全世界首个!癌症亦要有疫苗了?打一针就能预防 90% 肺癌
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/NzKkzoeG5s22wgA1lFNCribUpF6kCms6QiauVvQ0zxCSXuKfWGSQBnrZZKSyCVR3cKZctEn38Q6mJ36dtEkt1NGw/640?wx_fmt=gif&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&tp=webp" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p><span style="color: black;">本文作者:阿黛勒、云<span style="color: black;">亦</span></span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">打一针就能预防 90% 的肺癌,这一天似乎真的要来了。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">英国牛津大学 3 月 22 日<span style="color: black;">颁布</span>信息,牛津大学、弗朗西斯·克里克<span style="color: black;">科研</span>所和伦敦大学学院的<span style="color: black;">科研</span>人员,</span><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">已<span style="color: black;">得到</span> 170 万英镑(约合人民币 1553 万元)的资金,用于<span style="color: black;">研发</span>世界首款预防性肺癌疫苗,</span></strong></span><span style="color: black;">将<span style="color: black;">运用</span>类</span><span style="color: black;">似于<span style="color: black;">已然</span>成功上市的牛津/阿斯利康的新冠疫苗所用技术。</span><span style="color: black;"></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">日前</span>,绝大部分「癌症疫苗」都是治疗性疫苗,<span style="color: black;">重点</span>应用于癌症<span style="color: black;">病人</span>治疗,而非健康人的预防。人类历史上真正能预防癌症的疫苗<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">仅有</span>两种,针对的都是病毒感染,即乙肝疫苗和 HPV 宫颈癌疫苗。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">而牛津大学将要<span style="color: black;">开发</span>的这款疫苗,却打算真正预防肺癌的形成。</span></strong></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">获 1553 万元资金,首批 3000 剂</span></strong></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">预防癌症的疫苗,怎么会和新冠疫苗扯上关系?</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">人体识别新冠病毒产生免疫反应,<span style="color: black;">重点</span>是识别病毒上的 S 蛋白。牛津大学此前的新冠疫苗,属于腺病毒载体疫苗,把能够产生 S 蛋白的 DNA,装在<span style="color: black;">无</span>毒性的腺病毒载体中。送进人体后,细胞就会表达 S 蛋白,人体会以为自己感染了新冠,从而产生免疫应答反应,从而起到<span style="color: black;">守护</span>效果。</span><span style="color: black;"></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/NzKkzoeG5s0x6CbZ7lz51TTJJ1WKuh7eetibZRMRyfj6za4SicP5nzNO9CFpCIouYFicoD3aL52nI3j5PJy3BHdGg/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">病毒载体疫苗工作原理 图源:文献 2</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">癌症与病毒感染相比的特殊之处,在于它是人体<span style="color: black;">自己</span>组织细胞变异,并非外来入侵。这就给免疫系统出了个<span style="color: black;">困难</span>:怎么将看上去<span style="color: black;">亦</span>是自己人的癌细胞,和正常细胞区<span style="color: black;">掰开</span>来。牛津大学免疫肿瘤学教授兼肺癌疫苗项目负责人 Tim Elliott 教授就指出「让免疫系统识别并攻击癌细胞」,是当今癌症<span style="color: black;">科研</span>最大的挑战之一。</span><span style="color: black;"></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">好在,癌细胞<span style="color: black;">亦</span>并非毫<span style="color: black;">没</span>破绽。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">肺癌细胞表面与正常细胞不同,随着细胞 DNA <span style="color: black;">出现</span>致癌突变,就会产生一种<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>作「新抗原」的蛋白,从细胞表面长出来,<span style="color: black;">作为</span>免疫细胞能够识别的标志<span style="color: black;"> </span>。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">基于这一特点,</span><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">这款名为 LungVax 的新疫苗,将携带一条能表达「预警」蛋白</span></strong></span><span style="color: black;">(此次未披露所用新抗原信息,以 「red flag」指代)</span><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">的 DNA 链进入人体,让人体像识别新冠病毒的 S 蛋白<span style="color: black;">同样</span>,激活免疫系统,杀死这些<span style="color: black;">目的</span>细胞,以阻止肺癌的<span style="color: black;">出现</span>。