7wu1wm0 发表于 2024-6-25 03:17:27

【综述】发展期直肠癌新辅助放化疗科研发展

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    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;">引用本文:</strong></span><span style="color: black;">高倩闽, 陈昕涛, 姚厚山, 等.&nbsp; <span style="color: black;">发展</span>期直肠癌新辅助放化疗<span style="color: black;">科研</span><span style="color: black;">发展</span> .&nbsp;中华结直肠<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>电子杂志,2020,09 (02): 188-195. DOI: 10.3877/cma.j.issn.2095-3224.2020.02.014</span></span></p><strong style="color: blue;">摘要</strong>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">我国结直肠癌发病率和死亡率居高不下,直肠癌的发病率与术后局部复发率(LRR)<span style="color: black;">一般</span>高于结肠癌,且手术难度高。<span style="color: black;">日前</span>为了防止直肠癌的局部复发大多采取多学科<span style="color: black;">办法</span>医治。新辅助放化疗(nCRT)<span style="color: black;">做为</span>一种发展中的多学科<span style="color: black;">办法</span>,可<span style="color: black;">加强</span>治愈率又可维持器官功能,在直肠癌治疗中起着至关<span style="color: black;">要紧</span>的<span style="color: black;">功效</span>。本综述旨在阐明nCRT的<span style="color: black;">状况</span>与<span style="color: black;">将来</span>的改进方向。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">按照</span>2014年中国恶性肿瘤发病和死亡分析统计,我国结直肠癌发病率(27.08%)<span style="color: black;">位置于</span>第三,死亡率(13.13%)<span style="color: black;">位置于</span>第五[1]。直肠癌发病率约占结直肠癌总发病率的1/2,且以中低位直肠癌为主,中晚期直肠癌<span style="color: black;">占多数</span>[2]。<span style="color: black;">因为</span>直肠癌<span style="color: black;">初期</span>症状不<span style="color: black;">显著</span>,<span style="color: black;">都数</span><span style="color: black;">病人</span>初诊时即为中晚期直肠癌。一项基于SEER(Surveillance,Epidemiology,and End Results,SEER)数据库的<span style="color: black;">科研</span><span style="color: black;">显示</span>,<span style="color: black;">发展</span>期直肠癌(T3/T4N0及TxN+)<span style="color: black;">病人</span>占TN可<span style="color: black;">评定</span>直肠癌的72.2%[3]。在我国,<span style="color: black;">因为</span>筛查与诊断的普及率与准确率尚与国外先进水平存在<span style="color: black;">必定</span>差距,<span style="color: black;">因此</span><span style="color: black;">发展</span>期比率更高。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">直肠癌手术的技术难点在于:中低位直肠癌处在狭窄的骨盆中,<span style="color: black;">必要</span>完全切除多余的脂肪和直肠系膜。<span style="color: black;">另外</span>,还需充分<span style="color: black;">保存</span>排便、泌尿和性功能,以<span style="color: black;">保准</span><span style="color: black;">病人</span>的生活质量[4]。<span style="color: black;">因为</span>直肠解剖结构及淋巴回流的特性,直肠癌<span style="color: black;">病人</span>术后局部复发率(local recurrence rate,LRR)<span style="color: black;">一般</span>高于结肠癌,预后差[5]。<span style="color: black;">日前</span>,直肠癌的治疗模式已由过去单一的手术切除发展<span style="color: black;">作为</span>多学科综合治疗模式,其中新辅助放化疗(neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy,nCRT)已<span style="color: black;">作为</span>Ⅱ/Ⅲ期直肠癌的多学科治疗<span style="color: black;">办法</span>之一[6]。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">1、</span>nCRT<span style="color: black;">做为</span>直肠癌标准治疗的证据</span></strong></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">在许多国家,已针对Ⅱ/Ⅲ期直肠癌的治疗进行了标准化[7]。该<span style="color: black;">办法</span>包括以5-氟尿嘧啶(5-Fluorouracil,5-FU)为<span style="color: black;">基本</span>的nCRT,根治性直肠全系膜切除术(total mesorectal excision,TME)和辅助化疗(adjuvant chemotherapy,aCT)。新辅助化疗多与放疗联合<span style="color: black;">运用</span>,新辅助化疗可与放疗形成协同效应进一步改善直肠癌<span style="color: black;">病人</span>的预后。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">20世纪90年代,欧洲国家<span style="color: black;">广泛</span>认为术前放疗是Ⅱ/Ⅲ期直肠癌的标准治疗<span style="color: black;">办法</span>。