癌症为么难以治愈？
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/C0nPUesoncRKm9xrPibsia0hm95ZIXWRVsvaHyIcU4Wz9q6ypR7JqwDjhN78QTBgJ4cY1CicuiaicQjBKH34icCj6YfA/640?wx_fmt=gif&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">源自</span>：中经补课委员会（<span style="color: black;">微X</span>ID:cbnews）</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">10月29日，著名主持人李咏去世的<span style="color: black;">信息</span>震惊了广大网友。癌症这个人人谈之色变的<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>再次闯入公众视野。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">说到癌症，<span style="color: black;">大众</span>下<span style="color: black;">认识</span>地会将它和肿瘤画上等号。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">这般</span>的说法<span style="color: black;">不可</span>算错，但不太全面。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">肿瘤分为恶性和良性，<span style="color: black;">仅有</span>恶性肿瘤才是癌症。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">另一</span>，癌症还<span style="color: black;">包含</span>血液癌症，<span style="color: black;">例如</span><span style="color: black;">咱们</span>所熟知的白血病。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">有“西医之父”之<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>的希腊<span style="color: black;">大夫</span>——希波克拉底某天在观察一例恶性肿瘤时<span style="color: black;">发掘</span>肿瘤中伸出了<span style="color: black;">非常多</span>大血管，像螃蟹的腿<span style="color: black;">同样</span>，于是他就用希腊词里的“caricions（螃蟹）”来<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>呼这种病。后来，caricions演变为拉丁文“cancer”，即<span style="color: black;">咱们</span><span style="color: black;">此刻</span>所说的“癌症”。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">做为</span>“众病之王”，癌症“横行霸道”，给<span style="color: black;">全世界</span><span style="color: black;">没</span>数<span style="color: black;">病人</span>带来了难以承受的痛苦。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">癌症<span style="color: black;">为何</span>如此可怕？</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">它是<span style="color: black;">怎样</span>“杀死”人类的？</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">为何</span>癌症难以治愈？</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">今天</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">补老师就跟<span style="color: black;">大众</span>聊聊</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">癌症</span></strong></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/qOj7gzJgq32erAq9K8NEDSFNV08wRbhibGo1FicEibtC7mCBn1cSn5hs4qx5QYYq5qrfIGW1iaZvfjIEjdwpAoaib0Q/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p><strong style="color: blue;">癌症<span style="color: black;">为何</span>如此可怕</strong>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">针对</span>大<span style="color: black;">都数</span>人<span style="color: black;">来讲</span>，谈到癌症的<span style="color: black;">第1</span>反应<span style="color: black;">便是</span>恐惧、绝望、<span style="color: black;">没</span>助……这与癌症的死亡率和治愈难度<span style="color: black;">相关</span>。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;">死亡率</strong></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">据世界卫生组织（WHO）国际癌症<span style="color: black;">科研</span><span style="color: black;">公司</span>（IARC）今年<span style="color: black;">颁布</span>的最新报告预计，2018年全年将</span><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;">新增病例</strong></span><span style="color: black;">1810万例，</span><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">死亡人数</span></strong><span style="color: black;">将高达960万人。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">科研</span>人员还预计，<span style="color: black;">全世界</span>1/5的男性和1/6的女性在<span style="color: black;">一辈子</span>中会患上癌症，1/8的男性和1/11的女性将死于癌症。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/qOj7gzJgq32bX4vWAsRkXiaRfXKDZoiciagGvBk0JXRKLYfKBC9sP1pysEmJFG1ric58v2oNqcrS0Il7MtI1RNVtYg/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">我国的<span style="color: black;">状况</span>是<span style="color: black;">怎么样</span>的呢？</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">据国家癌症中心今年<span style="color: black;">颁布</span>的最新一期中国恶性肿瘤发病和死亡分析报告<span style="color: black;">表示</span>，2014年全国</span><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;">新发恶性肿瘤病例</strong></span><span style="color: black;">约380.4万例，</span><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">死亡病例</span></strong><span style="color: black;">229.6万例。