219mze 发表于 2024-9-3 15:39:41

巨头们正在浪费自己的价值链 | 42 Daily


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      <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">本文来自<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>的创投社群「创投理想国」 42 Daily。</strong></p>
      <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">你好,欢迎打开创投理想国会员通讯。今天<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>来聊聊互联网巨头的价值链。</p>
      <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">2017 年 6 月 16 日,在亚马逊宣布以 137 亿美元收购 Whole Foods Market Inc.(全美最大的高端生鲜连锁超市)之后,美国所有主打线下零售的上市<span style="color: black;">机构</span>股价暴跌,如下图,这<span style="color: black;">包含</span>沃尔玛和 Costco 零售等<span style="color: black;">机构</span>。</p>
      <div style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><img src="https://p3-sign.toutiaoimg.com/pgc-image/1c572a9c3215476ab322458330cac2e9~noop.image?_iz=58558&amp;from=article.pc_detail&amp;lk3s=953192f4&amp;x-expires=1725940803&amp;x-signature=rxmQkOa2p7w30n1ee1gvxC375Bc%3D" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></div>
      <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">股市的剧烈震荡<span style="color: black;">寓意</span>着,当时的市场看好亚马逊,<span style="color: black;">乃至</span>认为亚马逊收购 Whole Foods Market Inc. <span style="color: black;">能够</span>颠覆传统线下零售业。</p>
      <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">时间回到今年初,UBS 发布了一份消费调查,结果是,2018 年以每月一次的频率在亚马逊上买杂货的会员人数比 2017 年少。</p>
      <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">事实上,<span style="color: black;">通常</span>的线下超市送货服务<span style="color: black;">一月</span>要 200 美元,亚马逊是 74 美元。而数据<span style="color: black;">表示</span>,家庭主妇们<span style="color: black;">运用</span>前者的频率比后者高。</p>
      <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">大众</span>似乎高估亚马逊了。</strong></p>
      <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">Ben Thompson 认为,亚马逊收购 Whole Foods Market Inc. 这一<span style="color: black;">措施</span>最后并不算成功,是<span style="color: black;">由于</span>这<span style="color: black;">没法</span>与亚马逊的原有价值链整合,<span style="color: black;">因此</span><span style="color: black;">没法</span>创造更大价值。</p>
      <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">针对</span>一家<span style="color: black;">已然</span><span style="color: black;">得到</span>成功的<span style="color: black;">机构</span><span style="color: black;">来讲</span>,赚的钱应该被投入到<span style="color: black;">哪些</span><span style="color: black;">能够</span>重新整合原有价值链的事情上,使价值链其它部分壮大,<span style="color: black;">经过</span>有价值的差异性<span style="color: black;">创立</span>和加深护城河。</strong></p>
      <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">拿沃尔玛和亚马逊举例子。</p>
      <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">如下图,在沃尔玛传统价值链中,链接供给和<span style="color: black;">需要</span>的依次是批发、分发、零售商店,而沃尔玛能够将批发和昂贵的线下商店网络整合在<span style="color: black;">一块</span>,从而为<span style="color: black;">需要</span>方<span style="color: black;">供给</span>低价。</p>
      <div style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><img src="https://p3-sign.toutiaoimg.com/pgc-image/663da4fe56c34cbc8a61f7e05bf52ae3~noop.image?_iz=58558&amp;from=article.pc_detail&amp;lk3s=953192f4&amp;x-expires=1725940803&amp;x-signature=Svn0Pmj0voVMnyeYHhV5e8T8BVk%3D" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></div>
      <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">而亚马逊的<span style="color: black;">显现</span>,<span style="color: black;">便是</span>用新技术重新整合这一价值链。如下图,Amazon.com 把批发(wholesaling)和履约中心(fulfillment centers)整合到了<span style="color: black;">一块</span>,<span style="color: black;">而后</span><span style="color: black;">经过</span>模块化的配送服务分发(Distribution)。关键是,这一系列整合确实给消费者带来了低价和方便。</p>