而后,欧洲癌症<span style="color: black;">科研</span>和治疗组织(EORTC)<span style="color: black;">起步</span>了一项四臂随机<span style="color: black;">实验</span>(EORTC 22921),法国针对<span style="color: black;">无</span>远处转移的Ⅱ/Ⅲ期直肠癌<span style="color: black;">病人</span><span style="color: black;">起步</span>FFCD 9203<span style="color: black;">实验</span>,比较了术前同步放化疗和单纯术前放疗<span style="color: black;">针对</span>直肠癌的疗效、总体<span style="color: black;">存活</span>率(overall survival,OS)和<span style="color: black;">没</span><span style="color: black;">发展</span><span style="color: black;">存活</span>期(progression-freesurvival,PFS)。多篇系统回顾[8,9,10,11]的结论是,术前同步放化疗较术前单纯放疗能够<span style="color: black;">得到</span>更高的局部<span style="color: black;">掌控</span>率、病理完全缓解(pathologic complete remission rate,pCR)率和R0-R1切除术的可行性,但<span style="color: black;">针对</span>OS和PFS并<span style="color: black;">没</span>影响。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">亦</span>有<span style="color: black;">实验</span>比较了术前放化疗和术后放化疗的疗效。德国的一项随机对照<span style="color: black;">实验</span>(CAO/ARO/AIO-94)纳入了799位临床分期为Ⅱ/Ⅲ期直肠癌<span style="color: black;">病人</span>,将其分为术前同步放化疗组和术后同步放化疗组。<span style="color: black;">科研</span>结果<span style="color: black;">表示</span>术前组和术后组的10年OS(59.6%&nbsp;vs.&nbsp;59.9%,P=0.85),10年累积LRR(7.1%&nbsp;vs.&nbsp;10.1%,P&lt;0.05),远处转移的10年累积发病率(29.8%&nbsp;vs.&nbsp;29.6%,P=0.9),<span style="color: black;">没</span>病<span style="color: black;">存活</span>率(disease-free survival,DFS)<span style="color: black;">无</span>检测到<span style="color: black;">明显</span>差异,但术前放化疗组LRR较术后放化疗组低(6%&nbsp;vs.&nbsp;13%,P=0.006),<span style="color: black;">加强</span>了保肛率(19%&nbsp;vs.&nbsp;39%,P=0.004),降低了治疗<span style="color: black;">关联</span>毒副反应(27%&nbsp;vs.&nbsp;49%,P=0.001)。该临床<span style="color: black;">实验</span>为直肠癌采用新辅助放化疗<span style="color: black;">供给</span>了有力的证据[12]。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">2、</span>新辅助化放疗的适应证</span></strong></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">中国结直肠癌诊疗规范指南(2015版),<span style="color: black;">举荐</span>临床诊断为Ⅱ/Ⅲ期(cT3-4b和/或N1-2M0)直肠癌行术前放疗或术前同步放化疗;<span style="color: black;">针对</span>不可手术切除的晚期直肠癌,<span style="color: black;">意见</span>行新辅助同步放化疗,再予以<span style="color: black;">评定</span>肿瘤<span style="color: black;">状况</span>,争取根治性手术[13]。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">2013年ESMO指南<span style="color: black;">举荐</span>对直肠癌应<span style="color: black;">按照</span>复发<span style="color: black;">危害</span>进行分层治疗,分层指标<span style="color: black;">包含</span>肿瘤浸润深度(T分期)、淋巴结转移数目(N分期)、距肛缘距离、直肠系膜筋膜(mesorectal fascia,MRF)和肠壁外脉管(extramural vascular invasion,EMVI)侵犯<span style="color: black;">状况</span>等。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">运用</span>磁共振<span style="color: black;">影像</span>(MRI)进行术前局部<span style="color: black;">影像</span><span style="color: black;">针对</span>分期是必不可少的。有<span style="color: black;">科研</span><span style="color: black;">显示</span>,DTI-MRI<span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">帮忙</span>更准确地确定直肠癌的肿瘤范围[14]。例如,<span style="color: black;">按照</span>固有肌层以外的直肠系膜浸润深度,cT3直肠癌可进一步分为亚组<span style="color: black;">(T3a&lt;1 mm;T3b 1~5 mm;T3c 5~15 mm和T3d&gt;15 mm)</span>。MRI还<span style="color: black;">能够</span>精确<span style="color: black;">评定</span>MRF的状态,例如从肿瘤到MRF的距离(周缘:CRM)和肠壁外血管侵犯(EMVI)等等。而在<span style="color: black;">没</span>转移的直肠癌<span style="color: black;">危害</span>类别的综合<span style="color: black;">评定</span>中,除T和N分期、EMVI,MRF受累外,还<span style="color: black;">思虑</span><span style="color: black;">病人</span>特征和<span style="color: black;">病人</span>偏好。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">依靠MRI<span style="color: black;">最后</span><span style="color: black;">能够</span>将<span style="color: black;">病人</span>分为极低危组、低危组、中危组和高危组。