华为系统营销四要素和4P、4C、7P等经典营销理论
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/vib7CTtdasic2Pia1hMMJ80g44ibic1a45G2ZWsW65eUImpJ63jfYNzPDM96zvLCTcxQ0PicnSWaJibEBfphpZ5EQl0TA/640?wx_fmt=gif&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
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<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">德鲁克先生给出的<span style="color: black;">处理</span>之道是,每一个企业<span style="color: black;">做为</span>社会再生产一环,一个功能性组织,必须确立客户原则。用他的话说,企业<span style="color: black;">仅有</span>一个恰当的定义,那<span style="color: black;">便是</span>“创造客户”。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/vib7CTtdasic2VRtgm8P37b5lzWJEWLqG8CeGqMv77CebqXib3f9IicaaJrEh5icaicmIVWRt2QKR2HLpQywicnmlQOag/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">一个企业的存在价值<span style="color: black;">是由于</span>经济成果的创造能力决定的。换言之,一个企业的存在价值,在于能够为客户创造价值,以及创造多大价值。创造客户价值是<span style="color: black;">基本</span>,业绩是表象,<span style="color: black;">不可</span>本末倒置。<span style="color: black;">仅有</span><span style="color: black;">哪些</span><span style="color: black;">连续</span>强化能力的<span style="color: black;">机构</span>,<span style="color: black;">才可</span><span style="color: black;">得到</span><span style="color: black;">长时间</span>的存在价值。而<span style="color: black;">哪些</span>追求业绩增长的<span style="color: black;">机构</span>,只能<span style="color: black;">得到</span>一时的喝彩或存在感。存在感不是存在价值,<span style="color: black;">肥壮</span>不是强壮。</span><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/vib7CTtdasic2VRtgm8P37b5lzWJEWLqG8a11gV62ibxaoRgAAEljSConb8rtALnOpQfx2dmicb2KibhROmFt141a1Q/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"><span style="color: black;">德鲁克1954年在他的经典著作《管理的实践》中有<span style="color: black;">这般</span>一句话:“营销与创新是任何企业仅有的两个基本职能。”彼得.德鲁克之<span style="color: black;">因此</span>这么说,是<span style="color: black;">由于</span>他认为“企业的目的<span style="color: black;">便是</span>创造客户“,而<strong style="color: blue;">企业<span style="color: black;">想要</span>创造客户,就需要营销与创新这两个基本职能</strong>。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">01 </span><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">华为系统营销四要素</span></strong></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">1、什么是华为系统营销四要素?</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">华为系统营销四要素是华为非常关键的<span style="color: black;">营销</span>项目的打法,<span style="color: black;">便是</span>围绕<span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;">“客户关系+解决<span style="color: black;">方法</span>+商务+服务交付</strong></span>“这四个要素推进项目,直至拿下订单,顺利正常回款,项目关闭为止。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">2、系统</span><span style="color: black;">营销四要素之客户关系</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">客户关系是第<span style="color: black;">一辈子</span>产力</span></strong><span style="color: black;">,客户关系对项目成功起先导<span style="color: black;">功效</span>。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">倘若</span><span style="color: black;">无</span>良好的客户关系<span style="color: black;">做为</span><span style="color: black;">基本</span>,<span style="color: black;">咱们</span><span style="color: black;">怎样</span>获取项目信息,<span style="color: black;">怎样</span>培育与跟踪线索,<span style="color: black;">怎样</span>进行标前引导,<span style="color: black;">怎样</span>制定与提交<span style="color: black;">处理</span><span style="color: black;">方法</span>,<span style="color: black;">怎样</span>顺畅地实现交付,<span style="color: black;">怎样</span>明晰<span style="color: black;">重点</span>对手以及竞争对手策略。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">从项目运作支撑来看,客户关系的<span style="color: black;">功效</span><span style="color: black;">重点</span><span style="color: black;">表现</span>在四个方面,一是项目信息网构建,二是客户决策链分析,三是客户权力地图分析,四是安排项目公关路线。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">首要</span>,构建项目信息网,是项目运作的<span style="color: black;">基本</span>。