      <div style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><img src="https://p3-sign.toutiaoimg.com/pgc-image/8d97d10228a2464aad535f3e521d2091~noop.image?_iz=58558&amp;from=article.pc_detail&amp;lk3s=953192f4&amp;x-expires=1725940803&amp;x-signature=rz8G2Jbd%2FhQItzQbSEKIjCfxEuE%3D" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></div>
      <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">亚马逊最初一系列的整合很成功,<span style="color: black;">然则</span>收购 Whole Foods 并<span style="color: black;">无</span>达到<span style="color: black;">一样</span>的效果。这是<span style="color: black;">由于</span>,<strong style="color: blue;">生鲜并不契合亚马逊的价值链。</strong></p>
      <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">生鲜都是<span style="color: black;">不易</span><span style="color: black;">保留</span>的商品,<span style="color: black;">况且</span>商品质量不像普通货物<span style="color: black;">同样</span><span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">保准</span>。举个例子,超市里卖的沐浴露,基本上只要是同一款,每瓶质量都是<span style="color: black;">同样</span>的;<span style="color: black;">然则</span>假如说你去超市里买<span style="color: black;">果蔬</span>,同一篮的<span style="color: black;">果蔬</span>都不可能是一个样子、一个味道。更何况,生鲜还很讲<span style="color: black;">鲜嫩</span>度。</p>
      <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">因此呢</span>,生鲜比较适合线下店铺模式,而不是亚马逊以履约中心为<span style="color: black;">基本</span>的分发模式。</strong></p>
      <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">当然,<span style="color: black;">咱们</span><span style="color: black;">不可</span>决绝地说亚马逊这事儿<span style="color: black;">必定</span>干不成。当亚马逊<span style="color: black;">创立</span>起一套适合生鲜的配送和储存模式时,它肯定能成。<span style="color: black;">然则</span>,<span style="color: black;">这般</span>的亚马逊可能会看着非常像沃尔玛,<span style="color: black;">已然</span>在这个<span style="color: black;">行业</span>拔得头筹、资源丰富的沃尔玛又岂会将到手的香饽饽让人?</p>
      <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">其实巨头经常犯类似错误,<span style="color: black;">例如</span> Google、Facebook、Apple。</p>
      <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">先<span style="color: black;">瞧瞧</span> Google。<span style="color: black;">大众</span>都<span style="color: black;">晓得</span>,Google 最<span style="color: black;">起始</span><span style="color: black;">亦</span>是最核心的业务是搜索引擎,价值链非常简单:<strong style="color: blue;">供给方(网站)- google.com - <span style="color: black;">需要</span>方(找特定内容的网民)</strong>。</p>
      <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">这个价值链最后形<span style="color: black;">成为了</span>良性循环,<span style="color: black;">海量</span><span style="color: black;">需要</span>使 Google <span style="color: black;">持续</span><span style="color: black;">增多</span>供给能力,优化体验,最后得到<span style="color: black;">更加多</span><span style="color: black;">需要</span>。</p>
      <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">后来 Google 把良性循环产生的利润投入到了整合价值链,如下图。<strong style="color: blue;">一方面,Google 继续<span style="color: black;">奋斗</span>建设<span style="color: black;">基本</span><span style="color: black;">设备</span>,完善服务器、光纤等等;另一方面,它加入了<span style="color: black;">宣传</span>。</strong></p>
      <div style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><img src="https://p3-sign.toutiaoimg.com/pgc-image/3052768815f74cdd92221672abb928a8~noop.image?_iz=58558&amp;from=article.pc_detail&amp;lk3s=953192f4&amp;x-expires=1725940803&amp;x-signature=xGDr4pwywbpYpGERuVBHKJtcxYY%3D" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></div>
      <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">被整合进来的<span style="color: black;">基本</span><span style="color: black;">设备</span>和<span style="color: black;">宣传</span>加强了原来的搜索价值链,这个价值链运作地非常好。<span style="color: black;">然则</span> Google Cloud 就没这么走运了。</p>
      <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">Google Cloud 算是<span style="color: black;">基本</span><span style="color: black;">设备</span>,乍一看,这不<span style="color: black;">便是</span> Google 引以为傲、并确实跑在世界前端的<span style="color: black;">基本</span><span style="color: black;">设备</span>吗?<span style="color: black;">非常多</span>人都在说,Amazon 和 Microsoft <span style="color: black;">危险</span>重重。</p>
