qzmjef 发表于 2024-9-3 00:21:30

签定外贸合同应注意的10个法律问题


    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">文&nbsp;|&nbsp;杨晓佳 山东德衡律师事务所律师</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">导读:自2001年正式加入WTO<span style="color: black;">败兴</span>,我国的进出口总额<span style="color: black;">快速</span>增长,2002年我国进出口总值仅仅为6208亿美元,2004年首次突破1万亿达到11545亿美元,2007年则突破2万亿达到21766亿美元,2011年<span style="color: black;">更加是</span>进一步突破3万亿美元达到36416亿美元,而<span style="color: black;">按照</span>海关总署最新<span style="color: black;">颁布</span>的数据,2016年1-6月份我国进出口总值达到17126.7亿美元。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">从数据上<span style="color: black;">能够</span>看出,2002年到2016间我国进出口总额增长了5倍以上,然而<span style="color: black;">伴同</span>着对对外贸易的扩大,我国企业在国际贸易中遭遇的贸易摩擦和纠纷<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">显现</span>了成倍的增长,而我国的企业尤其是中小企业在进行国际贸易时<span style="color: black;">显著</span><span style="color: black;">处在</span>竞争弱势地位,<span style="color: black;">因此呢</span>从事进出口贸易的企业在贸易中应当<span style="color: black;">熟练</span>并<span style="color: black;">恰当</span>运用我国法律的<span style="color: black;">关联</span>规定,降低贸易<span style="color: black;">危害</span>,<span style="color: black;">守护</span><span style="color: black;">自己</span>的合法权益。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">本文作者将针对国际贸易合同的部分条款进行相应的<span style="color: black;">危害</span>提示,供从事国际贸易的<span style="color: black;">关联</span>人士参考。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">1、</span>在合同文本<span style="color: black;">触及</span>外文的<span style="color: black;">状况</span>下应当<span style="color: black;">重视</span>的问题</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">英语为<span style="color: black;">日前</span>世界通用的语言,<span style="color: black;">因此呢</span><span style="color: black;">都数</span><span style="color: black;">状况</span>下,外商倾向于<span style="color: black;">签定</span>英文(或其他外文)合同,<span style="color: black;">或</span>中英文版本的合同,这就<span style="color: black;">需求</span>我国的进出口企业在<span style="color: black;">签定</span><span style="color: black;">或</span>审查合<span style="color: black;">同期</span><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">应当<span style="color: black;">同期</span>审查中文版本与英文(或其他外文)合同版本,并<span style="color: black;">重视</span>中英文翻译<span style="color: black;">是不是</span>完全一致且不会<span style="color: black;">出现</span>歧义。<span style="color: black;">另一</span>,稳妥起见,<span style="color: black;">意见</span>外贸企业在<span style="color: black;">签定</span>贸易合<span style="color: black;">同期</span><span style="color: black;">知道</span>合同条款以中文版本为准,外文版本仅供参考</span></strong>。<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>外商<span style="color: black;">保持</span>以外文版本为主,则我国企业必须对认真核对外文版本,并且适时与外方进行沟通,以落实<span style="color: black;">关联</span>条款的确切内涵,<span style="color: black;">以避免</span>因对合同文本理解<span style="color: black;">区别</span>而产生争议。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">2、</span>对方<span style="color: black;">机构</span>为离岸<span style="color: black;">机构</span>应当<span style="color: black;">重视</span>的问题</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">在相当多的国际贸易合同中,对方均为注册于英属维尔京群岛、开曼、百慕大等地的离岸<span style="color: black;">机构</span>。离岸<span style="color: black;">机构</span><span style="color: black;">拥有</span>成立快速、注册方便以及管理简便灵活等优点。<span style="color: black;">因此呢</span>,国外<span style="color: black;">乃至</span>相当多的国内企业均成立离岸<span style="color: black;">机构</span>,<span style="color: black;">经过</span>离岸<span style="color: black;">机构</span>与国内企业<span style="color: black;">签定</span>进出口合同,以减少付汇等方面的成本。