<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>要分析客户权力地图、组织<span style="color: black;">关联</span>市场活动、分析竞争对手,要进行立项、投标、签约决策,如果<span style="color: black;">无</span>相应的客户信息<span style="color: black;">做为</span>支撑,决策的质量会大受影响。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">其次,客户决策链分析,是客户运作的路线。这个项目的采购流程,<span style="color: black;">包含</span><span style="color: black;">那些</span>环节,<span style="color: black;">那些</span>环节有<span style="color: black;">那些</span>人参加,这些人<span style="color: black;">装扮</span>什么角色,谁是审批者,谁是决策者,谁是影响者,谁是<span style="color: black;">运用</span>者。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">第三,客户权力地图分析,是关系<span style="color: black;">提高</span>的路标。跟这个项目<span style="color: black;">关联</span>的组织架构(或客户决策链<span style="color: black;">关联</span>的组织),<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>跟谁的关系好,跟谁的关系<span style="color: black;">欠好</span>,要从谁突破,<span style="color: black;">经过</span>谁突破谁,在<span style="color: black;">评定</span>的<span style="color: black;">基本</span>上,要制定清晰的客户关系<span style="color: black;">目的</span>与行动计划。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">3、营销四要素之<span style="color: black;">处理</span><span style="color: black;">方法</span></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">从<span style="color: black;">帮忙</span>客户<span style="color: black;">商场</span>成功的<span style="color: black;">方向</span>来看,<span style="color: black;">处理</span><span style="color: black;">方法</span>营销的关键的是要<span style="color: black;">保证</span>你的<span style="color: black;">处理</span><span style="color: black;">方法</span>是有<strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">竞争力的<span style="color: black;">处理</span><span style="color: black;">方法</span></span></strong>。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">首要</span>,</span></strong><span style="color: black;">为了做好<span style="color: black;">处理</span><span style="color: black;">方法</span><span style="color: black;">营销</span>,要做好线索跟踪与培育、标前引导、标书<span style="color: black;">诠释</span>、技术<span style="color: black;">处理</span><span style="color: black;">方法</span>与服务<span style="color: black;">方法</span>制定。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">其次,</span></strong><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">怎样</span>做好<span style="color: black;">处理</span><span style="color: black;">方法</span>,要做好客户痛点分析,基于客户的痛点与痛苦链分析,做好客户<span style="color: black;">需要</span>收集、分析、过滤。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">第三,</span></strong><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">因为</span>客户痛点<span style="color: black;">拥有</span>层次性,<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>对客户痛点<span style="color: black;">亦</span>要进行分级管理。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">按客户决策链来看,有<span style="color: black;">运用</span>者的<span style="color: black;">需要</span>,<span style="color: black;">亦</span>有影响者的<span style="color: black;">需要</span>,还有把关者的<span style="color: black;">需要</span>,还有决策者与审批者的<span style="color: black;">需要</span>。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">按组织层级来看,有基层员工的<span style="color: black;">需要</span>,有中层管理者的<span style="color: black;">需要</span>,还有高层领导的<span style="color: black;">需要</span>,<span style="color: black;">区别</span>层级的<span style="color: black;">需要</span>,有<span style="color: black;">必定</span>的差异性与<span style="color: black;">相关</span>性。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">第四,</span></strong><span style="color: black;">要做好客户<span style="color: black;">需要</span>信息收集。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">需要</span>信息收集上,铁三角团队不仅要发挥<span style="color: black;">广泛</span>客户关系的<span style="color: black;">功效</span>,<span style="color: black;">同期</span>还要加强关键客户对话沟通,做好内部教练的信息互动。