癌症到底会不会传染？
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<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">会传染的癌症——来自软壳蛤Soft-Shell Clams 的证据！</p>
<div style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><img src="https://picx.zhimg.com/80/v2-f08dd258b2a806c79572d291ab17ca2b_720w.webp?source=1def8aca" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></div>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">蛤有软壳（Soft-shell）和硬壳（ Hard-shell）之分，其中软壳蛤（ Mya arenaria）多分布在美国东海岸以及英国等地，是一种较为<span style="color: black;">平常</span>的蛤，<span style="color: black;">能够</span>被食用（Soft-shell clams can be eaten steamed, fried, or in clam chowder. ）。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">始终</span><span style="color: black;">败兴</span>，<span style="color: black;">非常多</span>人认为，癌症是<span style="color: black;">不可</span>传染的，虽然有时候，有些内容看起来像传染，<span style="color: black;">例如</span>乙肝很容易<span style="color: black;">引起</span>癌症，乙肝的传染<span style="color: black;">常常</span><span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">寓意</span>着癌症的高发。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">然则</span>另一方面癌症本身的传染，即癌症直接传染到另一个机体，却鲜有<span style="color: black;">报告</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">2015年著名<span style="color: black;"><a style="color: black;">生物学期</a>刊</span>《cell》上<span style="color: black;">发布</span>了一篇来自<span style="color: black;"><a style="color: black;">霍华德</a></span>休斯医学<span style="color: black;">科研</span>所和哥伦比亚大学的最新<span style="color: black;">科研</span>证实：癌症<span style="color: black;">亦</span>可能传染。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">她们</span>的<span style="color: black;">科研</span>对象是蛤——来自北美洲东海岸的软壳蛤Soft-Shell Clams。</p>
<div style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><img src="https://pic1.zhimg.com/80/v2-5b452fe1fcb6f5eb4efe47e18bedabc1_720w.webp?source=1def8aca" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></div>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">（图为<span style="color: black;">科研</span>的地点）</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">这是<span style="color: black;">她们</span>的<span style="color: black;">科研</span>对象——软壳蛤Soft-Shell Clams</p>
<div style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><img src="https://picx.zhimg.com/80/v2-d2e12f89f5eba99f45fcae68f9148470_720w.webp?source=1def8aca" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></div>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">事情的起因是<span style="color: black;">这般</span>子的。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">人们经常<span style="color: black;">发掘</span>，软壳蛤会会因一种白血病成片死去，简直像瘟疫<span style="color: black;">同样</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">专家</span>们最初<span style="color: black;">可疑</span><span style="color: black;">是否</span>有什么病毒感染<span style="color: black;">引起</span>了软壳蛤患上了白血病，<span style="color: black;">由于</span>病毒的确是三大致癌<span style="color: black;">原因</span>之一（其他两大是<span style="color: black;">理学</span><span style="color: black;">原因</span>和化学<span style="color: black;">原因</span>）。</p>
<div style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><img src="https://pic1.zhimg.com/80/v2-0ea8c6b17bebd33da76aa36e2ad56b83_720w.webp?source=1def8aca" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></div>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">然而，寻找了很久，却以失败而告终，事实上，感染蛤的病毒，在<span style="color: black;">实验</span>中<span style="color: black;">发掘</span>，并<span style="color: black;">不可</span><span style="color: black;">引起</span>白血病。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">这个时候，<span style="color: black;">大众</span>陷入了纠结中。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">而哥伦比亚大学教授<span style="color: black;"><a style="color: black;">梅茨格</a></span>（Michael Metzger）的脑洞很大，<span style="color: black;">她们</span>猜测，该不会是血液直接传播吧？<span style="color: black;">由于</span>这种<span style="color: black;"><a style="color: black;">软体动物</a></span>聚居在<span style="color: black;">一块</span>，防护不多，血液很容易传播。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">为了证实这一点，<span style="color: black;">她们</span>做了个实验，把来自<span style="color: black;">身患</span>白血病的软壳蛤的血细胞注入健康的软壳蛤中，结果<span style="color: black;">发掘</span>，<span style="color: black;">有些</span>被注射的蛤真的得了白血病。</p>