<span style="color: black;">然则</span>,离岸<span style="color: black;">机构</span>在法律上是独立的法人,却<span style="color: black;">无</span>资产和<span style="color: black;">实质</span>承担责任的能力,一旦<span style="color: black;">出现</span>纠纷,守约方<span style="color: black;">需求</span>离岸<span style="color: black;">机构</span>承担责任<span style="color: black;">常常</span><span style="color: black;">没法</span>落实,<span style="color: black;">最后</span>自己遭受损失。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">因此呢</span>,<strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">外贸企业在<span style="color: black;">签定</span>合<span style="color: black;">同期</span>,<span style="color: black;">发掘</span>对方为离岸<span style="color: black;">机构</span>的,务必其进行详尽的、全方位的调查,尤其应当<span style="color: black;">重视</span>调查其背景资料、经营<span style="color: black;">情况</span>以及以往的履约能力、<span style="color: black;">商场</span>信誉等,<span style="color: black;">保证</span>其<span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">根据</span>合同履行义务,必要时<span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">需求</span>设立该离岸<span style="color: black;">机构</span>的<span style="color: black;">机构</span><span style="color: black;">或</span>其法定<span style="color: black;">表率</span>人或股东等承担连带<span style="color: black;">保准</span>责任。</span></strong></span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">3、</span><span style="color: black;">触及</span>配额或许可证管理的货物应当<span style="color: black;">重视</span>的问题</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">我国《中华人民共和国对外贸易法》(2004修订)以及国务院颁布的《中华人民共和国货物进出口管理条例》均<span style="color: black;">知道</span>国家<span style="color: black;">针对</span>部分限制进出口的货物实施配额管理或许可证管理。其中,有数量限制的限制进出口货物,实行配额管理,其他限制进出口货物,实行许可证管理。并且,我国对配额内与配额外货物实施<span style="color: black;">区别</span>的关税税率。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">因此呢</span>,外贸企业在从事国际贸易时,<strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">应当<span style="color: black;">首要</span><span style="color: black;">重视</span>贸易项下的货物<span style="color: black;">是不是</span>属于外经贸部制定的《出口许可证管理商品目录》、《出口许可证分级发证目录》以及商务部或海关总署后期<span style="color: black;">持续</span><span style="color: black;">增多</span>或变更的属于配额或许可证管理制度的范畴,<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>贸易标的属于配额或许可证管理制度的范畴</span></strong>,外贸企业或代理人在<span style="color: black;">签定</span>贸易合<span style="color: black;">同期</span><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">务必<span style="color: black;">保证</span><span style="color: black;">已然</span>取得相应的配额或许可证</span></strong>,<span style="color: black;">以避免</span><span style="color: black;">签定</span>合同后<span style="color: black;">没法</span>按约履行而承担违约责任或行政处罚。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">4、</span>外贸代理人应当<span style="color: black;">重视</span>的问题</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">在部分进出口贸易中,<span style="color: black;">实质</span>的国内卖方或买方可能<span style="color: black;">由于</span>种种<span style="color: black;">原由</span>(如代理人有比<span style="color: black;">很强</span>的银行授信额度,便于开证或对外付款,<span style="color: black;">或</span>代理人系国外<span style="color: black;">机构</span>较为认可的企业,便于<span style="color: black;">签定</span>合同等)不直接与外商<span style="color: black;">签定</span>贸易合同,而是<span style="color: black;">拜托</span>代理人与外商<span style="color: black;">签定</span>合同。<strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">做为</span>代理人,在代理他人对外<span style="color: black;">签定</span>合<span style="color: black;">同期</span>,应当<span style="color: black;">首要</span>考察委托人的经营<span style="color: black;">情况</span>、履约能力以及<span style="color: black;">商场</span>信誉等<span style="color: black;">状况</span>,在<span style="color: black;">熟练</span>、<span style="color: black;">认识</span>业务、充分考察<span style="color: black;">危害</span>的<span style="color: black;">基本</span>上,与<span style="color: black;">拜托</span>人<span style="color: black;">签定</span>相应的代理合同。