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">需要</span>信息收集上,要对客户的<span style="color: black;">需要</span>进行排序,<span style="color: black;">注重</span>关键客户的<span style="color: black;">需要</span>,思考<span style="color: black;">需要</span>之间的<span style="color: black;">相关</span>性,找到客户最<span style="color: black;">重点</span>的<span style="color: black;">需要</span>,并以此为<span style="color: black;">基本</span>,进行<span style="color: black;">处理</span><span style="color: black;">方法</span>设计。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">4、营销四要素之商务</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">项目商务运作,<span style="color: black;">能够</span>从四个方面着手,分析<span style="color: black;">机构</span>战略诉求,分析竞争对手的商务习惯,分析客户的投资<span style="color: black;">状况</span>,分析项目<span style="color: black;">危害</span>。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">分析<span style="color: black;">机构</span>战略诉求:思考<span style="color: black;">机构</span>在这个区域、这个客户、这个<span style="color: black;">制品</span><span style="color: black;">处理</span><span style="color: black;">方法</span>,有<span style="color: black;">无</span><span style="color: black;">有些</span>战略方面的考量,这个项目是不是<span style="color: black;">机构</span>的灯塔项目,是不是竞争压制,是不是新客户突破项目,是不是新<span style="color: black;">制品</span>渗透项目。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">分析竞争对手习惯:收集<span style="color: black;">重点</span>竞争对手在该客户,或周边区域的历史价格投标信息,分析竞争对手的商务策略,分析该客户在竞争对手<span style="color: black;">机构</span>的定位,分析竞争对手对该项目的<span style="color: black;">注重</span>程度。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">分析客户的投资<span style="color: black;">状况</span>:<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>客户是公众<span style="color: black;">机构</span>,<span style="color: black;">能够</span>尝试分析客户的财务报表<span style="color: black;">状况</span>,分析客户的投资规划,分析客户对价格的<span style="color: black;">敏锐</span>性。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">分析<span style="color: black;">目的</span>项目<span style="color: black;">危害</span>:邀请法务团队分析项目中的法律条款,分析融资与付款<span style="color: black;">危害</span>,分析贸易<span style="color: black;">危害</span>,<span style="color: black;">一起</span>管控项目商务<span style="color: black;">危害</span>。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">5、营销四要素之交付/服务</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">签定</span>合同只是项目合作的<span style="color: black;">起始</span>,<strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">交付服务直接决定客户满意度</span></strong>。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">从大的方面来看,要做好项目交付的范围、时间、<span style="color: black;">花费</span>、质量、人力、沟通、<span style="color: black;">危害</span>与采购管理。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">从小的方面来看,要做好项目交接、做好项目计划,做好供应链协同,做好项目现场安装(施工)、验收管理,做好项目回款,必要时做好项目变更管理。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">从整体来看,不仅要做好被动服务,还要做好<strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">主动服务</span></strong>,<span style="color: black;">能够</span>主动发起设备/项目巡检服务,比较<span style="color: black;">平常</span>的活动有服务万里行,主动<span style="color: black;">发掘</span>问题并<span style="color: black;">处理</span>问题,<span style="color: black;">同期</span>收集友商信息,<span style="color: black;">加强</span>客户满意度。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">02</span><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;">什么是4P营销理论?</strong></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">4P营销理论(The Marketing Theory of 4Ps),4P理论产生于20世纪60年代的美国,随着营销组<span style="color: black;">恰当</span>论的提出而<span style="color: black;">显现</span>的。1953年,尼尔·博登(NeilBorden)在美国市场营销学会的就职演说中创造了“市场营销组合”(Marketingmix)这一术语,其意<span style="color: black;">指的是</span>市场<span style="color: black;">需要</span>或多或少的在某种程度上受到<span style="color: black;">所说</span>“营销变量”或“营销要素”的影响。