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">我国<span style="color: black;">平常</span>的恶性肿瘤类型</span></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/qOj7gzJgq32bX4vWAsRkXiaRfXKDZoiciagANSYhcq0ib2aNtoGXK14ufgBtLfclstibhX0tGWkf2JDfBl8o1H7AnLA/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">以上这些约</span><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;">占<span style="color: black;">所有</span>新发病例的77%</strong></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">我国恶性肿瘤死亡病例排行</span></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/qOj7gzJgq32bX4vWAsRkXiaRfXKDZoiciagibzqHQ8ibypbAoOCwz8QVRH53sicjBeEDKMAkkbeTXzwMPtZt3y8fUtoQ/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">以上这些约占<span style="color: black;">所有</span>肿瘤死亡病例的83%</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">癌症是<span style="color: black;">怎样</span>“杀人”的？</span></strong></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">癌症致死率较高这件事，相信<span style="color: black;">非常多</span>人都<span style="color: black;">认识</span>。但癌症是<span style="color: black;">怎样</span><span style="color: black;">导致</span>死亡的，想必就<span style="color: black;">无</span>多少人<span style="color: black;">晓得</span>了。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">其实，关于这个问题，<span style="color: black;">每一个</span>个体的<span style="color: black;">状况</span>都有所不同。但大致上都是<span style="color: black;">由于</span></span><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;">某个器官或是系统性衰竭</strong></span><span style="color: black;">而<span style="color: black;">引起</span>死亡。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">另一</span>，即使是不太<span style="color: black;">认识</span>癌症的人都<span style="color: black;">晓得</span>，癌症<span style="color: black;">病人</span>最担心的<span style="color: black;">便是</span>癌细胞转移。这些恼人的癌细胞偏偏最<span style="color: black;">爱好</span>往<span style="color: black;">有些</span>功能较为<span style="color: black;">要紧</span>的部位转移，<span style="color: black;">例如</span>肺部和大脑。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">还有一种<span style="color: black;">状况</span>是，癌症会<span style="color: black;">引起</span><span style="color: black;">病人</span>的肌肉和脂肪<span style="color: black;">快速</span>消失，这<span style="color: black;">针对</span>人体机能的正常运作是有很大影响的。<span style="color: black;">这般</span>的现象被<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>为</span><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">“恶病质”</span></strong><span style="color: black;">。一旦<span style="color: black;">显现</span><span style="color: black;">这般</span>的<span style="color: black;">状况</span>，<span style="color: black;">病人</span><span style="color: black;">火速</span>就会因系统性衰竭而死亡。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;">难以治愈</strong></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">人们害怕癌症的<span style="color: black;">原由</span>还有一个，<span style="color: black;">便是</span>这种病症很难治愈。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">01</span></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">不同于<span style="color: black;">哪些</span><span style="color: black;">由于</span>外来<span style="color: black;">原因</span><span style="color: black;">引起</span>的<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>，癌症的成因源于人<span style="color: black;">身体</span>细胞的变异。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">针对</span>外源性<span style="color: black;">疾患</span><span style="color: black;">来讲</span>，治疗时只会将细菌杀死，并不会对人体细胞产生影响。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">针对</span>癌症<span style="color: black;">来讲</span>，癌细胞即使变异了，它的本质还是细胞，在治疗过程中，对它起<span style="color: black;">功效</span>的<span style="color: black;">药品</span>或手段，<span style="color: black;">一样</span>会对人体的正常细胞起<span style="color: black;">功效</span>。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">所说</span>“杀敌一千，自损八百”。这<span style="color: black;">亦</span>是癌症治疗中<span style="color: black;">重点</span><span style="color: black;">必须</span>克服的一项困难。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">02</span></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">癌症是一种多样性的病症。