<div style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><img src="https://picx.zhimg.com/80/v2-200264a58cac558d61fde6869b4e23ab_720w.webp?source=1def8aca" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></div>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">当然了，做到这一步，大概能发到了<span style="color: black;"><a style="color: black;">cu</a>rrent biology</span>之类的期刊了（影响因子8.9，是一份很逗逼的生物期刊），要是关系够硬的话，发到science<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">能够</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">不外</span><span style="color: black;">她们</span>既然能发到了cell这种生物学顶级期刊上，那肯定有<span style="color: black;">有些</span>其他的东西。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">例如</span>，你得告诉<span style="color: black;">大众</span>，这传染的机制吧？</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">她们</span><span style="color: black;">发掘</span>，这种软壳蛤<span style="color: black;">身患</span>的白血病其实和一种<span style="color: black;">能够</span>自我复制的DNA序列“Steamer”<span style="color: black;">相关</span>。正常的软壳蛤基因组中<span style="color: black;">仅有</span>2到10份<span style="color: black;"><a style="color: black;">Steamer拷贝</a></span>，<span style="color: black;">身患</span>白血病的软壳蛤基因组中则会有150到300份拷贝。<span style="color: black;">这般</span>的失常复制，很容易破坏机体原有的<span style="color: black;">要紧</span>基因，<span style="color: black;">乃至</span><span style="color: black;">诱发</span>白血病。当外来的白血病细胞进入到健康的细胞中，<span style="color: black;">诱发</span>了细胞的快速增值，于是引爆了，新的白血病出来了。</p>
<div style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><img src="https://pic1.zhimg.com/80/v2-f7f1f2eb7430360da9524bae761fcd6d_720w.webp?source=1def8aca" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></div>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">这是一个示意图，左边是正常的软壳蛤，右边是白血病软壳蛤。</p>
<div style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><img src="https://picx.zhimg.com/80/v2-33528380b4b2bd82d2b0e4d38b982f9f_720w.webp?source=1def8aca" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></div>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">左侧是正常的蛤血细胞，右侧是白血病的。</p>
<div style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><img src="https://picx.zhimg.com/80/v2-a62c0656239c8083916fdb8f072d5363_720w.webp?source=1def8aca" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></div>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">当然<span style="color: black;">例如</span><span style="color: black;">有些</span><span style="color: black;"><a style="color: black;">转座子</a></span>的表达。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">好了，这个<span style="color: black;">文案</span>大体就结束了，要是感兴趣，你自己去读吧，是我读过最容易的cell。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">其实白血病的水平转移（Horizontal Transmission）之前<span style="color: black;">亦</span>有过<span style="color: black;">报告</span>，<span style="color: black;">例如</span>日本曾经<span style="color: black;">报告</span>过白血病的母婴传播，<span style="color: black;">不外</span>这种概率极其低。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">另外</span>还有<span style="color: black;">有些</span>物种中<span style="color: black;">显现</span>过，<span style="color: black;">例如</span><span style="color: black;"><a style="color: black;">袋獾</a></span>和狗都中招了 </p>
<div style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><img src="https://picx.zhimg.com/80/v2-df6c727fefdab18a6286b2904ae95c7b_720w.webp?source=1def8aca" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></div>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">这种生物会遭受一种叫做<span style="color: black;"><a style="color: black;">面部肿瘤病</a></span>（DFTD）的<span style="color: black;">熬煎</span>，而之<span style="color: black;">因此</span>会<span style="color: black;">出现</span>这种<span style="color: black;">状况</span>，<span style="color: black;">专家</span><span style="color: black;">发掘</span>是<span style="color: black;">由于</span>袋獾是一种好斗的生物，<span style="color: black;">没</span>论是在争夺<span style="color: black;">食品</span>还是争抢女友的时候，都会斗争，而袋獾的战斗方式<span style="color: black;">重点</span>是撕咬，于是<span style="color: black;">诱发</span>伤口，而癌细胞会借机进入袋獾的伤口中从而传染。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">其他的<span style="color: black;">例如</span>乙肝病毒传播<span style="color: black;">诱发</span>的癌症，其实勉强<span style="color: black;">亦</span>算传染吧</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">Metzger M J, Reinisch C, Sherry J, et al. Horizontal transmission of clonal cancer cells causes leukemia in <span style="color: black;"><a style="color: black;">soft-shel</a>l clams</span>. Cell, 2015, 161(2): 255-263.</p>
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