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">1960年,美国密歇根州立大学的杰罗姆·麦卡锡教授在其《<span style="color: black;">基本</span>营销》一书中将这些要素<span style="color: black;">通常</span>的概括为4类,即<span style="color: black;">制品</span>(Product)、价格(Price)、<span style="color: black;">途径</span>(Place)、促销(Promotion)。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">1967年,菲利普·科特勒在其畅销书《营销管理:分析、规划与<span style="color: black;">掌控</span>》<span style="color: black;">第1</span>版进一步确认了以4Ps为核心的营销组合<span style="color: black;">办法</span>,即:</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">制品</span>(Product)</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">注重<span style="color: black;">研发</span>的功能,<span style="color: black;">需求</span><span style="color: black;">制品</span>有独特的卖点,把<span style="color: black;">制品</span>的功能诉求放在<span style="color: black;">第1</span>位。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">价格 (Price)</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">按照</span><span style="color: black;">区别</span>的市场定位,制定<span style="color: black;">区别</span>的价格策略,<span style="color: black;">制品</span>的定价依据是企业的品牌战略,注重品牌的含金量。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">途径</span> (Place)</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">企业并不直接面对消费者,而是注重经销商的培育和<span style="color: black;">营销</span>网络的<span style="color: black;">创立</span>,企业与消费者的联系是<span style="color: black;">经过</span>分销商来进行的。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">宣传(Promotion)</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">非常多</span>人将Promotion狭义地理解为“促销”,其实是很片面的。Promotion应当是<span style="color: black;">包含</span>品牌宣传(<span style="color: black;">宣传</span>)、公关、促销等一系列的营销<span style="color: black;">行径</span>。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/vib7CTtdasic2VRtgm8P37b5lzWJEWLqG8SJNoqm0DWmcH6dHzfotsx5auOMY5FmutQcogRRFwhLle6x8JlvyHGQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">4C的出<span style="color: black;">此刻</span>以消费者为核心的<span style="color: black;">商场</span>世界中,厂商所面临的最大挑战之一便是:这是一个充满“个性化”的社会,消费者的形态差异太大,随着这一“以消费者为中心”时代的来临,传统的营销组合4P似乎已<span style="color: black;">没法</span>完全顺应时代的<span style="color: black;">需求</span>,于是营销学者提出了新的营销要素。劳特朗先生1990年在《广告时代》上面,对应传统的4P提出了新的观点:“营销的4C。”它强调企业<span style="color: black;">首要</span>应该把追求顾客满意放在<span style="color: black;">第1</span>位,<span style="color: black;">制品</span>必须满足顾客<span style="color: black;">需要</span>,<span style="color: black;">同期</span>降低顾客的购买成本,<span style="color: black;">制品</span>和服务在<span style="color: black;">开发</span>时就要充分<span style="color: black;">思虑</span>客户的购买力,<span style="color: black;">而后</span>要充分<span style="color: black;">重视</span>到顾客购买过程中的便利性,最后还应以消费者为中心实施有效的营销沟通。</span></p><span style="color: black;">营销的4个P涵盖了<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>营销工作的最核心的内容,无论<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>的技术和市场<span style="color: black;">怎样</span>变化,始终<span style="color: black;">没法</span>撼动这4项工作的核心地位。</span><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;">【4p-->7P】</strong></span><span style="color: black;">近年来,随着技术的发展和竞争的加剧,市场营销<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">逐步</span>要面对<span style="color: black;">有些</span>新的现实-新的顾客,新的市场环境,新的技术以及企业和顾客所获取的新的能力。</span><span style="color: black;">在<span style="color: black;">这般</span>的新现实下,<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>不得不越来越关注客户,让客户<span style="color: black;">作为</span><span style="color: black;">咱们</span>工作资源调动的核心。<span style="color: black;">做为</span>营销最<span style="color: black;">基本</span>的4个P的工作,其实<span style="color: black;">此刻</span><span style="color: black;">已然</span>在<span style="color: black;">出现</span>变化。有人在4P的<span style="color: black;">基本</span>上又提出7P,<span style="color: black;">增多</span>了People(人)、Process(流程),和Physical Evidence(有形展示)。</span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">因此</span>7P是完整的<span style="color: black;">处理</span>服务为导向的行业营销的管理手段。