<span style="color: black;">这儿</span>并不<span style="color: black;">指的是</span>肺癌、肝癌、乳腺癌等种类的多样，而是说即使<span style="color: black;">一样</span><span style="color: black;">病患</span>肺癌的两名<span style="color: black;">病人</span>，<span style="color: black;">她们</span>的病情<span style="color: black;">亦</span>不是完全相同的。癌症是基因突变所<span style="color: black;">导致</span>的病症，<span style="color: black;">每一个</span><span style="color: black;">病人</span>都有不同的突变组合。这就<span style="color: black;">引起</span>同一种<span style="color: black;">药品</span>可能对一部分<span style="color: black;">病人</span>有效，对另一部分<span style="color: black;">病人</span>就<span style="color: black;">没</span>效。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">03</span></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">倘若</span>抛开癌症给<span style="color: black;">病人</span><span style="color: black;">导致</span>的痛苦<span style="color: black;">来讲</span>，癌细胞其实是一种相当“聪明”的细胞。它们有着极强的进化和适应能力。它们会想尽一切办法，逃脱<span style="color: black;">药品</span>的影响。<span style="color: black;">因此呢</span>，在治疗癌症的过程中，很容易产生抗药性。</span></p><strong style="color: blue;">癌症治疗发展史</strong>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">癌症的历史<span style="color: black;">非常</span>悠久，已知的最早关于癌症的书面记载，<span style="color: black;">显现</span>于4000年前的埃及。而人类与癌症的抗争<span style="color: black;">一样</span>漫长而艰难。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">古代的<span style="color: black;">大夫</span>们<span style="color: black;">针对</span>癌症的成因并不<span style="color: black;">认识</span>。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">希波克拉底提出的</span><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;">气质体液说</strong></span><span style="color: black;">认为，人体含有四种不同的液体：血液、黏液、黄胆汁和黑胆汁。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/qOj7gzJgq32bX4vWAsRkXiaRfXKDZoiciagThXMC4PJPzRltSBgwlV7ia6zBT1TMhIMOAlgyc7Tg0zOHaBR3aic7icLg/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">四种体液<span style="color: black;">是不是</span>平衡，决定了人体<span style="color: black;">是不是</span>健康。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">随后，古罗马医学家盖伦（ClaudiusGalenus）传承并扩展了这一理论，他认为</span><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;">黑胆汁是<span style="color: black;">诱发</span>癌症的“罪魁祸首”</strong></span><span style="color: black;">。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">始终</span>到16世纪30年代，一位名为安德列亚斯·维萨留斯的解剖学教授在解剖人体时的<span style="color: black;">发掘</span>，才让<span style="color: black;">大夫</span>们<span style="color: black;">认识</span>到，人类之<span style="color: black;">因此</span>会<span style="color: black;">患病</span>，是<span style="color: black;">由于</span><span style="color: black;">身体</span>产生了变化，而不是体液不平衡。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">但<span style="color: black;">此时</span>，人们<span style="color: black;">针对</span>癌症的成因仍然不<span style="color: black;">知道</span>。在此后的漫<span style="color: black;">长期</span>里，随着人们<span style="color: black;">针对</span>癌症成因的一步步发掘，癌症治疗大概<span style="color: black;">能够</span>分为以下几个<span style="color: black;">周期</span>：</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">手术</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">在很长的一段时间里，人们都认为癌症<span style="color: black;">便是</span>恶性肿瘤。既然如此，<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>将<span style="color: black;">导致</span>病变的肿块切除就好了。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">但现实是，手术后病情仍旧会复发，<span style="color: black;">病人</span>并<span style="color: black;">无</span><span style="color: black;">因此呢</span>得到治愈。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">对此，19世纪的外<span style="color: black;">专家</span>——霍尔斯特德认为，病情之<span style="color: black;">因此</span>会复发，是<span style="color: black;">由于</span>切除的范围<span style="color: black;">不足</span>大，有<span style="color: black;">有些</span>癌细胞从切口的边缘逃脱到了人体的其他区域。只要切除的范围足够大，就能避免这种<span style="color: black;">状况</span>。霍尔斯特德将这<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>为“根治术”。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">他的<span style="color: black;">办法</span>确实<span style="color: black;">帮忙</span>了部分<span style="color: black;">病人</span>。越来越多的<span style="color: black;">大夫</span><span style="color: black;">起始</span><span style="color: black;">运用</span>根治术治疗癌症。<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">因此呢</span>，手术切除<span style="color: black;">始终</span>是癌症治疗的<span style="color: black;">重点</span>手段。