中危组直肠癌<span style="color: black;">病人</span>,即"cT3a/b在极低位直肠,未侵犯肛提肌,未侵犯MRF;cT3a/b在中或高位直肠;cN1-2(非结外侵犯),<span style="color: black;">没</span>EVMI",能从术前同步化放疗中获益[15],对其进行短期新辅助放疗或nCRT有助于维持外科手术中的TME平面。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">另一</span>,磁共振肿瘤消退分级(MRI tumor regression grading,mrTRG)被广泛应用于直肠癌术前临床诊断和治疗反应检测。肿瘤消退在MRI上表现为纤维间质信号填充[mrTRG4~5,纤维化程度低,肿瘤消退少;mrTRG1~3,纤维化程度高,退缩<span style="color: black;">显著</span>;mrTRG4~5组与mrTRG1~3组<span style="color: black;">存活</span>差异有统计学<span style="color: black;">道理</span>,DFS分别为31%和64%(P=0.007),5年OS分别为27%和72% (P=0.001)][16]。但有Meta分析<span style="color: black;">显示</span>mrTRG和病理肿瘤消退分级(pTRG)<span style="color: black;">关联</span>度低,只能术前与常规病理<span style="color: black;">原因</span>相结合以改善预后[17]。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">3、</span>从新辅助放化疗结束到手术的最佳间隔</span></strong></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">日前</span>,从新辅助放疗结束到手术的间隔时间大多参考Lyon R 90-01<span style="color: black;">实验</span>[18]。该随机<span style="color: black;">实验</span>证明,新辅助放疗<span style="color: black;">能够</span>使pCR或接近pCR的比例<span style="color: black;">加强</span>[短间隔(2周)10.3%&nbsp;vs.长间隔(6~8周)26%(P=0.0054)]。2018年,一篇综述分析了13项<span style="color: black;">触及</span>19 652名<span style="color: black;">病人</span>的<span style="color: black;">科研</span>,以阐明nCRT与手术之间的间隔<span style="color: black;">怎样</span>影响pCR率[19]。分析<span style="color: black;">发掘</span>,与间隔≤8周相比,在nCRT结束后≥8周进行手术<span style="color: black;">针对</span>直肠癌<span style="color: black;">病人</span>是安全有效的,并且能<span style="color: black;">明显</span><span style="color: black;">加强</span>pCR率而不<span style="color: black;">增多</span>手术时间或术后并发症。<span style="color: black;">因此</span>到<span style="color: black;">日前</span>为止,最佳间隔被认为是6~8周。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">2013年荷兰的一项回顾性分析,提出nCRT后10~11周是降低pCR率的最佳时期,这是<span style="color: black;">迄今</span>最长的手术间隔[20]。2016年,一项随机对照III期<span style="color: black;">实验</span>(GRECCAR-6)比较了nCRT结束与手术之间的间隔(7周vs.11周)对pCR率的影响。结果两组的pCR率<span style="color: black;">无</span>差异(15.0%&nbsp;vs.17.4%,5.7%&nbsp;vs.17.2%;P=0.5983),而11周组的所有术后并发症均<span style="color: black;">明显</span>高于7周组(7周组32%&nbsp;vs.&nbsp;11周组44.5%;P=0.04)。其中<span style="color: black;">包含</span>腹部会阴切除术(APR)后的手术并发症和会阴伤口的延迟愈合[21]。这项<span style="color: black;">科研</span>提出了新的证据,即nCRT和手术之间较长的间隔不会<span style="color: black;">加强</span>pCR率,且可能会<span style="color: black;">增多</span>术后并发症的<span style="color: black;">出现</span>率。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">4、</span>新辅助治疗模式</span></strong></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(一)诱导化疗的应用</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">诱导化疗<span style="color: black;">指的是</span>在同步放化疗之前进行化疗。现有的临床<span style="color: black;">实验</span>已验证了诱导化疗在直肠癌新辅助治疗中的<span style="color: black;">功效</span>[22,23,24]。在西班牙的GCR-3临床<span style="color: black;">实验</span>中,将108位直肠癌<span style="color: black;">病人</span>随机分为<span style="color: black;">实验</span>组(四周期CAPOX诱导化疗+CAPOX同步放化疗+TME)和常规组(CAPOX同步放化疗+TME+四周期CAPOX辅助化疗),结果<span style="color: black;">表示</span><span style="color: black;">实验</span>组的pCR率较常规组差异并<span style="color: black;">没</span>统计学<span style="color: black;">道理</span>(13%&nbsp;vs.14%,P=0.94),两组间的R0切除率<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">无</span>差异(87%&nbsp;vs.&nbsp;86%,P=0.40),<span style="color: black;">然则</span><span style="color: black;">实验</span>组化疗的Ⅲ~Ⅳ不良反应事件<span style="color: black;">出现</span>率<span style="color: black;">显著</span>少于常规组(54%&nbsp;vs.&nbsp;19%,P=0.0004)[24]。