彼得.德鲁克说过一句话:"所有的行业<span style="color: black;">仅有</span>一个行业,就服务行业,<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>企业所存在的<span style="color: black;">最后</span>目的都是为了<span style="color: black;">经过</span>服务为<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>的客户<span style="color: black;">处理</span>问题"。</span><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">以下<span style="color: black;">仔细</span>解释4P后面追加的3P:</span></strong><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">People(人):</span></strong>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">贵<span style="color: black;">机构</span>雇佣的人员将决定客户<span style="color: black;">得到</span>的服务质量。服务业<span style="color: black;">更加是</span>如此,但<span style="color: black;">亦</span>会对生产有形<span style="color: black;">制品</span>的企业产生影响。<span style="color: black;">愉快</span>、<span style="color: black;">熟悉</span>和积极的员工是<span style="color: black;">愉快</span>的客户。<span style="color: black;">倘若</span><span style="color: black;">她们</span>受过良好的培训,并因对客户的积极态度而被招募,<span style="color: black;">她们</span>更有可能为客户着想,并<span style="color: black;">供给</span>良好的客户服务。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">经过</span><span style="color: black;">tel</span>或其他虚拟方式识别与客户接触的员工。如在线聊天。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">1) 对<span style="color: black;">她们</span>在与客户联系方面所做的工作进行任务分析。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">2) 让你的员工参与制定客户体验标准。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">3) <span style="color: black;">相关</span>客户体验的<span style="color: black;">更加多</span>信息,请参阅实用指南:创建客户体验计划。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">4) 优先<span style="color: black;">思虑</span>这些员工的培训需求,并<span style="color: black;">供给</span>适当的培训。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">Process(流程)</span></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">1)查看将<span style="color: black;">制品</span><span style="color: black;">供给</span>给客户所<span style="color: black;">触及</span>的所有过程。从确定潜在客户<span style="color: black;">起始</span>,<span style="color: black;">始终</span>到售后支持 。<span style="color: black;">是不是</span>有任何<span style="color: black;">周期</span><span style="color: black;">引起</span>延迟?你<span style="color: black;">怎样</span>改进这一点?</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">2)你的客户<span style="color: black;">是不是</span>随时<span style="color: black;">认识</span>正在<span style="color: black;">出现</span>的事情?</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">3)你的员工<span style="color: black;">是不是</span>遵守了<span style="color: black;">她们</span>对客户的承诺?</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">4)你处理客户投诉的效率<span style="color: black;">怎样</span>?</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">Physical Evidence(有形展示)</span></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">1)你所<span style="color: black;">营销</span>的<span style="color: black;">制品</span>有多有形?<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>它非常倾向于服务元素(例如,餐厅、酒店、窗户清洁服务或美发),<span style="color: black;">那样</span>你应该<span style="color: black;">尤其</span><span style="color: black;">重视</span>“物证”这一元素。即使你是一家制造商,<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>客户<span style="color: black;">拜访</span>你的办公场所,“物证”<span style="color: black;">亦</span>很重要。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">2)<span style="color: black;">保证</span>你的组织所描绘的形象与你所<span style="color: black;">供给</span>的<span style="color: black;">制品</span>或服务的类型相一致。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">3)<span style="color: black;">瞧瞧</span>你的接待区,你的停车场(入口<span style="color: black;">周边</span>有访客<span style="color: black;">运用</span>的空间吗?),你的送货人员或客户服务人员的外观,你的车辆<span style="color: black;">情况</span>等。