</span></strong></span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">代理进口时,代理人在与<span style="color: black;">拜托</span>人<span style="color: black;">签定</span>《代理进口合同》的<span style="color: black;">同期</span>,应一并与其<span style="color: black;">签定</span>《质押合同》<span style="color: black;">或</span>《信托收据》等类似合同,以进口货物<span style="color: black;">营销</span><span style="color: black;">做为</span>还款<span style="color: black;">源自</span>。而在代理人代为垫付货款的<span style="color: black;">状况</span>下,代理人应当<span style="color: black;">需求</span><span style="color: black;">拜托</span>人先付款后提货,<span style="color: black;">或</span>分批放货,以降低代理人的<span style="color: black;">危害</span>。<span style="color: black;">同期</span>,<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>进口的货物为铁矿石或原油等价格波动<span style="color: black;">很强</span>的大宗商品,代理人企业还应当充分<span style="color: black;">思虑</span>价格变化可能对<span style="color: black;">自己</span>存在的<span style="color: black;">危害</span>,<strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">按照</span><span style="color: black;">实质</span><span style="color: black;">状况</span><span style="color: black;">需求</span><span style="color: black;">拜托</span>人<span style="color: black;">供给</span><span style="color: black;">必定</span>比例的<span style="color: black;">保准</span>金</span></strong>,以避免<span style="color: black;">因为</span>价格大幅下滑,<span style="color: black;">拜托</span>人弃货,代理人遭受损失的<span style="color: black;">状况</span><span style="color: black;">显现</span>。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">5、</span>关于合同以及合同<span style="color: black;">关联</span>的文书的签署问题</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">在国际贸易中,<span style="color: black;">因为</span>买卖双方距离较远,而商品的价格变化较快,基于效率,相当多企业均采用电子邮件或传真、<span style="color: black;">乃至</span>于网络聊天的方式与外商<span style="color: black;">签定</span>贸易合同,简单快捷的签约方式<span style="color: black;">加强</span>了效率,<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">增多</span>了<span style="color: black;">危害</span>。<span style="color: black;">意见</span>外贸企业在<span style="color: black;">签定</span>合<span style="color: black;">同期</span><span style="color: black;">尽可能</span><span style="color: black;">需求</span>对方在<span style="color: black;">经过</span>邮件或传真等方式<span style="color: black;">签定</span>合同后,<strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">原样补签一份加盖单位公章或法人签章的合同原件邮寄到本企业</span></strong>,一旦<span style="color: black;">出现</span>争议,则<span style="color: black;">能够</span>依据合同主张<span style="color: black;">关联</span>权益。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">6、</span>关于合同内容的货物名<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>、数量、产地等条款要准确、<span style="color: black;">详细</span></span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">合同中货物名<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>、数量、重量、单价、产地等均为合同的<span style="color: black;">重点</span>条款,<span style="color: black;">因此呢</span>,我国企业在同国外客户<span style="color: black;">签定</span>进口或出口合<span style="color: black;">同期</span>,<strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">务必<span style="color: black;">重视</span>合同的<span style="color: black;">重点</span>条款做到<span style="color: black;">知道</span>、<span style="color: black;">详细</span>、不会<span style="color: black;">出现</span>歧义</span></strong>(大豆或铜精矿等采用点价方式确定货物价格的,<span style="color: black;">亦</span>应当<span style="color: black;">知道</span><span style="color: black;">详细</span>的点价月份和升贴水幅度)。