nykek5i 发表于 2024-6-29 10:03:33

艾滋病疫苗为么迄今还没显现?


    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">今天,是第31个世界艾滋病日。&nbsp;</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">艾滋病防控的局面严峻,想必是<span style="color: black;">大众</span>都<span style="color: black;">晓得</span>的事实。<span style="color: black;">不外</span>令人疑惑的是,艾滋病是典型由病毒<span style="color: black;">导致</span>的传<span style="color: black;">患病</span>,而疫苗是人类对抗病毒最伟大的发明,人们<span style="color: black;">经过</span>疫苗,消灭了天花,有效<span style="color: black;">掌控</span>了小儿麻痹症、乙肝等多种传染性<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>的流行。而传播广泛的艾滋病<span style="color: black;">为何</span><span style="color: black;">迄今</span>仍未<span style="color: black;">研发</span>出有效疫苗呢?</p><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/dhIUoaayW82JgMncxJVHjSSokVrxwBl2GSQCPx7uzS1O07NgicL4eOicrkk8Iezw0AnhaNQwNNXorzDwBmRiafLVw/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;tp=webp&amp;wxfrom=5&amp;wx_lazy=1&amp;wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;">
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">照片</span>来自:http://language.chinadaily.com.cn</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">艾滋病毒虽小,但威胁</strong><strong style="color: blue;">巨大</strong></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">艾滋病是“<span style="color: black;">得到</span>性免疫缺陷<span style="color: black;">综合症</span>”的简<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>,<span style="color: black;">源自</span>于英文缩写AIDS(Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome),是感染人类免疫缺陷病毒(Human Immunodeficiency Virus,HIV)后<span style="color: black;">导致</span>的一种慢性、进行性的致命性<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>。上世纪80年代初,人们<span style="color: black;">发掘</span>了艾滋病,在当时这是一种名副其实的绝症,几乎所有类似症状的<span style="color: black;">病人</span>都快速<span style="color: black;">亡于</span>该病毒<span style="color: black;">导致</span>的机会性感染和全身器官衰竭。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">艾滋病病毒<span style="color: black;">重点</span>是<span style="color: black;">经过</span>性<span style="color: black;">行径</span>(同性、异性)、血液(如不洁注射史、不洁手术史、不洁输血或<span style="color: black;">捐血</span>史等)和母婴传播这三个途径感染人体。</p><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/dhIUoaayW82JgMncxJVHjSSokVrxwBl2PrpQndxmjpj9uOU8E7ezCkU1KFia2PljZD6HsyaYn7fvfYWYiaBCL08A/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;tp=webp&amp;wxfrom=5&amp;wx_lazy=1&amp;wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;">
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">照片</span>来自:百度<span style="color: black;">照片</span></span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">单纯地从生物学<span style="color: black;">方向</span>看,这个病毒很“小”,基因组<span style="color: black;">仅有</span>10kb,仅能编码9个基因,但它<span style="color: black;">导致</span>的<span style="color: black;">害处</span>却很“大”。世界卫生组织(WHO)和联合国艾滋病规划署的最新数据<span style="color: black;">显示</span>:<strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">日前</span><span style="color: black;">全世界</span>仍有3690万HIV感染存活者,<span style="color: black;">另外</span>已有约3540万<span style="color: black;">病人</span><span style="color: black;">亡于</span>艾滋病。</span></strong>换句话说,HIV病毒已感染了地球上<span style="color: black;">最少</span>七千多万人,这比第二次世界大战的死亡人数还要多。<span style="color: black;">况且</span>被感染的人数还在以每年约200万的速度在增长(2017年有180万)。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">我国的艾滋病流行<span style="color: black;">状况</span><span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">非常</span>严峻,2018年在昆明召开的第5届全国艾滋病学术会议上的资料<span style="color: black;">显示</span>,<strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">我国现有存活的艾滋病感染者<span style="color: black;">最少</span>有82万人,<span style="color: black;">况且</span>快速增长的趋势仍未得到遏制,例如仅在2017年就<span style="color: black;">发掘</span>了13.5万新感染者。