无人机倾斜摄影1:500地形图测绘流程(CC+EPS)
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/J1VjSLV1f3kNtpCBW8zqNejvpkcceELEeQ36zWTmKblpv4XUIomQRs3Dotp66SdVYX4trjTlItMceL4Brv0yvg/640?wx_fmt=gif&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">摘要:利用低空无人机倾斜摄影技术快速获取多<span style="color: black;">方向</span>影像数据,<span style="color: black;">经过</span>自动实景三维建模和三维模型立体量测技术,从而实现免外业调绘的高精度大比例尺地形图测绘。本文<span style="color: black;">经过</span><span style="color: black;">详细</span>生产实验,<span style="color: black;">仔细</span>介绍基于无人机倾斜摄影<span style="color: black;">测绘</span>技术的大比例尺地形图作业流程,并<span style="color: black;">经过</span>精度分析,验证了此<span style="color: black;">办法</span>的可行性。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">关键词:倾斜摄影;实景三维模型;大比例尺地形图</span></p>01<strong style="color: blue;">引言</strong>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">近年来<span style="color: black;">快速</span>发展的无人机航测技术,<span style="color: black;">拥有</span>机动灵活、作业<span style="color: black;">有效</span><span style="color: black;">快速</span>、可高频监测关键区域以及成本<span style="color: black;">优惠</span>等特点,在应急<span style="color: black;">保证</span>和小区域地形图测绘<span style="color: black;">行业</span><span style="color: black;">拥有</span><span style="color: black;">显著</span>的<span style="color: black;">优良</span>。但无人机航测系统搭载的单一普通数码相机,获取的影像畸变严重,倾斜角和旋偏角<span style="color: black;">很强</span>,<span style="color: black;">同期</span>普通数码相机,像幅偏小,<span style="color: black;">引起</span>小的基高比。<span style="color: black;">因为</span>普通数码相机以上这些缺点,采用传统航测生产方式很难满足大比例地形图测绘的<span style="color: black;">需求</span>。本文<span style="color: black;">经过</span>无人机飞行平台搭载倾斜相机,采用倾斜摄影的方式获取高重叠度影像数据,利用自动实景三维建模和三维模型立体量测技术,实现免外业调绘的高精度大比例尺地形图测绘,并<span style="color: black;">经过</span><span style="color: black;">详细</span>实验验证此技术路线的可行性。</span></p>02<strong style="color: blue;">无人机倾斜摄影</strong>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">测区<span style="color: black;">位置于</span>青岛市高新区沟角村,属于丘陵地形。外业航空摄影<span style="color: black;">经过</span>四旋翼无人机,搭载2个SONY7R微单相机,与垂直方向成45°夹角,南北和东西航线各飞一次,获取地物侧面纹理;再搭载1个SONY7R微单相机进行一次垂直摄影,获取地物顶面纹理。设计航线相对航高120m,航向和旁向重叠度分别为80%、75%,<span style="color: black;">全部</span>测区21条航线,630张影像。为辅助后续数据处理,测区采用区域网布点模式,布设13个外业像控点及<span style="color: black;">检测</span>点,实验区域范围及像控点的布设如图1</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/vbYGy9fL0peRFnxcGhO5UB9UjQCzdiahwkddk8B4Oiadp1QeQ5Cl1ibOIA7PXma2gH3krg8wj1goGT0a12XLrgBsg/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">图<span style="color: black;">1 </span>测区概况及像控点布</span></p>03<strong style="color: blue;">实景三维模型<span style="color: black;">创立</span>及大比例地形图测绘</strong>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">本文<span style="color: black;">经过</span>无人机飞行平台搭载倾斜相机,采用倾斜摄影的方式获取测区的影像数据,利用自动建模的技术构建实景三维模型;在构建的实景三维模型<span style="color: black;">基本</span>上,<span style="color: black;">经过</span>三维立体量测技术,采集地物地貌特征点、线、面,最后<span style="color: black;">经过</span>内业编辑的方式制作地形图,从而省去烦琐的外业调绘工作,为快速制作大比例尺地形图测绘<span style="color: black;">供给</span>一种新的<span style="color: black;">处理</span><span style="color: black;">方法</span>。基于无人机倾斜摄影的大比例尺地形图测绘技术路线如图2所示。