<span style="color: black;">例如</span>,在进口橡胶的贸易中,<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>货物名<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>为泰国标准胶(STR20),产地仅约定为泰国,则产地<span style="color: black;">不足</span><span style="color: black;">知道</span>(应当<span style="color: black;">知道</span>到<span style="color: black;">详细</span>工厂);<span style="color: black;">例如</span>在数量条款中,我国企业<span style="color: black;">做为</span>出口方时,应当<span style="color: black;">按照</span><span style="color: black;">详细</span>业务需要<span style="color: black;">思虑</span><span style="color: black;">是不是</span>在合同中加入溢短装条款,<span style="color: black;">针对</span>钢材、原油等大宗散货商品,则必须要规定相应的溢短装条款,<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>未规定,则在采用信用证方式付款时,出口方很可能<span style="color: black;">没法</span>完成相符交单,<span style="color: black;">因此呢</span>很可能被银行拒付,<span style="color: black;">从而</span>遭受损失。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">同期</span>,<span style="color: black;">意见</span>我国企业在出口时,应争取溢短装幅度由我方确定,以<span style="color: black;">尽可能</span>规避价格变化可能对我方产生的<span style="color: black;">有害</span>影响(商品价格上涨时,<span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">根据</span>溢短装条款最低数量装货,而商品价格下降时,则<span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">根据</span>溢短装条款最高数量装货)。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">7、</span>合同的条款应当<span style="color: black;">拥有</span>可履行性,谨防违约</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">在<span style="color: black;">签定</span>贸易合<span style="color: black;">同期</span>,<strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">要<span style="color: black;">重视</span>合同条款之间的配套<span style="color: black;">运用</span></span></strong>。<span style="color: black;">例如</span>卖方为我国青岛某企业,买方为伊斯兰堡企业,则货物的运输路线应该是青岛港至卡拉奇港(港至港海上运输)以及卡拉奇港至伊斯兰堡(港口至内陆的陆地运输),<span style="color: black;">全部</span>运输属于海陆联运。<span style="color: black;">因此呢</span>,本合同装运条款应当<span style="color: black;">知道</span><span style="color: black;">准许</span><span style="color: black;">运用</span>联运提单,而<span style="color: black;">不该</span>当约定为<span style="color: black;">供给</span>港至港海运提单,否则我方<span style="color: black;">做为</span>出口方<span style="color: black;">必定</span>要违约。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">另一</span>,在<span style="color: black;">运用</span>贸易术语时,<strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">应当<span style="color: black;">重视</span>贸易术语与运费以及保险费的对应</span></strong>,<span style="color: black;">例如</span>价格条款<span style="color: black;">运用</span>CIF时,运费条款应当为freightprepaid,而价格条款为FOB是,运费条款则应当为freightcollect。<span style="color: black;">同期</span>,而CIF价格条款变更为CFR或FOB时,合同中<span style="color: black;">不该</span>当<span style="color: black;">需求</span>卖方购买保险,<span style="color: black;">同期</span>信用证卖方提交的单据中<span style="color: black;">亦</span>应当删除保险单。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">另一</span>,<strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">我国企业在进口时,应<span style="color: black;">尽可能</span><span style="color: black;">选取</span>F组贸易术语,在出口时,应<span style="color: black;">尽可能</span><span style="color: black;">选取</span>C组贸易术语</span></strong>。无论进口还是出口,均由我方<span style="color: black;">自动</span>租船订舱,购买保险,<span style="color: black;">这般</span><span style="color: black;">能够</span>由我方企业<span style="color: black;">把握</span>货物,与船公司沟通,<span style="color: black;">能够</span>在最大程度上降低<span style="color: black;">商场</span><span style="color: black;">危害</span>。