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">但随后，人们<span style="color: black;">起始</span><span style="color: black;">发掘</span>，根治术并<span style="color: black;">不可</span>完全根治癌症，许多<span style="color: black;">病人</span>在接受手术治疗后，<span style="color: black;">她们</span>身体的其他部位仍会<span style="color: black;">出现</span>癌变。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">放疗</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">19世纪50年代，德国病理学家鲁道夫·魏尔肖在细胞学说的影响下，提出了细胞病理学说。自此，<span style="color: black;">大夫</span>们<span style="color: black;">起始</span><span style="color: black;">认识</span>到，癌细胞来自于人<span style="color: black;">身体</span>起了变化的正常细胞。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">1896年，芝加哥的一位医学院学生埃米尔·格拉布<span style="color: black;">起始</span>用伦琴<span style="color: black;">发掘</span>的X射线尝试治疗一位乳腺癌<span style="color: black;">病人</span>。在经过一段治疗之后，他惊喜地<span style="color: black;">发掘</span>肿瘤<span style="color: black;">起始</span>萎缩。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">19世纪末，居里夫人<span style="color: black;">发掘</span>镭元素后，放疗<span style="color: black;">作为</span>了癌症治疗的新<span style="color: black;">办法</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">但这种<span style="color: black;">办法</span>的<span style="color: black;">坏处</span>病<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">火速</span>显现。高剂量的放射性物质不仅能够杀死癌细胞，<span style="color: black;">亦</span>会对人体产生严重的影响，<span style="color: black;">乃至</span>放射性物质本身就<span style="color: black;">拥有</span>致癌性。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">幸运的是，放疗技术发展到今天，<span style="color: black;">已然</span><span style="color: black;">再也不</span>像<span style="color: black;">初期</span>那样可怕。先进的科学技术甚至能够让射线<span style="color: black;">精细</span>地<span style="color: black;">功效</span>于癌细胞，避免对<span style="color: black;">周边</span>的正常细胞<span style="color: black;">导致</span>影响。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">化疗</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">与放疗经常放在<span style="color: black;">一块</span>提及的<span style="color: black;">便是</span>化疗，即用化学<span style="color: black;">药品</span>杀死癌细胞。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">19世纪初，德国<span style="color: black;">专家</span>艾利希<span style="color: black;">起始</span><span style="color: black;">科研</span>化学疗法，在治疗疟疾、锥虫病和梅毒方面取得了很好的成绩。但遗憾的是，直到他去世都未能研制出<span style="color: black;">能够</span>治疗癌症的化学<span style="color: black;">药品</span>。<span style="color: black;">不外</span>，他的<span style="color: black;">科研</span><span style="color: black;">没</span>疑为癌症治疗又<span style="color: black;">供给</span>了一种<span style="color: black;">办法</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">自20世纪40年代起，化学疗法<span style="color: black;">起始</span>登上癌症治疗的“舞台”。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">不外</span>，化疗与放疗<span style="color: black;">同样</span>，化学<span style="color: black;">药品</span>既能杀死癌细胞，<span style="color: black;">亦</span>能杀死正常细胞。<span style="color: black;">况且</span>，化学<span style="color: black;">药品</span>对杀死生长速度快的细胞格外有效。但除了癌细胞之外，人<span style="color: black;">身体</span>的骨髓细胞、肝细胞等，生长都很旺盛。<span style="color: black;">因此呢</span>，化疗<span style="color: black;">针对</span>这些细胞会产生很严重的副<span style="color: black;">功效</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">大众</span>都知道，化疗后<span style="color: black;">病人</span>的头发会<span style="color: black;">逐步</span>脱落，这<span style="color: black;">便是</span><span style="color: black;">由于</span>毛囊细胞生长的速度<span style="color: black;">火速</span>，化学<span style="color: black;">药品</span>在消灭癌细胞的<span style="color: black;">同期</span>，把毛囊细胞<span style="color: black;">亦</span>一并破坏了。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">靶向药</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">1953年，沃森与克里克<span style="color: black;">发掘</span>了DNA双螺旋结构。这之后，医学家们<span style="color: black;">最终</span><span style="color: black;">发掘</span>了癌症<span style="color: black;">出现</span>的<span style="color: black;">基本</span><span style="color: black;">原由</span>——基因突变。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">这给了<span style="color: black;">专家</span>们很大的鼓舞，<span style="color: black;">她们</span><span style="color: black;">起始</span><span style="color: black;">科研</span><span style="color: black;">研发</span><span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">功效</span>于致癌基因的<span style="color: black;">药品</span>。