MSKCC回顾性分析了61位接受FOLFOX<span style="color: black;">方法</span>诱导化疗的局部<span style="color: black;">发展</span>期直肠癌<span style="color: black;">病人</span>,结果<span style="color: black;">表示</span><span style="color: black;">得到</span>cCR<span style="color: black;">或</span>pCR率为36%(22/61),47%(23/61)的<span style="color: black;">病人</span>有较好的癌细胞反应率[23]。以上<span style="color: black;">科研</span><span style="color: black;">显示</span>,诱导化疗能减少<span style="color: black;">病人</span>化疗毒性反应,<span style="color: black;">加强</span>化疗耐受性的<span style="color: black;">同期</span><span style="color: black;">得到</span>较好的肿瘤反应,<span style="color: black;">况且</span>诱导化疗并不影响同步放化疗和手术的实施。<span style="color: black;">日前</span>,诱导化疗已<span style="color: black;">作为</span>NCCN指南<span style="color: black;">举荐</span>的治疗<span style="color: black;">选取</span>。但<span style="color: black;">针对</span>诱导化疗的<span style="color: black;">方法</span>及疗程尚需<span style="color: black;">更加多</span>的大样本Ⅲ期临床<span style="color: black;">实验</span>进行<span style="color: black;">科研</span>。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">(二)巩固化疗的应用</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">巩固化疗<span style="color: black;">指的是</span>在同步放化疗和手术之间的间隔进行化疗。<span style="color: black;">一般</span><span style="color: black;">状况</span>下,同步放化疗治疗后<span style="color: black;">必须</span><span style="color: black;">休憩</span>6~8周<span style="color: black;">才可</span>接受手术。在这段时间内<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>缺乏治疗可能存在肿瘤<span style="color: black;">发展</span>的<span style="color: black;">危害</span>。<span style="color: black;">那样</span>,<span style="color: black;">这里</span><span style="color: black;">时期</span>进行化疗减少肿瘤<span style="color: black;">发展</span>的<span style="color: black;">危害</span>及进一步根除放疗后残余肿瘤细胞,能否达到更好的肿瘤客观缓解率? MSKCC的一项多中心临床<span style="color: black;">实验</span>,将局部<span style="color: black;">发展</span>期直肠癌接受同步放化疗后手术和同步放化疗后分别给予FOLFOX6<span style="color: black;">方法</span>2次、4次、6次化疗再行手术的<span style="color: black;">病人</span>进行比较,结果<span style="color: black;">显示</span>巩固化疗能够<span style="color: black;">增多</span>肿瘤病理缓解率,<span style="color: black;">然则</span>毒性反应随着巩固化疗疗程的<span style="color: black;">增多</span>而<span style="color: black;">增多</span>[25]。复旦大学<span style="color: black;">附庸</span>肿瘤医院进行的一项Ⅱ期临床<span style="color: black;">实验</span>,在新辅助放化疗后行<span style="color: black;">1星期</span>期XELOX化疗,结果<span style="color: black;">表示</span>pCR率为23.7%[26]。以上<span style="color: black;">科研</span><span style="color: black;">显示</span>,巩固化疗能够<span style="color: black;">加强</span>肿瘤客观缓解率,但<span style="color: black;">日前</span><span style="color: black;">科研</span>多为Ⅱ期临床<span style="color: black;">实验</span>且样本量较小,缺少高级别的循征医学证据支持。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">(三)诱导化疗+同步放化疗+巩固化疗的应用</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">"类三明治"新辅助治疗<span style="color: black;">方法</span>(诱导化疗+同步放化疗+巩固化疗)将同步放化疗对肿瘤退缩的效果和诱导化疗及巩固化疗能够<span style="color: black;">加强</span>放化疗<span style="color: black;">敏锐</span>性、<span style="color: black;">掌控</span>全身微转移灶等优点结合以达到进一步<span style="color: black;">加强</span>肿瘤客观缓解率、减少肿瘤复发率的目的[6]。中山大学<span style="color: black;">附庸</span>肿瘤医院进行的一项Ⅱ期临床<span style="color: black;">实验</span>,采用XELOX+XELOX/RT+XELOX新辅助<span style="color: black;">方法</span>治疗局部<span style="color: black;">发展</span>期直肠癌。共有49例<span style="color: black;">病人</span>入组,1例<span style="color: black;">病人</span>因毒性反应未能完成巩固化疗,其余<span style="color: black;">病人</span>均完成计划好的治疗<span style="color: black;">方法</span>;4位<span style="color: black;">病人</span>因cCR(临床病理缓解)放弃手术治疗,该<span style="color: black;">科研</span>的pCR率为42.2% (19/45),11.1%(5/45)的<span style="color: black;">病人</span><span style="color: black;">显现</span>术后并发症[27]。