</span></strong>更令人担忧的是,我国的艾滋疫情已从吸毒、卖血等高危局部人群转变为普通人群的性传播扩散,新发感染者中超过95%经由同性或异性性<span style="color: black;">行径</span>感染。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">艾滋病疫苗<span style="color: black;">面世</span><span style="color: black;">为何</span>这么难?</strong></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">人类<span style="color: black;">经过</span>疫苗,消灭了天花,有效<span style="color: black;">掌控</span>了小儿麻痹症、乙肝等多种传染性<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>的流行。<span style="color: black;">经过</span>接种疫苗预防传<span style="color: black;">患病</span>是人类在20世纪取得的最伟大公共卫生成就之一,“疫苗接种在降低人类死亡率和促进人口增长方面的重大影响,抗生素<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">没</span>法匹敌”。</p><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/dhIUoaayW82JgMncxJVHjSSokVrxwBl2picxGaFgT7KdQfLXqXBkWUl5TMGRgufQAiaLLSdEcUlgiaJj11nHcib1qw/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;tp=webp&amp;wxfrom=5&amp;wx_lazy=1&amp;wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;">
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">可是人类还<span style="color: black;">无</span>有效的针对艾滋病毒的疫苗。</span></strong></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">人类在1981年<span style="color: black;">第1</span>次<span style="color: black;">发掘</span>和<span style="color: black;">报告</span>了艾滋病,<span style="color: black;">火速</span>就在1983年分离到了艾滋病病毒。人们当时很<span style="color: black;">阳光</span>地认为,既然这么快找到了致病元首病原体,<span style="color: black;">而后</span>只要“依葫芦画瓢” 模仿其他病毒疫苗的<span style="color: black;">开发</span>经验就可<span style="color: black;">火速</span>地研制出艾滋病疫苗。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">早在1984年,美国卫生部部长就宣<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>艾滋病疫苗会在两年后<span style="color: black;">面世</span>。又过了十年多后,美国总统克林顿在1997年<span style="color: black;">自信心</span>十足地宣布了“艾滋病疫苗的曼哈顿工程”,其<span style="color: black;">要紧</span>性可媲美于罗斯福总统在1939年宣布的“原子弹的曼哈顿工程”和肯尼迪总统1961年宣布的“载人登月的曼哈顿工程”。“36年前,肯尼迪总统给出到达月球的<span style="color: black;">目的</span>,<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>提前完<span style="color: black;">成为了</span>。今天,在生物学时代让<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>再设定一个国家新的科学<span style="color: black;">目的</span>:让<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>在下一个十年里致力于<span style="color: black;">开发</span>艾滋病疫苗。”</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">然而,当“原子弹的曼哈顿工程”和“载人登月的曼哈顿工程”相继用了6年和8年的时间顺利成功后,<strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">“艾滋病疫苗的曼哈顿工程”在宣布的20<span style="color: black;">数年</span>之后,艾滋疫苗仍旧是梦想,艾滋疫情仍在肆虐<span style="color: black;">全世界</span>。</span></strong></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">开发</span>有效的艾滋病疫苗已<span style="color: black;">作为</span>最具挑战性的科学<span style="color: black;">困难</span>之一,<span style="color: black;">没</span>数<span style="color: black;">专家</span><span style="color: black;">已然</span>和正在为之奋斗终身。尽管从上世纪80年代<span style="color: black;">起始</span><span style="color: black;">开发</span>艾滋疫苗<span style="color: black;">迄今</span>,人类与艾滋病病毒的战绩是0:200!没错,<strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">艾滋病病毒<span style="color: black;">已然</span>赢了200多次了,<span style="color: black;">迄今</span>仍<span style="color: black;">没</span>成功的疫苗问世。</span></strong></p><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/dhIUoaayW82JgMncxJVHjSSokVrxwBl2hj8QZ3Ipqgcib3GjDywZBPiaJqhgAEbhTtYmC8bCxPK0yqiaI716S3bxQ/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;tp=webp&amp;wxfrom=5&amp;wx_lazy=1&amp;wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;">