</span></strong></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">据牛津大学介绍,<span style="color: black;">日前</span>这款疫苗正在实验室<span style="color: black;">研发</span><span style="color: black;">周期</span>。<span style="color: black;">日前</span>处在证明它能成功、稳定地<span style="color: black;">诱发</span>机体的免疫应答反应的概念验证<span style="color: black;">周期</span>。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">倘若</span>这项工作取得成功,疫苗将直接进入临床<span style="color: black;">实验</span><span style="color: black;">周期</span>,并逐步扩大到针对肺癌高<span style="color: black;">危害</span>人群的更大规模的临床<span style="color: black;">实验</span>,<span style="color: black;">包含</span>年龄在 55~74 岁之间的正在吸烟或戒烟人群。</span></strong></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">日前</span>,针对性肺部健康筛查,是高危人群预防肺癌<span style="color: black;">出现</span>的最<span style="color: black;">重点</span>手段。<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>预防性肺癌疫苗<span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">得到</span>成功,则将<span style="color: black;">作为</span>一种最有力的<span style="color: black;">弥补</span>手段。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">英国癌症<span style="color: black;">科研</span>院和 CRIS 癌症基金会<span style="color: black;">供给</span>的这 170 万英镑资金,将在<span style="color: black;">将来</span>两年<span style="color: black;">持续</span>注入。</span><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">除了用于推动<span style="color: black;">科研</span>,还将完成首批 3,000 剂疫苗的初始生产。</span></strong></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">老瓶装新酒:既要治疗,又要预防</span></strong></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">这几年频频被<span style="color: black;">报告</span>的「癌症疫苗」,其实并<span style="color: black;">不可</span>预防癌症。</span></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">据不完全统计,<span style="color: black;">日前</span><span style="color: black;">全世界</span>范围内在研的「癌症疫苗」有 500 余种,已有 16 个<span style="color: black;">获准</span>上市;美国研发的 7 个肿瘤疫苗<span style="color: black;">制品</span>均已<span style="color: black;">获准</span>上市,其中 3 个首次上市于美国,其余 4 个<span style="color: black;">制品</span>分别上市于瑞士、加拿大、俄罗斯和德国,覆盖了膀胱肿瘤、黑色素瘤及胶质母细胞瘤等<span style="color: black;"></span>。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">这些癌症疫苗都是治疗性的,<span style="color: black;">重点</span><span style="color: black;">目的</span>是延长已患癌<span style="color: black;">病人</span>的<span style="color: black;">存活</span>期,预防的是复发、转移、死亡等不良预后。</span></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">早在 2010 年,自体免疫细胞疗法 sipuleucel-T <span style="color: black;">作为</span>美国食品<span style="color: black;">药品</span>监督管理局(FDA)<span style="color: black;">准许</span>的首个针对实体恶性肿瘤的疫苗疗法(针对前列腺癌)。当时的<span style="color: black;">科研</span><span style="color: black;">表示</span>,sipuleucel-T 可带来 4.1 个月<span style="color: black;">存活</span>期延长<span style="color: black;"> </span>。</span></p><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/NzKkzoeG5s0x6CbZ7lz51TTJJ1WKuh7e7aZwVy6kqIKdOKs8NibJQ3onxKr4Ze1Jibgia9cicogLFfV3WEUP6AV31w/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;">
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">图源:文献 6</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">然则</span>,这款<span style="color: black;">繁杂</span>且昂贵的疫苗并未<span style="color: black;">得到</span>广泛应用,以 PSA(前列腺癌的特异性标志物) 为<span style="color: black;">基本</span>的癌症疫苗的 Ⅲ 期<span style="color: black;">科研</span>( PROSTVAC-VF )结果<span style="color: black;">亦</span>不尽人意。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">到 2013 年,几项针对肿瘤<span style="color: black;">关联</span>抗原(TAA)的疫苗 Ⅲ 期临床<span style="color: black;">实验</span><span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">持续</span>宣告失败。TAA 并非肿瘤细胞所特有,正常细胞可微量合成,而在肿瘤细胞增殖时高度表达,其免疫原性和安全性并<span style="color: black;">无</span>肿瘤特异性抗原好。</span><span style="color: black;"></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">然而,转机<span style="color: black;">亦</span>就在同一年到来。当年,人体对癌细胞新抗原的免疫反应得到验证,肿瘤治疗性疫苗被 Science 评为年度最<span style="color: black;">要紧</span>的科学突破<span style="color: black;"></span>。</span></p><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/NzKkzoeG5s0x6CbZ7lz51TTJJ1WKuh7ej4HucOQbyiaZ0VclQvlHZoUoiaPpyukUMRwLJEnvbBmh2TF3zpqQwCDw/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;">