<span style="color: black;">另一</span>一项单臂Ⅱ期临床<span style="color: black;">实验</span><span style="color: black;">评定</span>FOLFOX/Bev+Bev/5-FU/RT+FOLFOX新辅助<span style="color: black;">方法</span>治疗直肠癌的疗效[28],pCR率为36%(9/25),3年为95%,3年DFS为72.5%。本中心近年来<span style="color: black;">起步</span>了一项临床<span style="color: black;">实验</span>,<span style="color: black;">评定</span>局部<span style="color: black;">发展</span>期直肠癌接受XELOX+Cap/RT+XELOX新辅助<span style="color: black;">方法</span>的安全性及疗效,结果<span style="color: black;">表示</span>pCR率为28.9%(11/38),所有<span style="color: black;">病人</span>均按计划完成新辅助治疗,3级不良反应事件<span style="color: black;">出现</span>率为18.4%(7/38)。详见</span><span style="color: black;">表1</span><span style="color: black;">。以上<span style="color: black;">科研</span><span style="color: black;">表示</span>诱导化疗+同步放化疗+巩固化疗的新辅助治疗<span style="color: black;">方法</span><span style="color: black;">拥有</span>较好的应用前景,但仍需<span style="color: black;">更加多</span>的大样本RCT<span style="color: black;">科研</span>来进行验证。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/j45VAFibYYMRFKtlxCPCWC43cq53XEL8DqhEMUtiaUqMy7dxaz2wiaHwMv9VyTnyKPWNNqc9CH53MBIA2WCvMyd5w/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;tp=webp&amp;wxfrom=5&amp;wx_lazy=1&amp;wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">5、</span>nCRT<span style="color: black;">方法</span>的改进</span></strong></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">日前</span>,nCRT<span style="color: black;">方法</span>是以氟尿嘧啶类<span style="color: black;">药品</span>为<span style="color: black;">基本</span>的<span style="color: black;">方法</span>。5-FU为胸苷酸合成酶<span style="color: black;">控制</span>药,需静脉用药。卡培他滨<span style="color: black;">做为</span>一种口服的氟尿嘧啶衍生物,能够模拟5-FU<span style="color: black;">连续</span>灌注给药。两者都可<span style="color: black;">做为</span>新辅助放疗同步化疗的<span style="color: black;">药品</span><span style="color: black;">选取</span>。在过去十年中,针对转移性CRC(mCRC)的某些<span style="color: black;">病人</span>特征,<span style="color: black;">已然</span><span style="color: black;">开发</span>了近十二种靶向治疗和免疫治疗的<span style="color: black;">药品</span>。<span style="color: black;">检测</span>点<span style="color: black;">控制</span>剂如派姆单抗(pembrolizumab)已被证明可有效延长错配修复(MMR)缺陷和高微卫星不稳定性(MSI-H)mCRC<span style="color: black;">病人</span>的存活率。抗血管生成的贝伐单抗[抗血管内皮生长因子(抗VEGF)]与一线和二线治疗中的化学疗法组合可<span style="color: black;">增多</span>mCRC存活率。西妥昔单抗联合化疗延长了KRAS和所有RAS野生型mCRC<span style="color: black;">病人</span>的<span style="color: black;">存活</span>期。<span style="color: black;">另外</span>,正在<span style="color: black;">科研</span>的免疫疗法,RTK,单克隆抗体和细胞毒性<span style="color: black;">药品</span>的组合<span style="color: black;">同期</span>靶向攻击肿瘤标志物以减少复发。尽管<span style="color: black;">必须</span>更大的临床<span style="color: black;">实验</span>来<span style="color: black;">得到</span>FDA的<span style="color: black;">准许</span>,人类表皮生长因子受体2(HER2)治疗给HER2阳性mCRC<span style="color: black;">病人</span>带来了<span style="color: black;">期盼</span>[29]。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">近年来,多项前瞻性临床随机对照<span style="color: black;">实验</span><span style="color: black;">评定</span>5-FU同步放化疗的<span style="color: black;">基本</span>上联合<span style="color: black;">运用</span>奥沙利铂(oxaliplatin,OX)新辅助治疗<span style="color: black;">方法</span>的疗效及预后,详见</span><span style="color: black;">表2</span><span style="color: black;">。