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">应当<span style="color: black;">重视</span>的是,在<span style="color: black;">日前</span><span style="color: black;">全世界</span>经济环境下,买方市场<span style="color: black;">处在</span>主导地位,许多国外买方倾向于<span style="color: black;">需求</span>我国卖方向其指定的货运代理交付货物,这种<span style="color: black;">状况</span>下,即存在船<span style="color: black;">机构</span><span style="color: black;">或</span>货运代理拒绝出具提单<span style="color: black;">或</span>出具不合格提单<span style="color: black;">乃至</span>无单放货,使我国企业遭受钱货两空的<span style="color: black;">危害</span>,<span style="color: black;">况且</span>在FOB贸易术语下,<span style="color: black;">危害</span>应当自货物越过船舷时转移,但我国企业将货物交付外国买方指定的货运代理后,在货物越过船舷以前,<span style="color: black;">包含</span>了货物自仓库至码头、码头转船的<span style="color: black;">所有</span>过程,<span style="color: black;">危害</span>仍然在于我国卖方。</span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">因此呢</span>,我国企业在出口时,应据理力争,<span style="color: black;">保持</span><span style="color: black;">运用</span>我国企业<span style="color: black;">熟练</span>的货运代理企业办理<span style="color: black;">关联</span>出口手续,<span style="color: black;">同期</span><span style="color: black;">尽可能</span><span style="color: black;">运用</span>C组贸易术语,<span style="color: black;">掌控</span>货物,降低<span style="color: black;">危害</span>。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">8、</span>检验检疫条款</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">我国<span style="color: black;">针对</span>部分进出口商品实施强制检验或检疫,国家质检总局<span style="color: black;">按照</span>《中华人民共和国进出口商品检验法》授权而颁布的《出入境检验检疫<span style="color: black;">公司</span>实施检验检疫的进出境商品目录》(又<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>《法检目录》)规定了强制检验检疫的进出口商品目录。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">同期</span>,结合海关总署2016年《商品名<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>及编码协调制度》(以下简<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>HS编码)<span style="color: black;">调节</span><span style="color: black;">状况</span>,国家质检总局对《出入境检验检疫<span style="color: black;">公司</span>实施检验检疫的进出境商品目录》(以下简<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>《目录》)进行了<span style="color: black;">调节</span>,<span style="color: black;">日前</span>尚有150余种商品属于法定检验范围的商品,例如海关通关系统《商品综合<span style="color: black;">归类</span>表》第八十七章规定的各类牵引车、拖拉机、客运机动车辆以及货运机动车辆极其零部件,<span style="color: black;">所有</span>属于法定的商检商品,而大<span style="color: black;">都数</span>的橡胶及其制品不属于法定检验范围,<span style="color: black;">仅有</span>天然乳胶以及汽车用橡胶内胎等<span style="color: black;">少许</span>橡胶或橡胶制品在进口或出口时属于法定的商检范围。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">因此呢</span>,我国企业在从事<span style="color: black;">关联</span><span style="color: black;">行业</span>的进出口业务时,<strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">应当<span style="color: black;">首要</span>落实业务所<span style="color: black;">触及</span>的商品<span style="color: black;">是不是</span>属于法定的商检范围。如系法定商检范围,在出口时,所报关出口的商品不仅应当符合合同的<span style="color: black;">需求</span>,<span style="color: black;">况且</span>应当符合我国<span style="color: black;">针对</span>该类商品的检验或检疫<span style="color: black;">需求</span></span></strong>,<span style="color: black;">以避免</span><span style="color: black;">出现</span>货物<span style="color: black;">没法</span><span style="color: black;">经过</span>商检<span style="color: black;">从而</span><span style="color: black;">引起</span><span style="color: black;">没法</span>通关从而承担违约责任的<span style="color: black;">危害</span>;<strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">在进口时,<span style="color: black;">能够</span>与对方在合同在检验检疫条款中约定以我国口岸的商检<span style="color: black;">公司</span>出具的检验或检疫证明为准。