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">图源:文献 7</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">此后,治疗性肿瘤疫苗成果渐多——2017 年,个体化的 mRNA 癌症疫苗进行了<span style="color: black;">第1</span>次人体<span style="color: black;">实验</span>。</span><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">此后,肿瘤治疗性疫苗渐渐形<span style="color: black;">成为了</span>获取已<span style="color: black;">出现</span>的肿瘤组织,测序分析、预测并<span style="color: black;">选取</span>合适的新抗原<span style="color: black;">做为</span>靶点制备疫苗的通用流程,</span></strong><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">起始</span>在优化疫苗配方、给药<span style="color: black;">方法</span>和联合疗法等方向上继续发展。</span></p><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/NzKkzoeG5s0x6CbZ7lz51TTJJ1WKuh7ehUcKvbLOEJNbVvYXsKuYeTI0ye8OUYSKBX4A9CFBnSbEek9vdvQIgg/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;">
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">治疗性癌症疫苗<span style="color: black;">功效</span>机制 图源:文献 6</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">近年来,<span style="color: black;">因为</span> mRNA 疫苗的广泛应用,使得 mRNA 在生产策略、递送系统、抗肿瘤免疫策略等多方面取得<span style="color: black;">发展</span>,<span style="color: black;">亦</span>加速了 mRNA 疫苗治疗的临床应用</span><span style="color: black;"> </span><span style="color: black;">。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">2021 年波士顿咨询<span style="color: black;">机构</span>曾预测,到 2035 年,mRNA <span style="color: black;">药品</span>将会达到 230 亿美元市场规模,mRNA 肿瘤治疗性疫苗将分席超 30%</span><span style="color: black;"> </span><span style="color: black;">。2022 年底,主研 mRNA 技术的 BioNTech <span style="color: black;">机构</span><span style="color: black;">更加是</span>直接在采访中放出了<span style="color: black;">详细</span>时间点:「mRNA 技术的癌症疫苗可用于治疗癌症,<span style="color: black;">关联</span><span style="color: black;">药品</span>或将于 2030 年<span style="color: black;">面世</span>。」</span><span style="color: black;"> </span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">日前</span>,理论上任何实体瘤只要找到理想的新抗原,就<span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">经过</span>癌症疫苗进行治疗,预防肿瘤复发、改善<span style="color: black;">长时间</span>预后。</span></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">反观<span style="color: black;">始终</span>备受期待但姗姗来迟的预防性疫苗</span><span style="color: black;">,从原理上看,它就像是治疗性癌症疫苗与病毒疫苗生下的<span style="color: black;">孩儿</span>:</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">用传统腺病毒载体疫苗的机制这个「老瓶子」,装上癌细胞新抗原的 DNA 这壶「新酒」,像打新冠疫苗<span style="color: black;">同样</span>,让免疫系统提前预习癌细胞的「特殊长相」(即表达的新抗原)。</span></strong><span style="color: black;">当癌细胞真的<span style="color: black;">显现</span>时,免疫系统就能像杀灭外来的病毒<span style="color: black;">同样</span>,将癌症扼杀在萌芽状态。当</span><span style="color: black;">然,</span><span style="color: black;">癌症<span style="color: black;">已然</span><span style="color: black;">出现</span>后,</span><span style="color: black;">疫苗依然</span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">能够</span>兼顾治疗</span><span style="color: black;">。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">牛津大学实验肿瘤学教授、LungVax 项目的创始人 Sarah Blagden 指出了预防性疫苗「越早越有用」的特点:「用疫苗阻止高危人群<span style="color: black;">身体</span>形成肺癌,是预防这种毁灭性<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>中非常<span style="color: black;">要紧</span>的一步。」