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/j45VAFibYYMRFKtlxCPCWC43cq53XEL8DS0QNQ8jWd2JfC7J9lG6fibHh5ibHw9RC8HfrvuKa1JnQ0l4RE2RewHFA/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;tp=webp&amp;wxfrom=5&amp;wx_lazy=1&amp;wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">西妥昔单抗的地位日益<span style="color: black;">提升</span>,<span style="color: black;">日前</span>,NCCN指南<span style="color: black;">举荐</span>西妥昔单抗联合标准<span style="color: black;">方法</span>化疗或单药维持在KRAS野生型的晚期或转移性结直肠癌<span style="color: black;">病人</span>中<span style="color: black;">做为</span>一线<span style="color: black;">方法</span><span style="color: black;">运用</span>。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/j45VAFibYYMRFKtlxCPCWC43cq53XEL8DavDvqzPeJwLWZXdyjhFNZqXKa4o48qlnEeiayriaiagvjKNNeaVOLHpOA/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;tp=webp&amp;wxfrom=5&amp;wx_lazy=1&amp;wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/j45VAFibYYMRFKtlxCPCWC43cq53XEL8DoQzAgzSWMSQ6sDX8ImicQWMgSyOnsYafhJOkaPKRqAnLaf3bOCJaIEA/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;tp=webp&amp;wxfrom=5&amp;wx_lazy=1&amp;wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/j45VAFibYYMRFKtlxCPCWC43cq53XEL8DF5MbLjzaIu82F8nNBfmqPkVfJP481x9NCmVN0jX5Xq4PckQU6nJMPA/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;tp=webp&amp;wxfrom=5&amp;wx_lazy=1&amp;wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">6、</span>nCRT的局限性</span></strong></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">针对</span>T3N0期(ⅡA期)直肠癌<span style="color: black;">病人</span><span style="color: black;">是不是</span>应该行新辅助治疗存在<span style="color: black;">很强</span>的争议。T3期<span style="color: black;">指的是</span>肿瘤穿透固有肌层到达浆膜下层,或侵犯<span style="color: black;">没</span>腹膜覆盖的结直肠旁组织;但该期肿瘤侵犯的距离差异很大。既往<span style="color: black;">科研</span><span style="color: black;">发掘</span>T3期直肠癌的浸润深度与预后存在密切关系[50,51]。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">日前</span>的影像学技术尚<span style="color: black;">不可</span>对直肠癌<span style="color: black;">病人</span>进行精确<span style="color: black;">评定</span>[17],导致部分<span style="color: black;">病人</span>分期不准确,进行了过度治疗<span style="color: black;">或</span>未得到<span style="color: black;">即时</span>治疗。<span style="color: black;">另外</span>,<span style="color: black;">日前</span>文献<span style="color: black;">报告</span>的新辅助治疗局部<span style="color: black;">发展</span>期直肠癌的pCR率大都在5%~25%,<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">便是</span>说有一大部分<span style="color: black;">发展</span>期直肠癌<span style="color: black;">病人</span><span style="color: black;">不可</span>从新辅助治疗中获益。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">日前</span><span style="color: black;">无</span>一项直肠癌治疗的随机<span style="color: black;">实验</span>,即使是在进行了超过10年随访的CAO/ARO/AIO-94<span style="color: black;">实验</span>和荷兰TME试验中,<span style="color: black;">运用</span>短程新辅助放疗的治疗<span style="color: black;">方法</span>或新辅助放疗联合5-FU的直肠癌治疗<span style="color: black;">方法</span><span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">无</span><span style="color: black;">表示</span>出对远期疗效和OS的积极<span style="color: black;">功效</span>[52,53]。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">7、</span>总结与展望</span></strong></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">nCRT是<span style="color: black;">日前</span>治疗局部<span style="color: black;">发展</span>期直肠癌的<span style="color: black;">要紧</span>手段,它能够使局部<span style="color: black;">发展</span>期直肠癌降级降期,缩小原发病灶,<span style="color: black;">增多</span>手术机会,<span style="color: black;">加强</span>肿瘤根治率,降低局部复发<span style="color: black;">危害</span>及<span style="color: black;">增多</span>保肛率。