</span></p><span style="color: black;">03 </span><strong style="color: blue;">4P营销理论的<span style="color: black;">道理</span></strong>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">4P的提出奠定了管理营销的<span style="color: black;">基本</span>理论框架。该理论是站在企业立场上的,认为影响企业营销活动效果的<span style="color: black;">原因</span>有两种: </span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">一种是企业<span style="color: black;">不可</span>够<span style="color: black;">掌控</span>的,如社会/人口、技术、经济、环境/自然、政治、法律、道德、地理<span style="color: black;">原因</span>等环境<span style="color: black;">原因</span>,<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>之为不可控<span style="color: black;">原因</span>,这<span style="color: black;">亦</span>是企业所面临的<span style="color: black;">外边</span>环境;</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">另一种是企业<span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">掌控</span>的,如<span style="color: black;">制品</span>、价格、分销、促销等营销<span style="color: black;">原因</span>,<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>之为企业可控<span style="color: black;">原因</span>。企业营销活动的实质是一个利用内部可控<span style="color: black;">原因</span>适应<span style="color: black;">外边</span>环境的过程,即<span style="color: black;">经过</span>对<span style="color: black;">制品</span>、价格、分销、促销的计划和实施,对<span style="color: black;">外边</span>不可控<span style="color: black;">原因</span>做出积极动态的反应,从而促成交易的实现和满足个人与组织的<span style="color: black;">目的</span>,用科特勒的话说<span style="color: black;">便是</span>“<span style="color: black;">倘若</span><span style="color: black;">机构</span>生产出适当的<span style="color: black;">制品</span>,定出适当的价格,利用适当的分销<span style="color: black;">途径</span>,并辅之以适当的促销活动,<span style="color: black;">那样</span>该<span style="color: black;">机构</span>就会<span style="color: black;">得到</span>成功”(科特勒, 2001 )。<span style="color: black;">因此</span>市场营销活动的核心就在于制定并实施尽管营销组合概念和 4P观点被<span style="color: black;">快速</span>和广泛的传播开来。<span style="color: black;">因此</span>市场营销活动的核心就在于制定并实施有效的市场营销组合。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/vib7CTtdasic2VRtgm8P37b5lzWJEWLqG8gYqpAycZJObPgUH6wvVwH0yIM701sWRwRcRib81H4cWkVgqGA8eFIlw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">4P理论是传统营销学的核心。尽管此后又涌现了6P学说、12P学说,但都是4P理论的进一步派生。随着市场竞争的日益激烈,<span style="color: black;">制品</span>、价格、营销手段愈发趋于同质化,互相模仿的现象比较严重,寻求差易化<span style="color: black;">优良</span>这一营销<span style="color: black;">行径</span>的<span style="color: black;">基本</span>要旨,在原有的营销理论框架内已难以实现。新环境下的企业营销实践需要新 理论的<span style="color: black;">指点</span>和<span style="color: black;">弥补</span>。九十年代,美国的舒尔兹等人提出了整合营销新观念,<span style="color: black;">这里</span>新规范下提出了4C理论。</p><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">0</span><span style="color: black;">4 </span></span><strong style="color: blue;">什么是4C营销理论?</strong></span><span style="color: black;">4C即:</span><span style="color: black;">(1)消费者的需要与欲望(Customers needs and wants);</span><span style="color: black;">(2)消费者获取满足的成本(Cost and Value to satisfy consumers needs and wants);</span><span style="color: black;">(3)用户购买的方便性(Convenience to buy);</span><span style="color: black;">(4)与用户沟通(Communication with consumer)。</span><span style="color: black;">有人<span style="color: black;">乃至</span>认为在新时期的营销活动中,应当用“4C”来取代“4P”。</span><span style="color: black;">但许多学者仍然认为,“4C”的提出只是进一步<span style="color: black;">知道</span>了企业营销策略的基本前提和<span style="color: black;">指点</span>思想,从操作层面上讲,仍然必须<span style="color: black;">经过</span>“4P”为<span style="color: black;">表率</span>的营销活动来<span style="color: black;">详细</span>运作。</span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">因此</span>“4C”只是深化了“4P”,而不是取代“4P”。</span><span style="color: black;">“4Ps”仍然是<span style="color: black;">日前</span>为止对营销策略组合最为简洁明了的诠释。</span><span style="color: black;">其实,4Ps与4Cs是互补的而非替代关系。