      <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">但问题是,Google 的价值链并不契合软件服务的<span style="color: black;">规律</span>。</strong>Google 的<span style="color: black;">规律</span>是,我建好了广场,<span style="color: black;">那样</span>多市民,<span style="color: black;">她们</span>会自己<span style="color: black;">步行到</span>广场里玩儿的,我要做的最多<span style="color: black;">便是</span><span style="color: black;">保准</span>广场干净安全。</p>
      <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">然则</span>软件服务的<span style="color: black;">规律</span>是,我开了一家<span style="color: black;">尤其</span>小众的店,买的人本来就很少,我肯定要自己多去找客户,<span style="color: black;">乃至</span>为<span style="color: black;">她们</span>量身定制<span style="color: black;">制品</span>。</p>
      <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">后者比前者多了一个中间层,即和用户对接的<span style="color: black;">营销</span>、用户支持、客服等等。</strong><span style="color: black;">然则</span>,Google 这部分非常贫瘠。Google 拿鸡蛋打石头,不在自己的价值链里玩,<span style="color: black;">短期</span>肯定玩<span style="color: black;">不外</span>亚马逊和微软。</p>
      <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">在 Ben 看来,Facebook 做 Watch 和 VR、Apple 做流<span style="color: black;">媒介</span>、微软做手机和消费互联网服务<span style="color: black;">亦</span>是一个道理,都跳出了<span style="color: black;">自己</span>原有的价值链,跟本来<span style="color: black;">便是</span>流<span style="color: black;">媒介</span>大佬的企业竞争,而不是整合原有价值链,大概率得不偿失。</p>
      <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">讲到流<span style="color: black;">媒介</span>,不得不提 Netflix,这个<span style="color: black;">机构</span><span style="color: black;">便是</span>重新整合已有价值链来加深护城河的优秀<span style="color: black;">表率</span>。</p>
      <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">Netflix 最初的<span style="color: black;">商场</span>模式是<span style="color: black;">经过</span>邮件租 DVD,下图是它的价值链,内容创造者把内容卖给 Netflix,Netflix 再把内容放进 DVD 租给用户。这<span style="color: black;">寓意</span>着,Netflix 整合了用户关系和内容所有权。</p>
      <div style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><img src="https://p3-sign.toutiaoimg.com/pgc-image/0a5cfaeab4474451bf54aa402e66c8dc~noop.image?_iz=58558&amp;from=article.pc_detail&amp;lk3s=953192f4&amp;x-expires=1725940803&amp;x-signature=mAnPJ8e6PLcnX44Ef%2FfCMN96PyY%3D" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></div>
      <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">Netflix 后来不卖 DVD 了,而是<span style="color: black;">持续</span>买原创内容做流<span style="color: black;">媒介</span>,看起来技术很不<span style="color: black;">同样</span>,但其实跟 DVD 时代的价值链<span style="color: black;">规律</span>是<span style="color: black;">同样</span>的。</p>
      <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">相比把相同的技术放进全新的价值链,把新技术放进原来就可行的价值链比较<span style="color: black;">可靠</span>。</strong></p>
      <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">不外</span>,巨头就算是折腾<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">不易</span>一下子死掉,毕竟已有资源真的很丰富,已有的价值链<span style="color: black;">亦</span>还在<span style="color: black;">持续</span>产生价值,失败<span style="color: black;">亦</span>需要时间。只是说,<span style="color: black;">长时间</span>来看,它们的资源<span style="color: black;">亦</span>许<span style="color: black;">无</span>外延生长。</p>
      <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">最后,Ben Thompson 认为,巨头<span style="color: black;">亦</span>许比<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>想象地局限得多,它们在价值链上的创新能力,<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">便是</span>这篇<span style="color: black;">文案</span>讲的整合能力,<span style="color: black;">亦</span>比<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>想象地弱得多。</p>
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1fy07h 发表于 2024-10-10 02:45:23

期待更新、坐等、迫不及待等。

b1gc8v 发表于 2024-10-18 06:56:23

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