但直肠癌在个体化治疗方面仍存在瓶颈:<span style="color: black;">第1</span>,<span style="color: black;">怎样</span>防止分期失误<span style="color: black;">引起</span>错选治疗<span style="color: black;">方法</span>;第二,<span style="color: black;">怎样</span>及早<span style="color: black;">认识</span><span style="color: black;">病人</span>对化放疗的<span style="color: black;">敏锐</span>度,以采取<span style="color: black;">办法</span>防止肿瘤<span style="color: black;">发展</span>;第三,<span style="color: black;">怎样</span><span style="color: black;">加强</span><span style="color: black;">病人</span>对放化疗的耐受度,减少毒性反应;第四,<span style="color: black;">怎样</span>预计nCRT后的肿瘤<span style="color: black;">状况</span>。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">尽管<span style="color: black;">经过</span>改进手术和放化疗技术<span style="color: black;">明显</span>降低了LRR,远端转移仍然是局部晚期直肠癌<span style="color: black;">病人</span>死亡的最<span style="color: black;">要紧</span><span style="color: black;">原由</span>。Yamashita等[54]在综述中<span style="color: black;">暗示</span>,基于基因组学(KRAS和TP53的突变、microRNAs、循环肿瘤DNA)、代谢组学(血清癌胚抗原水平)、全身炎症反应(高度改良的格拉斯哥预后评分),<span style="color: black;">创立</span><span style="color: black;">精细</span>医学的预测模型可能是<span style="color: black;">处理</span><span style="color: black;">方法</span>。<span style="color: black;">期盼</span><span style="color: black;">将来</span>有<span style="color: black;">更加多</span>的<span style="color: black;">科研</span>投入到直肠癌新辅助放化疗的<span style="color: black;">科研</span>中,来<span style="color: black;">处理</span>以上问题,给直肠癌<span style="color: black;">病人</span>带来福音。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">参考文献略</span></strong></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/j45VAFibYYMQibmFEeWX9l70lfNtxUwK5iaiaVrFvMmiciaglN56lMbPYUVyFrJibJdKrXkQwcicRCukK1ViaEXDBBYsasA/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;tp=webp&amp;wxfrom=5&amp;wx_lazy=1&amp;wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/j45VAFibYYMT6mxPacpDYls2VoWVxVIrENCArOjQ0oo8sz16sQd1ibba7bumaS2vhKufbhOkLaFxic4CrohTzxzVw/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;tp=webp&amp;wxfrom=5&amp;wx_lazy=1&amp;wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/j45VAFibYYMT6mxPacpDYls2VoWVxVIrEicCefY3VsEMdNzMc4xVMKY4nNss4dAC6m2oKIMH2XlSlpwqDUhLmsEg/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;tp=webp&amp;wxfrom=5&amp;wx_lazy=1&amp;wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/j45VAFibYYMT6mxPacpDYls2VoWVxVIrEwomEtuLhicFUVVVABjTvc2dGIAPMZqbCefAqRQJSWgqDSbpzicJYJDUA/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;tp=webp&amp;wxfrom=5&amp;wx_lazy=1&amp;wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/gGiagKNJYhHzFgagzbPnmYo19ibRX92jcDsYibVFLQUL5DgWn5xibexojTwgW1nh9NBRsaibAiaNS0a7wAb4bvl1az4A/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;tp=webp&amp;wxfrom=5&amp;wx_lazy=1&amp;wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/jfmtfgicvUI19IGDbAwLQOfnYib94sEpTCs5cAOGQ6YFHf1Js5Eh60VXVZianJ9DQZMZ9jpHy3H6s58ibbL4AUFSfQ/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;tp=webp&amp;wxfrom=5&amp;wx_lazy=1&amp;wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;">
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;">《中华结直肠<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>电子杂志》</strong></span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">1、</span>刊物简介</span></strong></span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">《中华结直肠<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>电子杂志》<span style="color: black;">是由于</span>中华人民共和国国家卫生健康委员会主管,中华医学会主办,中国国家癌症中心/中国医学科学院肿瘤医院承办,中华医学电子音像出版社有限责任<span style="color: black;">机构</span>出版的专业学术电子期刊。总编为中国医学科学院北京协和医学院肿瘤医院结直肠外科<span style="color: black;">专家</span>王锡山教授。杂志为中国科技核心期刊。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">日前</span>,《中华结直肠<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>电子杂志》是我国<span style="color: black;">独一</span>的结直肠<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>专业学术期刊。