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/vbYGy9fL0peRFnxcGhO5UB9UjQCzdiahwgBicHMVsUAeLpb7vfpgO2E49bOv3Heib7ibD1CWHicHz3AJS2tCr0sOgNQ/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">图2 基于无人机倾斜摄影的大比例尺地形图测绘技术路线</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">3.1实景三维模型</span></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">本项目采用5个像控点解算,8个像控点进行精度<span style="color: black;">检测</span>,实景三维建模采用CC(<span style="color: black;">Smart3D</span>)软件进行制作,<span style="color: black;">重点</span><span style="color: black;">过程</span>如下:</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">(1)构建工程加载影像数据,设置相机参数,编辑pos数据,引入<span style="color: black;">掌控</span>点及<span style="color: black;">检测</span>点数据,<span style="color: black;">创立</span>好Smart3D工程,如图3所示。本项目采用2个相机,需设置2个相机文件,分别有364张和266张影像;原始POS数据坐标系为WGS1984,<span style="color: black;">经过</span>七参数模型及似大地水准面<span style="color: black;">赔偿</span>模型转换到西安1980平面、黄海1985高程系统下。采取区域网布点,解算<span style="color: black;">掌控</span>点5个,<span style="color: black;">检测</span><span style="color: black;">掌控</span>点8个。图3smart3D工程文件。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/vbYGy9fL0peRFnxcGhO5UB9UjQCzdiahwAQX6kSq8fyxSc0GVq44gz823FaQdZ3iaegtrAMBFWGSI2o9vojOdKjQ/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">图3 CC(smart3D )工程文件</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">(2)倾斜摄影空中三角<span style="color: black;">测绘</span>如图4所示,本项目采用区域网5点法布点,即四周4个<span style="color: black;">掌控</span>点,测区中心1个<span style="color: black;">掌控</span>点,用于解算倾斜摄影空中三角<span style="color: black;">测绘</span>;<span style="color: black;">同期</span>布设8个<span style="color: black;">检测</span>点以检验空中三角<span style="color: black;">测绘</span>的精度。<span style="color: black;">经过</span>空三加密处理,自由网的精度为1.82pix,像控点精度平面中误差0.033m,高程中误差0.063m;<span style="color: black;">检测</span>点精度,<span style="color: black;">详细</span>精度见精度分析小结。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/vbYGy9fL0peRFnxcGhO5UB9UjQCzdiahwXpqiaB1xnib5EzDk0kM3mBNicXypibJEARHcicAff8qiavYY1TjxW44m9E0Q/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">图4 倾斜摄影空中三角<span style="color: black;">测绘</span></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">(3)三维实景模型生成基于空中三角<span style="color: black;">测绘</span>成果,进行模型分块,在分块模型的<span style="color: black;">基本</span>上,提取测区密集点云,构建不规则三角网,<span style="color: black;">创立</span>三维模型;<span style="color: black;">同期</span>利用5镜头获取的多<span style="color: black;">方向</span>纹理信息,自动拼贴,得到测区实景三维模型,如图5所示。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/vbYGy9fL0peRFnxcGhO5UB9UjQCzdiahwz5ll54Sdjxbja5f8XT6V8kGxiazHGRibIJE4NyVLBL7hbwCyxobjMqbw/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">图5 实景三维模型</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">3.2大比例尺地形图测绘</span></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">大比例地形图测绘<span style="color: black;">重点</span>基于EPS无人机三维模块,利用三维实景模型的空间量测功能,直接进行地形、地物的采集工作。<span style="color: black;">详细</span><span style="color: black;">过程</span>如下所示。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">(1)EPS软件加载三维实景模型在EPS无人机<span style="color: black;">测绘</span>模块中利用模型转换功能将Smart3D生成的OSGB格式的模型转换成DSM高程模型,<span style="color: black;">而后</span>加载DSM模型从而实现实景三维模型的加载,如图6所示</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/vbYGy9fL0peRFnxcGhO5UB9UjQCzdiahwCJfzJAQicGtGHcQnSib09TCxJtG2FVRX0hS0ZBr4bmDjdRVdyp5KQjpg/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">图6 EPS 加载三维模型</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">2)地形图绘制如图7所示,基于三维实景模型的地形图制作,借助模型的空间尺寸信息,直接进行空间量算及采集,<span style="color: black;">同期</span><span style="color: black;">经过</span>模型旋转及多<span style="color: black;">方向</span>观察等功能实现自动房檐改正,免去<span style="color: black;">海量</span>的外业实测及调绘工作,大大<span style="color: black;">加强</span>地形图测绘的工作效率。图7基于EPS绘制地形图。