而<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>合同<span style="color: black;">触及</span>的商品不属于法定商检范围,则应当约定<span style="color: black;">知道</span>的第三方<span style="color: black;">公司</span>如SGS(瑞士通用公证行)<span style="color: black;">或</span>我国国内<span style="color: black;">关联</span><span style="color: black;">行业</span>的第三方<span style="color: black;">公司</span>出具的检测报告为准</span></strong>,一旦<span style="color: black;">出现</span>争议,则<span style="color: black;">能够</span>持约定的<span style="color: black;">公司</span><span style="color: black;">公司</span>出具的检测报告向对方主张相应责任,<span style="color: black;">守护</span>我方利益。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">9、</span>知识产权<span style="color: black;">守护</span></span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">自2000年起,我国与发达国家之间的<span style="color: black;">触及</span>知识产权的国际贸易摩擦和纠纷日益<span style="color: black;">增加</span>,在美国国际贸易委员会<span style="color: black;">相关</span>外国<span style="color: black;">制品</span><span style="color: black;">是不是</span>存在知识产权侵权<span style="color: black;">行径</span>的调查中,中国连续<span style="color: black;">数年</span><span style="color: black;">作为</span><span style="color: black;">第1</span>涉案大国,在知识产权<span style="color: black;">行业</span>,中国<span style="color: black;">海量</span>企业因侵犯知识产权被诉。而我国企业<span style="color: black;">针对</span>知识产权<span style="color: black;">守护</span>观念的<span style="color: black;">广泛</span>较为淡薄,<span style="color: black;">非常多</span>企业<span style="color: black;">无</span>树立品牌<span style="color: black;">认识</span>,不注重商标<span style="color: black;">守护</span>,<span style="color: black;">引起</span><span style="color: black;">海量</span>知名商标在海外被抢注,使我国企业陷入自己创造的成果反而要向<span style="color: black;">她们</span>支付专利费的尴尬境地。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">同期</span>,我国相当多的企业在从事进出口业务时<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">因为</span><span style="color: black;">忽略</span>了对知识产权的检索,<span style="color: black;">引起</span>被诉或被制裁而遭受损害。<span style="color: black;">因此呢</span>,我国企业在从事外贸业务中,一方面要<span style="color: black;">加强</span>知识产权<span style="color: black;">守护</span>的<span style="color: black;">认识</span>,对自己<span style="color: black;">持有</span>的知识产权<span style="color: black;">即时</span>进行注册<span style="color: black;">守护</span>,另一方面,<strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">在从事国际参展、进出业务<span style="color: black;">或</span>来料加工等业务时,凡<span style="color: black;">触及</span>知识产权的,应当<span style="color: black;">需求</span>国外卖方或<span style="color: black;">拜托</span>方出具相应的证明。而在出口时,<span style="color: black;">也</span>应当前要对<span style="color: black;">关联</span><span style="color: black;">制品</span>的所<span style="color: black;">触及</span>的技术<span style="color: black;">行业</span>进行<span style="color: black;">关联</span>专利或商标的检索,以避免侵犯他人知识产权。</span></strong></span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">十、争议<span style="color: black;">处理</span>条款</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">笔者在审查国际贸易合同过程中,<span style="color: black;">发掘</span>相当多的我国企业<span style="color: black;">供给</span>的进出口合同的争议<span style="color: black;">处理</span>条款仍然相当多<span style="color: black;">运用</span>法院诉讼<span style="color: black;">处理</span>,鉴于我国尚<span style="color: black;">无</span>加入1971年在海牙<span style="color: black;">签定</span>的《民商事案件外国判决承认与执行公约》,<span style="color: black;">因此呢</span>,中国还不存在与多国间的承认和执行外国法院判决的国际公约,尤其是与最重要的两个贸易伙伴日本和美国尚<span style="color: black;">无</span><span style="color: black;">一起</span>加入<span style="color: black;">相关</span>相互承认和执行对<span style="color: black;">办法</span>院判决的国际公约或缔结双边条约。