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">艾滋病疫苗<span style="color: black;">开发</span>之<span style="color: black;">因此</span>如此困难,<span style="color: black;">原由</span><span style="color: black;">非常多</span>,<span style="color: black;">重点</span><span style="color: black;">包含</span>:&nbsp;</span></strong></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">1、艾滋病病毒有高度的变异性,如同会72般变化那样难觅其踪,传统疫苗<span style="color: black;">科研</span>路径在对付HIV病毒上<span style="color: black;">没</span>法奏效。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">2,艾滋<span style="color: black;">病</span>病毒像狗皮膏药<span style="color: black;">同样</span>可整合到宿主细胞的基因组中,<span style="color: black;">因此呢</span>除非杀死细胞,否则<span style="color: black;">没</span>法去除。这给治疗和疫苗<span style="color: black;">开发</span>都带来<span style="color: black;">极重</span>的麻烦。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">3,艾滋病病毒只能感染人类,<span style="color: black;">不可</span>感染其他物种并<span style="color: black;">导致</span>发病(<span style="color: black;">少许</span>种类的猩猩,<span style="color: black;">能够</span>被感染但并不发病),<span style="color: black;">因此呢</span>艾滋<span style="color: black;">病</span>疫苗的<span style="color: black;">科研</span>过程中缺乏良好的动物模型。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">4,<span style="color: black;">商场</span><span style="color: black;">原因</span>,<span style="color: black;">日前</span>的艾滋<span style="color: black;">病</span><span style="color: black;">药品</span>疗法<span style="color: black;">必须</span>病人终身服药,这给<span style="color: black;">非常多</span>药企带来丰厚利润,<span style="color: black;">因此呢</span><span style="color: black;">她们</span>不想(嘘,公开场合还是应该说<span style="color: black;">无</span>太多兴趣)投资于艾滋<span style="color: black;">病</span>疫苗<span style="color: black;">开发</span>。</p><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/dhIUoaayW82JgMncxJVHjSSokVrxwBl2PicGxTdz0VWx78JA0icAjfnVRq75rhwoeQX52P5ScXuT5dJc9xiaeb0IA/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;tp=webp&amp;wxfrom=5&amp;wx_lazy=1&amp;wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;">
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">修改自:Cohen.Science. 2017. Promising AIDS Vaccine’s Failure Leaves Field Reeling</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">开发</span>艾滋病疫苗的“三大战役”</strong></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">回顾艾滋病疫苗的<span style="color: black;">开发</span>历史,<span style="color: black;">能够</span>说寻找有效的疫苗就犹如<span style="color: black;">没</span>的放矢和大海捞针,可谓是一波三折,徘徊前行。纵观这大<span style="color: black;">体积</span>小的200余次战斗,尽管<span style="color: black;">始终</span><span style="color: black;">处在</span>被动挨打的状态,但人类并<span style="color: black;">无</span>放弃。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">艾滋病疫苗的<span style="color: black;">科研</span>可分为三个<span style="color: black;">周期</span>:诱发体液免疫的疫苗;诱发T细胞免疫的疫苗;<span style="color: black;">同期</span>诱发抗体和细胞免疫的疫苗。<span style="color: black;">咱们</span><span style="color: black;">能够</span>把这些<span style="color: black;">周期</span>比喻成人类对艾滋病病毒发起的三大战役。经历了这三大战役后,人类虽然暂时还未从万恶的艾滋病病魔中解放出来,但已找到了继续前进和战斗的方向,看到了胜利的曙光。</p><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/dhIUoaayW82JgMncxJVHjSSokVrxwBl22oytKiafXiaj1GqGibPtfshhAexhafyHdHYsDSkxORbPpicDPHa4k1R1OA/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;tp=webp&amp;wxfrom=5&amp;wx_lazy=1&amp;wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;">
