详解16种肿瘤标志物
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"> 肿瘤标志物在1978年就被<span style="color: black;">发掘</span>了,它<span style="color: black;">指的是</span>在血液、体液及组织中可检测到的与肿瘤<span style="color: black;">关联</span>的物质,达到<span style="color: black;">必定</span>水平时,可反映某些肿瘤的存在。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">血清肿瘤标志物<span style="color: black;">归类</span>:</p>
<div style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><img src="https://pic3.zhimg.com/80/v2-ebf8ba02a26bb62a7354fe865afab6d2_720w.webp" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></div>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">一个最广谱的指标:癌胚抗原(CEA)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">1965年<span style="color: black;">发掘</span>的CEA可谓是最广谱的指标,它的<span style="color: black;">上升</span>可见于结/直肠癌、胃癌、肺癌、胰腺癌、乳腺癌、卵巢癌、子宫及子宫颈癌、泌尿系肿瘤等,其他恶性肿瘤<span style="color: black;">亦</span>有不同程度的阳性率。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"> 总之,腺癌中CEA最容易<span style="color: black;">上升</span>,其次是鳞癌和低分化癌。肿瘤分期晚、瘤体负荷大、肿瘤转移者,<span style="color: black;">亦</span>会<span style="color: black;">显现</span>CEA<span style="color: black;">上升</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"> <span style="color: black;">另外</span>,肝硬化、肝炎、肺气肿、肠道憩室、直肠息肉、结肠炎等良性病<span style="color: black;">亦</span>会导至CEA<span style="color: black;">上升</span>,胸腔积液、腹水、消化液、分泌物中的CEA常常<span style="color: black;">上升</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">33%的吸烟人群的CEA会<span style="color: black;">上升</span>,<span style="color: black;">必须</span><span style="color: black;">尤其</span><span style="color: black;">重视</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">肝癌:甲胎蛋白(AFP)</p> AFP是一个古老但优秀的肿瘤标志物,在原发性肝癌中特异性很高,阳性率达70%。<span style="color: black;">倘若</span><span style="color: black;">病人</span>有乙肝病史、肝脏有包块、AFP>400ng/ml且<span style="color: black;">连续</span>1个月,<span style="color: black;">就可</span>诊断为肝癌。
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">除肝癌之外,内胚窦癌、畸胎瘤、睾丸癌、卵巢癌、胃癌伴肝转移者AFP<span style="color: black;">亦</span>会<span style="color: black;">上升</span>,病毒性肝炎、肝硬化<span style="color: black;">病人</span>绝大部分<span style="color: black;">亦</span>会<span style="color: black;">显现</span>AFP<span style="color: black;">上升</span>,但不会超过400ng/ml。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"> <span style="color: black;">女性</span>妊娠3个月后,AFP<span style="color: black;">起始</span><span style="color: black;">上升</span>,7-8个月时达到高峰(<span style="color: black;">亦</span>不会超过400ng/ml),分娩3周后恢复正常。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">卵巢癌:糖类抗原125(CA125)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">CA125在临床上最<span style="color: black;">要紧</span>的<span style="color: black;">道理</span><span style="color: black;">便是</span>反映卵巢癌,阳性率达61.4%,且CA125是判断卵巢癌疗效和复发的良好指标,治疗有效时CA125下降,复发则CA125<span style="color: black;">上升</span>先于症状。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"> CA125于其他恶性肿瘤<span style="color: black;">亦</span>有<span style="color: black;">必定</span>的阳性率,宫颈癌、子宫内膜癌中阳性率为43%,胰腺癌50%,肺癌41%,胃癌47%,结直肠癌34%,乳腺癌40%。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">其他非恶性<span style="color: black;">疾患</span><span style="color: black;">亦</span>有不同程度的CA125<span style="color: black;">上升</span>,虽然阳性率较低,<span style="color: black;">亦</span>需引起<span style="color: black;">警觉</span>,如子宫内膜异位症、盆腔炎、卵巢囊肿、胰腺炎、肝炎、肝硬化、结核。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"> 良、恶性胸、腹水中都会<span style="color: black;">发掘</span>CA125<span style="color: black;">上升</span>,<span style="color: black;">因此</span><span style="color: black;">不可</span>借此判断其良恶性。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"> <span style="color: black;">初期</span>妊娠,<span style="color: black;">亦</span>有CA125<span style="color: black;">上升</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">乳腺癌:糖类抗原15-3(CA15-3)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">CA15-3在乳腺癌诊断方面有<span style="color: black;">要紧</span>的临床<span style="color: black;">道理</span>。在乳腺癌初期的<span style="color: black;">敏锐</span>性较低,为30%,于乳腺癌晚期<span style="color: black;">敏锐</span>性高达80%,对乳腺癌的疗效观察、预后判断、复发和转移的诊断有<span style="color: black;">要紧</span>的价值。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"> 其他恶性肿瘤<span style="color: black;">亦</span>有<span style="color: black;">必定</span>的阳性率,在肝、胃肠道、肺、乳腺、卵巢等非恶性肿瘤性<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>中阳性率不足10%。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">消化系统:糖类抗原19-9(CA19-9)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">CA19-9是消化系统肿瘤中一个<span style="color: black;">要紧</span>的指标,在胰腺癌、胆囊癌、胆管壶腹癌中,CA19-9<span style="color: black;">显著</span><span style="color: black;">上升</span>,尤其是胰腺癌,晚期阳性率<span style="color: black;">达到</span>75%。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"> <span style="color: black;">另外</span>,胃癌、结/直肠癌、肝癌中CA19-9阳性率分别为50%、60%、65%。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"> <span style="color: black;">一样</span>,CA19-9<span style="color: black;">上升</span><span style="color: black;">亦</span>不要着急诊断为癌症,急性胰腺炎、胆囊炎、胆汁淤积性胆囊炎、肝炎、肝硬化等<span style="color: black;">有些</span>消化道炎症中,CA19-9<span style="color: black;">亦</span>有不同程度的<span style="color: black;">上升</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">利用CA19-9鉴别癌性黄疸和阻塞性黄疸:后者CA19-9<span style="color: black;">通常</span><200 U/mL;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"> 鉴别胰腺癌和慢性胰腺炎:前者CA19-9<span style="color: black;">显著</span><span style="color: black;">上升</span>、后者正常。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">糖类抗原242(CA242)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"> CA242临床应用较少,在腺癌中<span style="color: black;">上升</span><span style="color: black;">显著</span>,在非鳞状组织中比鳞癌水平高。CEA、CA242两者联合检测能<span style="color: black;">加强</span>腺癌的<span style="color: black;">敏锐</span>性。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">CA242被<span style="color: black;">做为</span>CA19-9的升级指标,在胰腺癌、胆</p>
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