f9yx0du 发表于 2024-5-21 21:46:33

为么癌症很难被治愈,将来人类能够战胜癌症吗?


    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">解决</span>癌症,在<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>这一代有生之年很难看到。<span style="color: black;">由于</span>癌症真的非常非常<span style="color: black;">繁杂</span>。每一种癌症都是独一<span style="color: black;">没</span>二的,这不是一种单一的<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>,而是<span style="color: black;">非常多</span><span style="color: black;">非常多</span><span style="color: black;">非常多</span>的<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>,公众都把它们当作一种<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>来对待。有些癌症很容易治疗,<span style="color: black;">况且</span>在许多癌症中都有巨大的<span style="color: black;">发展</span>。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">咱们</span><span style="color: black;">乃至</span>有宫颈癌疫苗,HPV疫苗。这是一件了不起的事情,但人们非但<span style="color: black;">无</span>欣然接受,反而对它不屑一顾。</p>
    <div style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><img src="https://pic3.zhimg.com/80/v2-df898c53ee302c90286fc5a18202faa6_720w.webp" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></div>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">然则</span>,还有<span style="color: black;">有些</span>其他的癌症<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>还不太<span style="color: black;">认识</span>,这影响了<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>治疗它们的能力。例如,<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>还<span style="color: black;">无</span>很好的<span style="color: black;">办法</span>来检测<span style="color: black;">初期</span>的卵巢癌或胰腺癌,这<span style="color: black;">寓意</span>着存活率相对较低。随着癌症的发展,它们<span style="color: black;">累积</span>越来越多的突变和其他细胞<span style="color: black;">反常</span>,这些<span style="color: black;">反常</span>使它们越来越难以攻击。<span style="color: black;">咱们</span><span style="color: black;">必须</span>更好地<span style="color: black;">认识</span><span style="color: black;">咱们</span>的细胞以及随着癌症的发展在细胞内<span style="color: black;">出现</span>的变化,<span style="color: black;">这般</span><span style="color: black;">咱们</span><span style="color: black;">才可</span>找到新的生物标志物进行检测,<span style="color: black;">或</span>找到更好的治疗<span style="color: black;">办法</span>。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">咱们</span>利用了电力,测序了人类基因组,根除了天花。但在数十亿美元的<span style="color: black;">科研</span>之后,<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>还<span style="color: black;">无</span>找到一种能在任何时候影响1400多万人及其家人的<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>的<span style="color: black;">处理</span><span style="color: black;">方法</span>。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">当正常细胞<span style="color: black;">累积</span>突变时,癌症就会<span style="color: black;">显现</span>。大<span style="color: black;">都数</span>时候,细胞<span style="color: black;">能够</span>检测突变或DNA损伤,要么修复它们,要么自毁。然而,<span style="color: black;">有些</span>突变使癌细胞不受<span style="color: black;">控制</span>地生长并侵入<span style="color: black;">周边</span>的组织,<span style="color: black;">乃至</span>转移到远处的器官。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">癌症一旦转移就几乎<span style="color: black;">没</span>法治愈。癌症非常<span style="color: black;">繁杂</span>。这<span style="color: black;">不仅</span>是一种<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>。有100多种不同的类型,<span style="color: black;">咱们</span><span style="color: black;">无</span>一颗神奇的子弹<span style="color: black;">能够</span>治愈所有的<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">对大<span style="color: black;">都数</span>癌症<span style="color: black;">来讲</span>,治疗<span style="color: black;">一般</span><span style="color: black;">包含</span>手术的结合,移除导师,放疗和化疗,以杀死遗留下来的癌细胞。</p>
    <div style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><img src="https://pic2.zhimg.com/80/v2-83f37d0d792ca499d5b438713e9c7689_720w.webp" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></div>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">激素疗法、免疫疗法和针对特定类型癌症的靶向疗法有时<span style="color: black;">亦</span>被<span style="color: black;">运用</span>。在<span style="color: black;">非常多</span><span style="color: black;">状况</span>下,这些治疗都是有效的,病人就不会得癌症。<span style="color: black;">然则</span><span style="color: black;">她们</span>100%的100%有效。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">那样</span><span style="color: black;">咱们</span>要做什么<span style="color: black;">才可</span>找到治疗<span style="color: black;">各样</span>癌症的<span style="color: black;">办法</span>呢?<span style="color: black;">咱们</span><span style="color: black;">起始</span><span style="color: black;">认识</span><span style="color: black;">有些</span><span style="color: black;">专家</span><span style="color: black;">必要</span><span style="color: black;">处理</span>的问题。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">首要</span>,<span style="color: black;">咱们</span><span style="color: black;">必须</span>新的,更好的<span style="color: black;">办法</span>来<span style="color: black;">科研</span>癌症。大<span style="color: black;">都数</span>癌症治疗都是利用实验室培育的人类肿瘤细胞进行<span style="color: black;">研发</span>的。这些培养细胞给<span style="color: black;">咱们</span><span style="color: black;">供给</span>了关于癌症遗传学和生物学的<span style="color: black;">要紧</span>见解,但它们在<span style="color: black;">实质</span>的生物<span style="color: black;">身体</span>缺乏肿瘤的<span style="color: black;">繁杂</span>性。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">一般</span>的<span style="color: black;">状况</span>是,在实验室培育的细胞上工作的新药,在真正的病人身上的临床<span style="color: black;">实验</span>中会失败。</p>