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">第1</span>战役<span style="color: black;">周期</span></strong></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">该战役的目的是<strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">依据经典疫苗策略诱发出针对艾滋病病毒的中和抗体</span></strong>,<span style="color: black;">初始</span>于1984年的艾滋病疫苗<span style="color: black;">科研</span>集中在以诱导抗体以预防病毒感染为<span style="color: black;">重点</span><span style="color: black;">目的</span>,<span style="color: black;">无</span><span style="color: black;">思虑</span>细胞免疫的<span style="color: black;">功效</span>。2003年在欧美和泰国结束的两个艾滋病疫苗III期临床<span style="color: black;">实验</span>,即<span style="color: black;">实质</span><span style="color: black;">道理</span>上的艾滋病疫苗<span style="color: black;">第1</span>发展<span style="color: black;">周期</span><span style="color: black;">科研</span>成果的临床验证,结果<span style="color: black;">显示</span>单纯诱导抗体产生的疫苗不具真正的<span style="color: black;">守护</span>效果。此次战役仍未结束,仍有<span style="color: black;">非常多</span><span style="color: black;">专家</span>致力于<span style="color: black;">开发</span>新型免疫策略以诱导出广谱的中和抗体。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">第二战役<span style="color: black;">周期</span></strong></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">在诱发抗体策略的多次<span style="color: black;">实验</span>失败后,人类<span style="color: black;">起始</span>反思艾滋病疫苗策略的<span style="color: black;">开发</span>方向,将大部分火力转向于<span style="color: black;">另一</span>一个方向,即<strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">强调疫苗能诱发出<span style="color: black;">有效</span>的细胞免疫应答。</span></strong></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">该战役<span style="color: black;">周期</span>以诱导细胞免疫反应的重组病毒载体疫苗为主(痘苗、腺病毒、金丝雀痘病毒等),<span style="color: black;">由于</span>理论上细胞免疫反应<span style="color: black;">能够</span>有效<span style="color: black;">掌控</span>病毒的复制与感染,<span style="color: black;">况且</span>数学模型<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">表示</span>,病毒载量降低1个log值就<span style="color: black;">能够</span>有效降低人群的传播率,这让临床<span style="color: black;">实验</span>看到了这种疫苗的应用前景。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">这其中最<span style="color: black;">明显</span>的成果之一<span style="color: black;">便是</span>Merck<span style="color: black;">机构</span>组织<span style="color: black;">研发</span>的以人腺病毒5型为载体的艾滋病疫苗,但2007年9月<span style="color: black;">颁布</span>的临床<span style="color: black;">实验</span>结果来看,单纯的强调细胞免疫应答<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">不可</span>产生<span style="color: black;">守护</span><span style="color: black;">功效</span>。这次基于T细胞反应疫苗的失败<span style="color: black;">没</span>疑使疫苗<span style="color: black;">开发</span><span style="color: black;">行业</span>受到了严重的打击,人们曾一度质疑有效的艾滋病疫苗<span style="color: black;">是不是</span>能够研制出来,<span style="color: black;">全部</span><span style="color: black;">行业</span>弥漫着绝望的气氛。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">第三战役<span style="color: black;">周期</span></strong></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">在经历了数不清的失败后,<span style="color: black;">专家</span>们仍没放弃,经过短暂兵力修整后,再次向艾滋病病毒发起了进攻。<span style="color: black;">日前</span><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">专家</span>们<span style="color: black;">广泛</span>认为,有效的艾滋病疫苗<span style="color: black;">必须</span><span style="color: black;">同期</span>诱导出<span style="color: black;">平衡</span>的体液和细胞免疫反应。</span></strong></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">在病毒感染时中和抗体<span style="color: black;">做为</span><span style="color: black;">第1</span>道防线<span style="color: black;">能够</span>中和部分病毒,这给后续的细胞介导的记忆应答争取了激活时间,而<span style="color: black;">剧烈</span>的细胞免疫应答清除感<span style="color: black;">患病</span>毒的细胞,降低病毒载量,从而<span style="color: black;">能够</span>降低HIV病毒在人群的传播率。<span style="color: black;">因此呢</span>这个<span style="color: black;">周期</span>看重体液和细胞免疫反应的<span style="color: black;">平衡</span>,DNA 疫苗、活载体疫苗、多价蛋白疫苗全面发展,各类疫苗的联合免疫(&nbsp;prime/boost 策略)<span style="color: black;">作为</span>艾滋病疫苗发展的主流方向。