<span style="color: black;">因此呢</span>,我国法院的生效判决在国外执行<span style="color: black;">或</span>国外法院的生效判决在我国执行<span style="color: black;">日前</span>均存在<span style="color: black;">海量</span><span style="color: black;">阻碍</span>,我国<span style="color: black;">日前</span>承认和执行外国判决的案例<span style="color: black;">亦</span>屈指可数。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">而我国1987年4月22日加入的《承认及执行外国仲裁裁决公约》(又<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>《纽约公约》)已有一百三十多个国家和地区加入,这为承认和执行外国仲裁裁决<span style="color: black;">供给</span>了<span style="color: black;">保准</span>和便利。<span style="color: black;">因此呢</span>,外贸企业在<span style="color: black;">签定</span>贸易合<span style="color: black;">同期</span>,<strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">应当<span style="color: black;">运用</span>仲裁管辖</span></strong>,我国<span style="color: black;">位置于</span>北京的中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会(英文简<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>CIETAC,中文简<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>“贸仲委”)是世界上<span style="color: black;">重点</span>的常设商事仲裁<span style="color: black;">公司</span>之一,贸仲委设在北京,并在深圳、上海、天津、重庆、杭州、武汉和福州分别设有华南分会、上海分会、天津国际经济金融仲裁中心(天津分会)、西南分会、浙江分会、湖北分会和福建分会。贸仲委在香港<span style="color: black;">尤其</span>行政区设立贸仲委香港仲裁中心。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">贸仲委既可受理涉外案件,<span style="color: black;">亦</span>可受理国内案件,<span style="color: black;">同期</span>,其受理案件的范围<span style="color: black;">亦</span>不受当事人行业和国籍的限制,<strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">因此呢</span>我国外贸企业<span style="color: black;">能够</span>在外贸合同中与外商约定仲裁<span style="color: black;">公司</span>为贸仲。</span></strong>值得<span style="color: black;">重视</span>的是,<span style="color: black;">按照</span>《中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会仲裁规则》(2015版),当事人约定由仲裁委员会进行仲裁的,由仲裁委员会仲裁院接受仲裁申请并管理案件;约定由分会/仲裁中心仲裁的,由所约定的分会/仲裁中心仲裁院接受仲裁申请并管理案件,<span style="color: black;">因此呢</span><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">意见</span>企业在<span style="color: black;">签定</span>合<span style="color: black;">同期</span><span style="color: black;">尽可能</span><span style="color: black;">知道</span>仲裁<span style="color: black;">公司</span>为贸仲委或某分会/仲裁中心,<span style="color: black;">以避免</span><span style="color: black;">出现</span>争议。<span style="color: black;">另一</span>,在适用法律上,应<span style="color: black;">尽可能</span>争取<span style="color: black;">运用</span>中国法律仲裁。</span></strong></span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">以上为笔者在审查国际贸易合同和为外贸企业在国际贸易业务<span style="color: black;">供给</span>法律服务过程中<span style="color: black;">发掘</span>和遇到的部分问题的汇总。国际贸易<span style="color: black;">繁杂</span>多变,且<span style="color: black;">持续</span><span style="color: black;">显现</span>新的问题和争议,需要我国企业<span style="color: black;">持续</span>学习、<span style="color: black;">把握</span>国内法律、国际规则,减少贸易摩擦和争议,而一旦<span style="color: black;">出现</span>争议,<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">恰当</span>运用法律武器<span style="color: black;">守护</span><span style="color: black;">自己</span>的合法权益。减少争议和<span style="color: black;">守护</span>权益的<span style="color: black;">第1</span>步便是在<span style="color: black;">签定</span>贸易合<span style="color: black;">同期</span>做到规范、合法、准确,本文<span style="color: black;">包括</span>的观点仅为作者个人观点,供从事外贸企业的人士或同行参考、借鉴。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">感谢作者<strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">杨晓佳</span></strong><span style="color: black;">授权法天使发布本文,作者联系方式:<span style="color: black;">13869857593或18953200809</span></span></span></p>
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星☆雨 发表于 2024-9-9 01:09:45

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