</span><span style="color: black;">如:</span><span style="color: black;">Customer,<span style="color: black;">指的是</span>用“客户”取代“产品”,要先<span style="color: black;">科研</span>顾客的<span style="color: black;">需要</span>与欲望,<span style="color: black;">而后</span>再去设计、生产和<span style="color: black;">营销</span>顾客确定想要买的服务<span style="color: black;">制品</span>;</span><span style="color: black;">Cost,<span style="color: black;">指的是</span>用“成本”取代“价格”,<span style="color: black;">认识</span>顾客要满足其需要与欲求所愿意付出的成本,再去制定定价策略;</span><span style="color: black;">Convenience,<span style="color: black;">指的是</span>用“便利”取代“地点”,<span style="color: black;">寓意</span>着制定分销策略时要尽可能让顾客方便;</span><span style="color: black;">Communication,<span style="color: black;">指的是</span>用“沟通”取代“促销”,“沟通”是双向的,“促销”无论是推动策略还是拉动战略,都是线性传播方式。</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">4P相对应的4Cs营销理论。随着市场竞争日趋激烈,媒介传播速度越来越快,4Ps理论越来越受到挑战。1990年,美国学者罗伯特·劳特朋(Robert Lauterborn)教授提出了与传统营销的4P相对应的4C营销理论。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">制品</span>(Product)——客户价值(Customer Value);</span><span style="color: black;">价格(P</span><span style="color: black;">rice)——客户成本(Customer Cost);</span><span style="color: black;">地点(Place)——客户便利(Customer Convenience);</span><span style="color: black;">促销(Promotion)——客户沟通(Customer Communication)。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">顾客(Customer):</span></strong></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">重点</span>指顾客的<span style="color: black;">需要</span>。企业必须<span style="color: black;">首要</span><span style="color: black;">认识</span>和<span style="color: black;">科研</span>顾客,<span style="color: black;">按照</span>顾客的<span style="color: black;">需要</span>来<span style="color: black;">供给</span><span style="color: black;">制品</span>。<span style="color: black;">同期</span>,企业<span style="color: black;">供给</span>的<span style="color: black;">不仅</span>是<span style="color: black;">制品</span>和服务,更重要的<span style="color: black;">是由于</span>此产生的客户价值(Customer Value)。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">成本 (Cost):</span></strong></span><span style="color: black;">不单是企业的生产成本,它还<span style="color: black;">包含</span>顾客的购买成本,这中间的顾客购买成本不仅<span style="color: black;">包含</span>其货币支出,还<span style="color: black;">包含</span>其为此耗费的时间,体力和精力消耗,以及购买<span style="color: black;">危害</span>。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">便利 (Convenience):</span></strong></span><span style="color: black;">顾客在购买某一商品时,除耗费<span style="color: black;">必定</span>的资金外,还要耗费<span style="color: black;">必定</span>的时间、精力和体力,这些构<span style="color: black;">成为了</span>顾客总成本。<span style="color: black;">因为</span>顾客在购买商品时,总<span style="color: black;">期盼</span>把<span style="color: black;">相关</span>成本<span style="color: black;">包含</span>货币、时间、精神和体力等降到最低限度,以使自己得到最大限度的满足,<span style="color: black;">因此呢</span>,零售企业必须<span style="color: black;">思虑</span>顾客为满足<span style="color: black;">需要</span>而愿意支付的“顾客总成本”。<span style="color: black;">经过</span>多种<span style="color: black;">途径</span>向顾客<span style="color: black;">供给</span>详尽的信息、为顾客<span style="color: black;">供给</span>良好的售后服务,减少顾客精神和体力的耗费。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">沟通(Communication):</span></strong></span><span style="color: black;">4C营销理论认为,企业应<span style="color: black;">经过</span>同顾客进行积极有效的双向沟通,<span style="color: black;">创立</span>基于<span style="color: black;">一起</span>利益的新型企业/顾客关系。这<span style="color: black;">再也不</span>是企业单向的促销和劝导顾客,而是在双方的沟通中找到能<span style="color: black;">同期</span>实现各自<span style="color: black;">目的</span>的通途。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;">05</strong></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;">4C营销理论<span style="color: black;">道理</span></strong></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">它强调企业<span style="color: black;">首要</span>应该把追求顾客满意放在<span style="color: black;">第1</span>位,其次是<span style="color: black;">奋斗</span>降低顾客的购买成本,<span style="color: black;">而后</span>要充分<span style="color: black;">重视</span>到顾客购买过程中的便利性,而不是从企业的<span style="color: black;">方向</span>来决定<span style="color: black;">营销</span><span style="color: black;">途径</span>策略,最后还应以消费者为中心实施有效的营销沟通。