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">2009年9月<span style="color: black;">颁布</span>的美国军方和泰国合作研制的新型联合疫苗(RV144),可使人体感染艾滋病病毒的<span style="color: black;">危害</span>降低31.2%,这是人类历史上第一次在人体中证明<span style="color: black;">开发</span>有效的艾滋病疫苗的可行性,这次<span style="color: black;">实验</span>让<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>看到了<span style="color: black;">开发</span>有效艾滋病疫苗的曙光。为了寻找到<span style="color: black;">最后</span>有效的艾滋病疫苗,<span style="color: black;">包含</span>笔者团队在内的<span style="color: black;">研究</span>人员们正在尝试多种<span style="color: black;">区别</span>类型的疫苗联合<span style="color: black;">运用</span>,以期找到最佳组合。</p><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/dhIUoaayW82JgMncxJVHjSSokVrxwBl22XatldYEDcIkmdwz2pBjaActzxAJsr6S5ian4OzQ09g6reJ0SzckaFA/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;tp=webp&amp;wxfrom=5&amp;wx_lazy=1&amp;wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;">
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">资料<span style="color: black;">源自</span>于IAVI临床实验数据库。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">结语</strong></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">在征服这个前所未有的世纪劲敌——艾滋病的征途中,<span style="color: black;">没</span>数科学家<span style="color: black;">已然</span>正在和将要为之奋斗终生。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">有效</span>抗逆转录病毒治疗(即“鸡尾酒疗法”)可有效<span style="color: black;">掌控</span>艾滋病情的<span style="color: black;">发展</span></strong></span>,使得被感染者能有尊严地“如同正<span style="color: black;">一般人</span>般”生活,但该疗法仅仅是暂时“<span style="color: black;">掌控</span>”着病毒,它<span style="color: black;">没</span>力把<span style="color: black;">身体</span>的病毒彻底消灭。只要停药,<span style="color: black;">哪些</span>被压抑着的艾滋病毒就如同被压在五指山下的泼猴被摘掉了“封条咒符”,使出自己的洪荒之力进行反弹,<span style="color: black;">因此呢</span>一旦被感染,艾滋病<span style="color: black;">病人</span><span style="color: black;">必要</span>终生服药。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">为了彻底<span style="color: black;">掌控</span>和消灭艾滋疫情,预防才是最好的办法。<strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">预防<span style="color: black;">包含</span><span style="color: black;">行径</span><span style="color: black;">干涉</span>和疫苗接种。</span></strong><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">行径</span><span style="color: black;">干涉</span><span style="color: black;">包含</span>加大健康卫生教育宣传力度;针对吸毒人群,推广美沙酮替代治疗,清洁针具等;避免危险性<span style="color: black;">行径</span>,宣传安全性<span style="color: black;">行径</span>知识,洁身自好;一旦<span style="color: black;">发掘</span>感染,尽早<span style="color: black;">看病</span>。在有效的艾滋病疫苗研发成功之前,<span style="color: black;">行径</span><span style="color: black;">干涉</span>是行之有效且<span style="color: black;">必要</span>的预防艾滋手段。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">人类更加科学有效地预防艾滋感染的终极<span style="color: black;">目的</span>应是有效的艾滋病疫苗。</span></strong>在<span style="color: black;">开发</span>艾滋疫苗的漫漫征途中,<span style="color: black;">专家</span>们<span style="color: black;">始终</span>在<span style="color: black;">奋斗</span>,从未曾放弃。笔者的<span style="color: black;">科研</span>团队<span style="color: black;">长时间</span>专注于艾滋病防治新策略的<span style="color: black;">科研</span>,在疫苗设计、免疫治疗、感染机制等方面进行了多项创新工作,探索了一系列新型艾滋病疫苗策略。成功的艾滋病疫苗,人类还要等待多少年?<span style="color: black;">此刻</span>还<span style="color: black;">不可</span>给出肯定的数字答案,但<span style="color: black;">咱们</span><span style="color: black;">始终</span>走在<span style="color: black;">解决</span>它的路上……</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">参考文献:</strong></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">1.&nbsp;孙彩军,陈志伟,陈凌,张林琦。