    <div style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><img src="https://pic2.zhimg.com/80/v2-5871fb459bb4cb9d43f834b64d1e7af1_720w.webp" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></div>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">侵袭性肿瘤的一个<span style="color: black;">繁杂</span>之处是,它们可能有多个稍微不同的癌细胞种群。随着时间的推移,不同的基因突变在肿瘤不同部位的细胞中<span style="color: black;">累积</span>,形成独特的亚克隆。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">例如,一种叫做胶质母细胞瘤的侵略性<span style="color: black;">脑肿瘤</span>在一个病人身上<span style="color: black;">能够</span>有多达六个不同的亚克隆。这被<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>为克隆异质性,它使治疗变得困难,<span style="color: black;">由于</span><span style="color: black;">功效</span>于一个气旋的<span style="color: black;">药品</span>可能对另一个气旋<span style="color: black;">无</span><span style="color: black;">功效</span>。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">这是另一个挑战。肿瘤是一个动态的、相互<span style="color: black;">相关</span>的生态系统,癌细胞<span style="color: black;">持续</span>地与<span style="color: black;">周边</span>的健康细胞交流。它们<span style="color: black;">能够</span>诱导正常细胞形成血管,为肿瘤<span style="color: black;">供给</span>养料并清除废物。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">它们还能与免疫系统相互<span style="color: black;">功效</span>,从而<span style="color: black;">控制</span>其功能,阻止其识别或消灭癌细胞。<span style="color: black;">倘若</span><span style="color: black;">咱们</span>能学会<span style="color: black;">怎样</span>关闭这些通讯线路,<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>就能更好地永久地战胜肿瘤。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">另外</span>,越来越多的证据<span style="color: black;">显示</span>,<span style="color: black;">咱们</span><span style="color: black;">必须</span>找到根除癌症干细胞的<span style="color: black;">办法</span>。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">这些是罕见的,但似乎有特殊的性质,使<span style="color: black;">她们</span>耐化疗和辐射。从理论上讲,即使其他肿瘤在治疗过程中缩小到<span style="color: black;">没</span>法被检测到的程度,单个残留的癌症干细胞<span style="color: black;">亦</span>能产生新的肿瘤。</p>
    <div style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><img src="https://pic2.zhimg.com/80/v2-bfa8733bc0fb6cb1dd223fee0480222d_720w.webp" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></div>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">科研</span><span style="color: black;">怎样</span>瞄准这些顽固的细胞可能有助于防止癌症复发。即使<span style="color: black;">咱们</span><span style="color: black;">处理</span>了这些问题,<span style="color: black;">咱们</span><span style="color: black;">亦</span>可能面临新的问题。癌细胞是适应的主人,调节它们的分子和细胞特征在压力下<span style="color: black;">存活</span>。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">当它们受到辐射或化疗的轰击时,<span style="color: black;">有些</span>癌细胞<span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">经过</span>改变基因表达,有效地打开<span style="color: black;">守护</span>屏障,抵抗任何攻击它们的东西。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">恶性肿瘤是一种<span style="color: black;">繁杂</span>的系统,<span style="color: black;">持续</span>进化和适应。为了战胜它们,<span style="color: black;">咱们</span><span style="color: black;">必须</span>找到与它们的<span style="color: black;">繁杂</span>性相匹配的实验系统,以及随着癌症的变化能够<span style="color: black;">调节</span>的监测和治疗<span style="color: black;">方法</span>。</p>
    <div style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><img src="https://pic1.zhimg.com/80/v2-2380dcea67f05cbda5daf2608143adb8_720w.webp" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></div>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">但好<span style="color: black;">信息</span>是<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>正在取得<span style="color: black;">发展</span>。尽管<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>不<span style="color: black;">晓得</span>,自上世纪70年代<span style="color: black;">败兴</span>,大<span style="color: black;">都数</span>癌症的平均死亡率<span style="color: black;">已然</span>大幅下降,<span style="color: black;">况且</span>仍在下降。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">“医学的艺术是<span style="color: black;">很久</span>的”</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">咱们</span><span style="color: black;">每日</span>都在学习<span style="color: black;">更加多</span>的东西,每一条新的信息都给了<span style="color: black;">咱们</span><span style="color: black;">更加多</span>的<span style="color: black;">工具</span>来<span style="color: black;">弥补</span><span style="color: black;">咱们</span>的武器。</p>




nqkk58 发表于 2024-10-9 05:51:35

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