凝治疗。<span style="color: black;">针对</span><span style="color: black;">已然</span><span style="color: black;">发掘</span>LVT的<span style="color: black;">病人</span>,应权衡<span style="color: black;">流血</span><span style="color: black;">危害</span>与<span style="color: black;">同期</span>行抗血小板治疗的必要性,在多次超声<span style="color: black;">指点</span>下适当延长口服抗凝药应用时间。<span style="color: black;">因为</span>非<span style="color: black;">流血</span>性不良事件而<span style="color: black;">不可</span>耐受VKA时,可<span style="color: black;">思虑</span>DOAC治疗。正在进行的不同治疗<span style="color: black;">方法</span>的临床<span style="color: black;">科研</span>将为LVT的最佳抗栓治疗策略<span style="color: black;">供给</span>依据。</span></p><span style="color: black;"> 利益冲突 </span><span style="color: black;">所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;">思考题(单选题)</strong></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">1.下列均为心肌梗死后左心室血栓的危险<span style="color: black;">原因</span>,除了( )</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">A.前壁心肌梗死</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">B.前降支近端闭塞</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">C.射血分数<span style="color: black;">保存</span>的心力衰竭</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">D.左心室室壁瘤</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">2.从卫生经济学<span style="color: black;">方向</span>考量,左心室血栓首选的筛查方式是( )</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">A.经胸心脏超声</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">B.经食道心脏超声</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">C.心脏核磁</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">D.心脏CT</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">3.左心室血栓脱落可<span style="color: black;">导致</span>系统性栓塞,除了( )</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">A.脑栓塞</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">B.肺栓塞</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">C.下肢动脉栓塞</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">D.肠系膜上动脉栓塞</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">4.关于左心室血栓预防策略,下列说法正确的是( )</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">A.指南<span style="color: black;">举荐</span>直接口服抗凝剂(DOAC)预防性抗凝减少左心室血栓的形成</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">B.<span style="color: black;">针对</span>高危<span style="color: black;">病人</span><span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">定时</span>复查经胸超声心动图或晚期钆<span style="color: black;">加强</span>心脏核磁<span style="color: black;">影像</span>(LGE-CMR)以<span style="color: black;">即时</span><span style="color: black;">起始</span>抗凝治疗</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">C.COMMANDER HF<span style="color: black;">科研</span><span style="color: black;">表示</span>,在基于指南的治疗<span style="color: black;">基本</span>上加用低剂量利伐沙班可改善射血分数下降以及合并冠心病的慢性心力衰竭<span style="color: black;">病人</span>的复合终点事件<span style="color: black;">出现</span>率</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">D.基于替格瑞洛的双联抗血小板治疗可完全预防左心室血栓的<span style="color: black;">出现</span></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">5.关于左心室血栓抗凝治疗下列说法正确的是( )</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">A.左心室血栓<span style="color: black;">出现</span>栓塞<span style="color: black;">危害</span>较低,<span style="color: black;">没</span>需抗凝治疗</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">B.现有<span style="color: black;">科研</span>证明DOAC的有效性及安全性均优于华法林</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">C.尚<span style="color: black;">没</span>足够的循证医学证据证明DOAC的有效性及安全性优于华法林</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">D.经过3个月抗凝治疗,血栓均可完全溶解</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">2021 年7 期“继续教育园地”栏目第1 篇,题为《冠心病遗传学的<span style="color: black;">科研</span><span style="color: black;">发展</span>与临床转化》,思考题答案:1D、2C、3B、4B、5D;第2 篇,题为《成人身体活动与心血管<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>的关系》,思考题答案:1B、2C、3D、4A、5C</span></strong></p><strong style="color: blue;">参与方式</strong>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">仔细</span>操作流程请点击下方链接查看</strong></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">(1)</span><span style="color: black;"><a style="color: black;">中华系列纸质期刊扫描答题</a></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">(2)</span><a style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">作为</span>中华医学会杂志社读者俱乐部会员,参与答题</a></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">(3)</span><a style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">作为</span>中华医学会杂志社期刊年卡会员,参与答题</a></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">参考文献(略)</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><a style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">会议报名|中华心</span></strong></span></a><strong style="color: blue;">血管临床<span style="color: black;">研究</span>能力<span style="color: black;">提高</span>培训项目(青岛站):2021年10月16~17日</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">优秀病例征集|中国临床案例成果数据库优秀临床案例成果征集遴选活动的<span style="color: black;">通告</span></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/Ljib4So7yuWiaLLyDdlUwG51BTBE8ZRlwQ8137l5KDkPCNACNaSJzUAKjQMQxkfkOVQFRfKUibIQWXBAI2da7kgLQ/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/TQMJRfJDBMYocvhOMoqhgXnOVvJpOB68SLFfTch6MPiaJ2lkMLib9nqzjH7NubYMxKXicp9cVn50z3E9cdZuWC6Zg/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/TQMJRfJDBMYocvhOMoqhgXnOVvJpOB68v0fDdsPyMJd8m5Jyy7qC0dwibrZiang3icjMAe6eicH9cULI7CPBQy6DQw/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/TQMJRfJDBMYocvhOMoqhgXnOVvJpOB68Hw9L8R5MqWgn4AYYWiaN0g53RicPmqU0YBBxmbKxdIRDWJpzbMEBLY8w/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p><img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=1.0 encoding=UTF-8%3F%3E%3Csvg width=1px height=1px viewBox=0 0 1 1 version=1.1 xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg xmlns:xlink=http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink%3E%3Ctitle%3E%3C/title%3E%3Cg stroke=none stroke-width=1 fill=none fill-rule=evenodd fill-opacity=0%3E%3Cg transform=translate(-249.000000, -126.000000) fill=%23FFFFFF%3E%3Crect x=249 y=126 width=1 height=1%3E%3C/rect%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;">
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=1.0 encoding=UTF-8%3F%3E%3Csvg width=1px height=1px viewBox=0 0 1 1 version=1.1 xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg xmlns:xlink=http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink%3E%3Ctitle%3E%3C/title%3E%3Cg stroke=none stroke-width=1 fill=none fill-rule=evenodd fill-opacity=0%3E%3Cg transform=translate(-249.000000, -126.000000) fill=%23FFFFFF%3E%3Crect x=249 y=126 width=1 height=1%3E%3C/rect%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">投稿网址</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">www.editorialmanager.com/cardiodiscovery</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">作者须知</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">https://edmgr.ovid.com/cardiologydiscovery/accounts/ifauth.htm</span></p>
在遇到你之前,我对人世间是否有真正的圣人是怀疑的。 你的留言真是温暖如春,让我感受到了无尽的支持与鼓励。 我赞同你的看法,你的智慧让人佩服,谢谢分享。 一看到楼主的气势,我就觉得楼主同在社区里灌水。 顶楼主,说得太好了!
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