这<span style="color: black;">便是</span><span style="color: black;">所说</span>的靶向药——只以癌细胞为“靶心”，不会影响正常细胞。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">免疫疗法</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">人类<span style="color: black;">针对</span>癌症治疗的<span style="color: black;">科研</span>并<span style="color: black;">无</span>就此终结。虽然医疗科技发展到今天，放疗与化疗都更加<span style="color: black;">精细</span>，但它们<span style="color: black;">针对</span>正常细胞的影响仍旧难以完全避免。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">同期</span>，<span style="color: black;">专家</span>们还<span style="color: black;">发掘</span>，除了基因突变，癌细胞还能够逃脱免疫系统的监管。那<span style="color: black;">倘若</span><span style="color: black;">咱们</span>的免疫系统能够重新工作，是不是就能够<span style="color: black;">控制</span>癌细胞的生长和进化了呢？</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">这<span style="color: black;">便是</span><span style="color: black;">日前</span>仍处在临床实验<span style="color: black;">周期</span>的“免疫疗法”。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">免疫疗法的本质<span style="color: black;">便是</span>激活人体的细胞来治疗癌症。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">免疫疗法的两种类型：</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">1. 从<span style="color: black;">病人</span>或其亲属的外周血中提取免疫细胞，在体外激活后<span style="color: black;">传送</span>入<span style="color: black;">病人</span><span style="color: black;">身体</span></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">2. <span style="color: black;">经过</span><span style="color: black;">药品</span><span style="color: black;">或</span>疫苗来激活<span style="color: black;">病人</span><span style="color: black;">身体</span>的免疫细胞</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">截止</span><span style="color: black;">日前</span>，美国<span style="color: black;">针对</span>免疫疗法的临床实验已更新四代：</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/qOj7gzJgq32bX4vWAsRkXiaRfXKDZoiciagECP4suBMFYXSskfnHk3Zg2CLia5J4Azxia0HI5kGRtKeMwgkTF8p5m8A/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">2016年的“魏则西事件”想必<span style="color: black;">大众</span>还有印象，魏则西当时接受的<span style="color: black;">便是</span>在美国<span style="color: black;">已然</span>被放弃的CIK-DC疗法。</p><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">为何</span><span style="color: black;">非常多</span>人会<span style="color: black;">选取</span>赴美<span style="color: black;">看病</span></strong>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">在<span style="color: black;">有些</span>客观<span style="color: black;">前提</span><span style="color: black;">准许</span>的<span style="color: black;">状况</span>下，大<span style="color: black;">都数</span>人都会<span style="color: black;">选取</span>赴美治疗癌症。<span style="color: black;">重点</span>有两点<span style="color: black;">原由</span>：技术和服务。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">技术水平</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">2018年1月，《柳叶刀》<span style="color: black;">发布</span>了2000～2014年<span style="color: black;">全世界</span>癌症<span style="color: black;">存活</span><span style="color: black;">情况</span>的监测数据。其中，中美癌症5年<span style="color: black;">存活</span>率差异对<span style="color: black;">例如</span>下：</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/qOj7gzJgq32bX4vWAsRkXiaRfXKDZoiciagsWRLOXI8AvpOfMe4gQEcMo2j9I8BZZl4rxtv9jftB1iaqGC8ISn4avg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">照片</span><span style="color: black;">源自</span>：“一节生姜”<span style="color: black;">微X</span>公号</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">不难看出，在癌症治疗方面，中国与美国确实存在着不小的差距。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">另一</span>，相较于国内，美国<span style="color: black;">持有</span>更先进的医疗设备、<span style="color: black;">药品</span>以及<span style="color: black;">更加多</span>的前沿技术。