</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">按照</span>计算机模型和先期<span style="color: black;">科研</span>,LungVax <span style="color: black;">能够</span>覆盖大约 90% 的肺癌。</span></strong><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">这里</span>次<span style="color: black;">重点</span>出资的英国癌症<span style="color: black;">科研</span>院首席执行官 Michelle Mitchell 看来,有使世界摆脱新冠疫情大流行的成功先例<span style="color: black;">做为</span><span style="color: black;">基本</span>,LungVax 应当能够在癌症预防上<span style="color: black;">火速</span>取得突破。</span><span style="color: black;"></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">「预防性疫苗,可能<span style="color: black;">火速</span>就能给人类带来活得更长、更好,<span style="color: black;">无</span>癌症恐惧的<span style="color: black;">将来</span>。」</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">致谢:本文由 免疫与炎症全国重点实验室副教授 虞淦军 专业审核</span></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">策划:</span><span style="color: black;">云<span style="color: black;">亦</span> | 监制:</span><span style="color: black;">gyouza、carollero</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">题图<span style="color: black;">源自</span>:视觉中国</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">参考文献</span></p><span style="color: black;">https://www.ox.ac.uk/news/2024-03-22-new-funding-development-worlds-first-lung-cancer-vaccine</span><span style="color: black;">https://www.mayoclinic.org/zh-hans/diseases-conditions/coronavirus/in-depth/different-types-of-covid-19-vaccines/art-20506465</span><span style="color: black;">Xie N, Shen G, Gao W, Huang Z, Huang C, Fu L. Neoantigens: promising targets for cancer therapy. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2023 Jan 6;8(1):9. doi: 10.1038/s41392-022-01270-x. PMID: 36604431; PMCID: PMC9816309.</span><span style="color: black;">Xie W, Chen B,Wong J. Evolution of the market for mRNA technology. Nature reviews. Drugdiscovery, 2021, 20(10): 735-736.</span><span style="color: black;">https://www.fda.gov/media/78511/download</span><span style="color: black;">Fan T, Zhang M, Yang J, Zhu Z, Cao W, Dong C. Therapeutic cancer vaccines: advancements, challenges, and prospects. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2023 Dec 13;8(1):450. doi: 10.1038/s41392-023-01674-3. PMID: 38086815; PMCID: PMC10716479.</span><span style="color: black;">https://www.science.org/content/article/sciences-top-10-breakthroughs-2013</span><span style="color: black;">Deng Z, Tian Y, Song J, An G, Yang P. mRNA Vaccines: The Dawn of a New Era of Cancer Immunotherapy. Front Immunol. 2022 Jun 2;13:887125. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.887125. PMID: 35720301; PMCID: PMC9201022.</span><span style="color: black;">Xie W, Chen B, Wong J. Evolution of the market for mRNA technology. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2021 Oct;20(10):735-736. doi: 10.1038/d41573-021-00147-y. Erratum in: Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2021 Nov;20(11):880. PMID: 34475543.</span><span style="color: black;">https://www.theguardian.com/society/2022/oct/16/vaccines-to-treat-cancer-possible-by-2030-say-biontech-founders</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">丁香园是面向医疗从业者的专业平台,以「助力中国<span style="color: black;">大夫</span>」为己任。在丁香园,<span style="color: black;">能够</span>和同行讨论病例 ,在线学习公开课,<span style="color: black;">运用</span>用药助手等临床决策<span style="color: black;">工具</span>,在丁香人才找<span style="color: black;">靠谱</span>医疗岗位。</span></p>
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