重点刊登结直肠<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>及<span style="color: black;">关联</span>学科的<span style="color: black;">重点</span><span style="color: black;">科研</span>成果和最新<span style="color: black;">发展</span>方面的<span style="color: black;">文案</span>,<span style="color: black;">拥有</span>较高的学术权威性和<span style="color: black;">必定</span>的学术导向性。本刊面向国内外公<span style="color: black;">研发</span>行,中国<span style="color: black;">准许</span>刊号ISSN 2095-3224,CN 11-9324/R。<span style="color: black;">日前</span>已被《中国学术期刊网络出版总库》、《中文科技期刊数据库(全文版)》、《万方数据库》、《重庆维普数据库》收录。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">本刊为双月刊,以DVD-ROM(光盘)+纸版的形式出版发行;图文声像并茂,<span style="color: black;">拥有</span>很强的实用性,实现了传统纸质与电子<span style="color: black;">媒介</span>的结合,除<span style="color: black;">拥有</span>传统纸质期刊的特性,在形式上又<span style="color: black;">拥有</span>新的突破,<span style="color: black;">表现</span>在负载内容呈现的多样性,不仅<span style="color: black;">能够</span>传递文字信息和图形信息,还<span style="color: black;">能够</span>传递语音、视频,使期刊传播信息的功能达到新的高度。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">2、</span>品牌栏目</span></strong></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">本刊栏目多样、内容丰富,设有:<span style="color: black;">大众</span>、指南与共识、述评、专家论坛、青年专家论坛、论著、综述、经验交流、病例<span style="color: black;">报告</span>、病例讨论、教训与反思、名家手术(视频)、护理天地、医学人文与管理、名院名科等。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">其中,<span style="color: black;">特殊</span>栏目“<span style="color: black;">大众</span>”展示行业<span style="color: black;">典范</span>;“名院名科”宣传品牌团队;“医学人文与管理”从人文观念<span style="color: black;">方向</span>出发对<span style="color: black;">各样</span>医学现象,传达医学人文精神;“教训与反思”发挥“一人吃一堑,行业涨一智”的<span style="color: black;">功效</span>;“名家手术”展示国内外<span style="color: black;">大众</span>精彩手术视频;“病例讨论”呈现多学科团队的治疗<span style="color: black;">方法</span>。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">本刊内容涵盖结直肠的肿瘤、炎症性<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>、痔、便秘、肠内外营养等<span style="color: black;">关联</span><span style="color: black;">行业</span>的<span style="color: black;">基本</span>与临床、诊断与治疗全方面内容。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">本刊2017、2018、2019年被“中国学术期刊影响因子年报”收录为统计源期刊。</span></strong></span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">本刊自2016年起连续四年被“中国科技核心期刊”收录,2019年版《中国科技期刊引证报告(扩展版)》<span style="color: black;">表示</span>,《中华结直肠<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>电子杂志》2018年度扩展影响因子为1.190;2018年度核心影响因子0.679(学科排名第14位)。</span></strong></span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">投稿请登录中华结直肠<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>电子杂志投稿系统:</strong></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><strong style="color: blue;"><strong style="color: blue;"><strong style="color: blue;"><strong style="color: blue;">http://zhjzcjbdzzz.yiigle.com/</strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></p>
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KKK123456 发表于 2024-8-23 03:49:40

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fate 发表于 2024-8-24 00:59:58

外链论坛的成功举办,是与各位领导、同仁们的关怀和支持分不开的。在此,我谨代表公司向关心和支持论坛的各界人士表示最衷心的感谢!

情迷布拉格 发表于 2024-8-25 14:57:02

你的见解独到,让我受益匪浅,期待更多交流。

星☆雨 发表于 2024-8-30 18:14:07

楼主发的这篇帖子,我觉得非常有道理。

听听海 发表于 2024-9-7 01:17:46

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nykek5i 发表于 2024-10-12 22:56:43

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7wu1wm0 发表于 2024-10-24 16:04:37

“BS”(鄙视的缩写)‌

wrjc1hod 发表于 3 天前

回顾历史,我们不难发现:无数先辈用鲜血和生命铺就了中华民族复兴的康庄大道。

1fy07h 发表于 6 分钟前

交流如星光璀璨,点亮思想夜空。
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