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">这或许是一部分人<span style="color: black;">选取</span>赴美<span style="color: black;">看病</span>的<span style="color: black;">重点</span><span style="color: black;">原由</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">服务水平</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">在美国看病，大概会经历两个<span style="color: black;">周期</span>：</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">首要</span>，医院会让你做<span style="color: black;">各样</span><span style="color: black;">检测</span>，对你的病情进行<span style="color: black;">评定</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">接下来，<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>有<span style="color: black;">必须</span>，医院会针对你的病情<span style="color: black;">构成</span>一个多学科的小团队，在治疗过程中，团队间可能会进行<span style="color: black;">各样</span>协作</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">另一</span>，<span style="color: black;">大夫</span>与<span style="color: black;">病人</span>之间会做出充分的沟通，以<span style="color: black;">保准</span>你<span style="color: black;">认识</span>自己的病情，做出最明智的决定。</p><strong style="color: blue;">到国外看病<span style="color: black;">必须</span>多少钱？</strong>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">当然，先进的技术和贴心的服务<span style="color: black;">暗地里</span>是一笔不小的支出。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">以美国为例，前期的咨询<span style="color: black;">评定</span><span style="color: black;">周期</span>，<span style="color: black;">花费</span><span style="color: black;">通常</span>比较固定，大约为2～3万美元，<span style="color: black;">通常</span><span style="color: black;">状况</span>下不会超过5万美元。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">评定</span>结束后，医院会<span style="color: black;">按照</span><span style="color: black;">病人</span>的病情制定不同的治疗<span style="color: black;">方法</span>。<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>你的治疗<span style="color: black;">方法</span><span style="color: black;">必须</span>多学科协同合作，<span style="color: black;">花费</span>自然较高，大概会花费十几万至20万美元。<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>你的治疗<span style="color: black;">方法</span>相对简单，<span style="color: black;">花费</span><span style="color: black;">亦</span>就较低，大概在8万美元<span style="color: black;">上下</span>。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">当然，这些只是大概的数据。近年来，去美国看病的<span style="color: black;">病人</span></span><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;">平均花费大概在20～30万美元</strong></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">上下</span>。但<span style="color: black;">亦</span>有花费200万美元的极端<span style="color: black;">状况</span>。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">其他国家<span style="color: black;">花费</span></span></strong></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">英国、德国：</span></strong><span style="color: black;">大概为美国<span style="color: black;">花费</span>的2/3或一半</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">日本：</span></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">部分医院<span style="color: black;">针对</span>国际<span style="color: black;">病人</span>的收费是本国<span style="color: black;">病人</span>的3倍。这种<span style="color: black;">状况</span>下，花费大概与美国相当</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">还有一部分医院，<span style="color: black;">针对</span>国际<span style="color: black;">病人</span>的收费与本国<span style="color: black;">病人</span>相同，这种<span style="color: black;">状况</span>下，花费大概为美国的一半或1/3</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">当然，以上这些只是看病的花费，还要加上在当地住宿、生活的花费。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/qOj7gzJgq315RPzJotP0EMRM9lczrCOOl0c6xTOWjjkh0XQlU1AH6Txhqx4cVFS9Aefic2EBlu0ibXJJp7zljnjw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">中美在医疗水平上的巨大差距，让许多<span style="color: black;">病人</span>不得不远赴国外治疗<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>。但从语言、习惯等方面来看，赴美治疗始终不如国内便利，且花费巨大。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">将来</span>，<span style="color: black;">期盼</span>我国的医疗技术能够<span style="color: black;">早点</span>突破，让<span style="color: black;">更加多</span>的癌症<span style="color: black;">病人</span>摆脱病魔的侵扰。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">重点</span>参考资料：</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">国家癌症中心：肺癌居恶性肿瘤发病<span style="color: black;">第1</span>位，央视网，2018.04.06</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">刘霞，报告<span style="color: black;">叫作</span><span style="color: black;">全世界</span>患癌人数<span style="color: black;">快速</span>增长，科技日报，2018.09.20</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">PBS纪录片《癌：万疾之王》，该片基于同名图书《众病之王：癌症传》（The Emperor of All Maladies）</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">BBC纪录片《对抗癌症》</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">菠萝（李治中），《癌症·真相》，清华大学出版社，2015年9月出版</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">癌症治疗革命史：从手术到免疫治疗，“上海细胞治疗工程技术<span style="color: black;">科研</span>中心”<span style="color: black;">微X</span>公号，2018.04.21</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">菠萝（李治中），谋财不害命：中国的“免疫疗法”<span style="color: black;">状况</span>，“健康不是闹着玩儿”<span style="color: black;">微X</span>公号，2016.04.18</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">赵祖玉、蔡强，撕开真相！