与<span style="color: black;">制品</span>导向的4P理论相比,4C理论有了很大的进步和发展,它<span style="color: black;">注重</span>顾客导向,以追求顾客满意为<span style="color: black;">目的</span>,这<span style="color: black;">实质</span>上是当今消费者在营销中越来越居主动地位的市场对企业的必然<span style="color: black;">需求</span>。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;">06</strong></span><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;">4P与4C的相互关系</strong></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">4P与4C是互补的而非替代关系,<span style="color: black;">指的是</span>用“客户”取代“<span style="color: black;">制品</span>”,要先<span style="color: black;">科研</span>顾客的<span style="color: black;">需要</span>与欲望,<span style="color: black;">而后</span>再去生产、经营那个和<span style="color: black;">营销</span>顾客确定想要买的服务<span style="color: black;">制品</span>;Cost,<span style="color: black;">指的是</span>用“成本”取代“价格”,<span style="color: black;">认识</span>顾客要满足其需要与欲求所愿意付出的成本,再去制定定价策略;Convenience,<span style="color: black;">指的是</span>用“便利”取代“地点”,<span style="color: black;">寓意</span>着制定分销策略时要尽可能让顾客方便;Communication,<span style="color: black;">指的是</span>用“沟通”取代“促销”,“沟通”是双向的,“促销”无论是推动策略还是拉动战略,都是线性传播方式。4Ps与4Cs二者之间的关系参见下表。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;">表 4P与4C的相互关系对照表 </strong></span></p><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/eNDPibqQNHib219MBGdcjibj0NgcoGKdKEHNFsw8ueoY4x7hSa3I3smvsP4ZjG52XwCnAj2FicwibCWsvmJ68861EfA/640?wx_fmt=png&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1&tp=webp" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"> 4P和4C在实践中应该互补运用:</span></strong>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">4P理论<span style="color: black;">重点</span>面向<span style="color: black;">哪些</span>无<span style="color: black;">明显</span>差异的消费<span style="color: black;">公众</span>来<span style="color: black;">营销</span><span style="color: black;">海量</span>制造的规模化<span style="color: black;">制品</span>。但随着市场环境的变化,营销新概念的提出和<span style="color: black;">分部</span>营销学的兴起,如“大营销”、绿色营销、关系营销、服务营销、工业营销等。4C理论在<span style="color: black;">必定</span>程度上发展并延伸了4P理论,它以消费者<span style="color: black;">需要</span>为中心,使企业所有的营销活动在市场上针对<span style="color: black;">区别</span>的消费者进行“一对一”传播,形成一个总体的、综合的印象和情感认同,它不仅是经济发展到<span style="color: black;">必定</span>程度下<span style="color: black;">创立</span>品牌的需要,<span style="color: black;">况且</span><span style="color: black;">亦</span>是确立企业核心竞争力和超越竞争的需要。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">对企业<span style="color: black;">来讲</span>,市场营销的真正价值在于为企业带来<span style="color: black;">长时间</span>收入和利润。一方面,营销<span style="color: black;">目的</span>必须注重企业在营销活动中的<span style="color: black;">报答</span>,从而使企业<span style="color: black;">连续</span>健康发展。另一方面,要使这种营销思想和方式深入到企业的各个<span style="color: black;">分部</span>,必须<span style="color: black;">处理</span>好可操作性问题,否则难于在企业广泛推广和应用。<span style="color: black;">因此呢</span>,4P理论与4C理论不是谁取代谁的关系,而是互相完善、发展的关系。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/YibIF4uib5DCKOmyUgBXOBKfTYQCX0fjib0HibxXkbiarcIStdPNnCgHGaOibw53unA7GxhFNq1PxaxQ9wsm84It5qrw/640?wx_fmt=png&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1&tp=webp" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">“华和友-向华为学增长项目”</span></strong><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">以“</span></strong><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">赋能华为商学,助力每一个个体和组织卓越不凡为”使命</span></strong><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">以“</span></strong><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">让华为商学遍华夏”为愿景</span></strong>
你的努力一定会被看见,相信自己,加油。
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