特邀综述:创新型艾滋病黏膜疫苗之<span style="color: black;">科研</span><span style="color: black;">发展</span>。中华微生物学和免疫学杂志。2013, 33(1 ):24-28</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">2.&nbsp;Wu&nbsp;T, Ma F, Ma X, Jia W Pan E,&nbsp;Cheng G, Chen L*,Sun C*. Regulating innate and adaptive immunity for controlling SIV infection by25-hydroxycholesterol.Front. Immunol.,&nbsp;2018.doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02686</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">3.&nbsp;Pan E, Feng F, Li P , Yang Q, Ma X, Wu C, Yan H, Chen R, Chen L*,Sun C*.&nbsp;Immune protection of SIV challenge by PD-1&nbsp;blockade during vaccination in rhesus monkeys.Front. Immunol., 2018. 9:2415.doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02415</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">4.&nbsp;Xiaoyu&nbsp;Wang#,Caijun&nbsp;Sun#,Pingchao&nbsp;Li,Tongjin&nbsp;Wu,Hangyu&nbsp;Zhou, Dong Yang,Yichu&nbsp;Liu,Xiuchang&nbsp;Ma,Zhiyong&nbsp;Song,Qinggong&nbsp;Nian,Liqiang&nbsp;Feng,Chengfeng&nbsp;Qin*, Ling Chen*, andRuikang&nbsp;Tang*. Vaccine Engineering with Dual-Functional Mineral Shell: A Promising Strategy to Overcome Pre-existing Immunity.Advanced Materials.&nbsp;2016, 28(4):694-700.</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">5.&nbsp;Caijun&nbsp;Sun,Zhiwei&nbsp;Chen, Xian Tang,Yinfeng&nbsp;Zhang,Liqiang&nbsp;Feng,Yanhua&nbsp;Du ,Lijun Xiao, Li Liu,Weijun&nbsp;Zhu, Ling Chen,Linqi&nbsp;Zhang. Mucosal prime with a replicating vaccinia-based vaccine elicits protective immunity against SIV challenge in rhesus monkeys.JVirol.&nbsp;2013,87; 5669-5677</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">6.&nbsp;Caijun&nbsp;SUN, Lei ZHANG,Maochao&nbsp;ZHANG,Yichu&nbsp;Liu, Miaozhong, Xin Ma, Ling CHEN. Induction of balance and breadth in the immune responses is beneficial to control SIVmac239 replication in rhesus monkey.J Infect.&nbsp;2010, 60(5):371-81.</p>
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    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">重视</span>啦!</span></strong></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">微X</span>又更新啦!用户<span style="color: black;">能够</span>设置常读订阅号,这些订阅号将以大卡片的形式展示,为了不<span style="color: black;">错失</span>大院<span style="color: black;">每日</span>的精彩<span style="color: black;">文案</span>,请按下列操作“星标”<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>吧:</span></p>
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    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">文案</span>首发于科学大院,转载请联系cas@cnic.cn</span></p>
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    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">1.&nbsp;</span><a style="color: black;">我为“科”狂| 科学大院征文启事</a></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">2.</span><span style="color: black;"><a style="color: black;">世界首例基因编辑婴儿的诞生:不是突破的突破</a></span></p>
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    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">4.</span><span style="color: black;"><a style="color: black;">你捏</a>死的虫子会痛吗?</span></p>
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    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/dhIUoaayW80kktwTqicgJ7HjyiaCICCR5yopjI6Qwb13tx0uwOv9giahXydvj7cSTEvgylicnMmv2XDPxe8kpO79Qw/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;tp=webp&amp;wxfrom=5&amp;wx_lazy=1&amp;wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
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星☆雨 发表于 2024-8-24 12:38:14

期待与你深入交流,共探知识的无穷魅力。

nqkk58 发表于 2024-11-1 21:15:19

大势所趋,用于讽刺一些制作目的就是为了跟风玩梗,博取眼球的作品。
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