去美、英、日等国看病花费大<span style="color: black;">揭发</span>，“网易健康”<span style="color: black;">微X</span>公号，2017.06.22</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">张洪涛，最新数据：中美癌症治疗的差距到底有多大，“一节生姜”<span style="color: black;">微X</span>公号，2018.02.03</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">策划：中经补课委员会</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">文案&制图：喜庆</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">校对：颜京宁</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/C0nPUesoncRFpQnUDWxIV6UqNoebkUglrHnvXSUcJGOPzLtYdicxr6Xeu6n9aJKBgHo2oENvt1mTmDiac6BU6ZIw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><a style="color: black;"><img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=1.0 encoding=UTF-8%3F%3E%3Csvg width=1px height=1px viewBox=0 0 1 1 version=1.1 xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg xmlns:xlink=http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink%3E%3Ctitle%3E%3C/title%3E%3Cg stroke=none stroke-width=1 fill=none fill-rule=evenodd fill-opacity=0%3E%3Cg transform=translate(-249.000000, -126.000000) fill=%23FFFFFF%3E%3Crect x=249 y=126 width=1 height=1%3E%3C/rect%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></a></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">举荐</span>阅读</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><a style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;"><img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=1.0 encoding=UTF-8%3F%3E%3Csvg width=1px height=1px viewBox=0 0 1 1 version=1.1 xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg xmlns:xlink=http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink%3E%3Ctitle%3E%3C/title%3E%3Cg stroke=none stroke-width=1 fill=none fill-rule=evenodd fill-opacity=0%3E%3Cg transform=translate(-249.000000, -126.000000) fill=%23FFFFFF%3E%3Crect x=249 y=126 width=1 height=1%3E%3C/rect%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></span></span></a></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">点击大图 | </span></strong></span><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">3名女生“掌控”千亿国企：80后任董事长，95后董事去年刚毕业</span></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">举荐</span>阅读</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><a style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;"><img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=1.0 encoding=UTF-8%3F%3E%3Csvg width=1px height=1px viewBox=0 0 1 1 version=1.1 xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg xmlns:xlink=http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink%3E%3Ctitle%3E%3C/title%3E%3Cg stroke=none stroke-width=1 fill=none fill-rule=evenodd fill-opacity=0%3E%3Cg transform=translate(-249.000000, -126.000000) fill=%23FFFFFF%3E%3Crect x=249 y=126 width=1 height=1%3E%3C/rect%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></span></span></a></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">点击大图 | </span></strong></span><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">靠卖鸡蛋灌饼月入4万还买了两套房！51岁大叔一句话获网友爆赞</span></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=1.0 encoding=UTF-8%3F%3E%3Csvg width=1px height=1px viewBox=0 0 1 1 version=1.1 xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg xmlns:xlink=http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink%3E%3Ctitle%3E%3C/title%3E%3Cg stroke=none stroke-width=1 fill=none fill-rule=evenodd fill-opacity=0%3E%3Cg transform=translate(-249.000000, -126.000000) fill=%23FFFFFF%3E%3Crect x=249 y=126 width=1 height=1%3E%3C/rect%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
我完全同意你的看法，期待我们能深入探讨这个问题。 “板凳”（第三个回帖的人） 你的话语如春风拂面，温暖了我的心房，真的很感谢。 我深感你的理解与共鸣，愿对话长流。
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