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/vbYGy9fL0peRFnxcGhO5UB9UjQCzdiahwFM3SVuicbPkaDrbzqO9detCsIBsqEdS7sic52PiaVlqhR8xPJ5abWib0Gw/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">图7 基于 EPS 绘制地形图</span></p>04<strong style="color: blue;">精度分析</strong>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">4.1空中三角<span style="color: black;">测绘</span>精度</span></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">由表1<span style="color: black;">掌控</span>点和<span style="color: black;">检测</span>点的精度表可知,<span style="color: black;">掌控</span>点水平中误差为0.007m,高程中误差为0m,点位中误差0.007m,<span style="color: black;">检测</span>点水平中误差0.038m,高程中误差0.079m,点位中误差0.088m,空中三角<span style="color: black;">测绘</span>精度较高,满足大比例尺地形图测绘<span style="color: black;">需要</span>。像控点及<span style="color: black;">检测</span>点中误差表1<span style="color: black;">检测</span>项点号。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/vbYGy9fL0peRFnxcGhO5UB9UjQCzdiahwQmqLJdzPNFhN1tDZx9qXkaZicfNplECgL693icszLkJsibEBpDemB2AXw/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">4.2平面及高程精度</span></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">(1)平面精度平面精度<span style="color: black;">检测</span>采用RTK外业实测特征点和地形图上的同名点进行统计分析,<span style="color: black;">详细</span>精度统计表如表2所示。如图8所示,总共22个平面精度统计的点,平面位置精度均<span style="color: black;">少于</span>0.25m,中误差0.144m,满足1∶500大比例尺地形图平面精度<span style="color: black;">需求</span>。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/vbYGy9fL0peRFnxcGhO5UB9UjQCzdiahwQ9htjVAQ8AH9rS50Wu1NGddAS6hWCPNDPbq2ZYxzO6bmDDmvNh8vcg/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/vbYGy9fL0peRFnxcGhO5UB9UjQCzdiahw32FRp5kIfJsDE8ZHzYhu2Nen9VbibyET1Cib6r0hjSJSJLhzIz7n6iboA/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">图8 平面精度统计折线图</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">2)高程精度高程精度<span style="color: black;">检测</span>采用RTK外业实测特征点和地形图上的同名点(可<span style="color: black;">经过</span>实景三维模型直接获取)进行统计分析,<span style="color: black;">详细</span>精度统计如表3所示。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/vbYGy9fL0peRFnxcGhO5UB9UjQCzdiahwB4SP4mYQQouuRU90FtLggOX8SgvUH3mDcZ9LwWUMC5VFB2GKQgKVnw/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">如图9所示,总共35个平面精度统计的点,高程误差均<span style="color: black;">少于</span>0.1m,最大高程误差为0.086m,高程中误差0.034m,满足1∶500地形图高程精度<span style="color: black;">需求</span>。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/vbYGy9fL0peRFnxcGhO5UB9UjQCzdiahwSerzSzZ1Myic29TDf7gnon8uIKj0GjWhLibktiabhEbO4J5akt98x3OXw/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">图9 高程精度统计折线图</span></p>05<strong style="color: blue;">结论</strong>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">本文给出了基于倾斜摄影技术测绘大比例尺地形图的技术路线,并<span style="color: black;">经过</span><span style="color: black;">详细</span>实验精度分析,验证了此技术路线的可行性。<span style="color: black;">同期</span>借助实景三维的立体量测、任意视角等优点,实现房檐改正、地形、地物全内业绘制,避免了传统地形图外业调绘、补测等工作,为大比例地形图测绘<span style="color: black;">供给</span>了一个新的<span style="color: black;">处理</span><span style="color: black;">方法</span></span></p><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">源自</span>:《城市勘测》2019年2月第2期</span><span style="color: black;">作者:周小杰,胡振彪,乔新</span><span style="color: black;">原标题:</span><span style="color: black;">无人机倾斜摄影技术在大比例尺地形图测绘中的应用</span><span style="color: black;">本文仅限行业学习交流之用,版权、著作权归原载平台及作者所有,如有侵权,请联系删除。</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">END</span></p>
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