平台建站类移动宣传落地页的法律责任
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">文案</span><span style="color: black;">源自</span>:互法周记</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">文 / 李帅</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">互联网行业的魅力在于,创新和改变从<span style="color: black;">一直</span>歇。自产生互联网<span style="color: black;">败兴</span>,由智能手机和移动通信技术推动的移动互联网革命,大概是迄今为止互联网行业最深刻的变革,它改变了上网工具,改变了人类与计算机的交互方式,改变了出行、娱乐等生活方式,<span style="color: black;">亦</span>改变了互联网行业的盈利模式。互联网<span style="color: black;">宣传</span>行业,<span style="color: black;">一样</span>被移动互联网深刻改变。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"> <span style="color: black;">1、</span>平台建站类移动<span style="color: black;">宣传</span>落地页的兴起及其<span style="color: black;">原由</span>分析 </strong></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">相比较于传统<span style="color: black;">媒介</span><span style="color: black;">宣传</span>,互联网<span style="color: black;">宣传</span>的<span style="color: black;">优良</span>在于,它的承载力强,准入门槛低,且形式灵活,容易<span style="color: black;">评定</span>效果,为数量巨大的中小微企业及个人<span style="color: black;">宣传</span>主<span style="color: black;">供给</span>了展示平台。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">PC互联网时代,<span style="color: black;">宣传</span>主投放互联网<span style="color: black;">宣传</span>,<span style="color: black;">常常</span>需要先自建一个推广落地页。<span style="color: black;">而后</span><span style="color: black;">经过</span>门户网站、搜索引擎、电子邮箱、购物网站等平台为自己的落地页导流,将<span style="color: black;">目的</span>用户引导到自有网站,实现品牌宣传、商品或服务<span style="color: black;">营销</span>、客户端下载等推广目的。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">移动互联网时代,<span style="color: black;">包含</span><span style="color: black;">宣传</span>落地页在内的互联网<span style="color: black;">宣传</span>场景和行业生态<span style="color: black;">出现</span>很大变化。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">PC时代的<span style="color: black;">宣传</span>样式<span style="color: black;">重点</span>是<span style="color: black;">转</span>式和链接式。<span style="color: black;">由于</span>,HTTP协议是标准和统一的,无论是<span style="color: black;">宣传</span>发布平台还是<span style="color: black;">宣传</span>主,都有自己的PC站点。<span style="color: black;">所说</span>的<span style="color: black;">宣传</span>,无非是将兴趣用户由大平台的站点引导至<span style="color: black;">宣传</span>主的站点,实现的是<span style="color: black;">区别</span>站点的<span style="color: black;">转</span>和链接。而移动互联网时代,PC站点及内容严重萎缩,关注度下降。电脑和电视机<span style="color: black;">同样</span>,<span style="color: black;">作为</span>了开机率很低的电子设备。<span style="color: black;">包含</span>天涯社区、铁血军事网等PC时代的流量高地,都面临内容和流量困境。而中小PC站点的问题更加严重,<span style="color: black;">海量</span>都<span style="color: black;">处在</span>无人更新的状态,这其中<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">包含</span>不少中小<span style="color: black;">宣传</span>主的网站。换句话说,移动时代,<span style="color: black;">宣传</span>主不太需要一个独立的网站了。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">移动时代的<span style="color: black;">宣传</span>样式以原生和封闭为主。移动互联网的流量都聚集在APP内,网络平台的<span style="color: black;">目的</span>都是<span style="color: black;">创立</span>自给自足的封闭生态,在平台内自产内容(如公众号、小程序等),独立分发,APP之间少有互通往来。在这种流量生态中,<span style="color: black;">宣传</span>主不需要跳出APP就可实现推广目的(DeepLink及APP下载类除外),但内容必须要能够与平台共生共存,<span style="color: black;">最少</span>形式上<span style="color: black;">无</span>违和感,否则影响用户体验。这<span style="color: black;">便是</span>原生<span style="color: black;">宣传</span>的概念。<span style="color: black;">同期</span>,在APP时代,<span style="color: black;">因为</span><span style="color: black;">宣传</span>不跳出,体验是封闭的,无论是用户还是监管<span style="color: black;">公司</span>,从感官上都会认为APP经营者对<span style="color: black;">宣传</span>落地页有更强的<span style="color: black;">掌控</span>力,<span style="color: black;">因此呢</span>或多或少会<span style="color: black;">需求</span>其承担<span style="color: black;">更加多</span>责任。基于此压力,APP经营者<span style="color: black;">亦</span>不得不加强对<span style="color: black;">宣传</span>落地页的<span style="color: black;">掌控</span>。形式统一的<span style="color: black;">需要</span>,叠加用户体验的压力和责任,都<span style="color: black;">作为</span>了APP经营者主动为<span style="color: black;">宣传</span>客户<span style="color: black;">供给</span>平台内<span style="color: black;">宣传</span>落地页建站工具的理由。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">实质</span>上,在当前主流的移动<span style="color: black;">宣传</span>平台上,各大平台均为客户<span style="color: black;">供给</span>了广告落地页建站工具。<span style="color: black;">例如</span>腾讯的枫叶平台、今日头条的橙子建站、百度的移动营销页等。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">宣传</span>落地页移动建站工具的普及,使得<span style="color: black;">宣传</span>准入的门槛进一步降低,以往经营PC站点所要做的域名注册、ICP备案、防病毒攻击、防火墙设置、网站建设及<span style="color: black;">守护</span>等工作,基本都可<span style="color: black;">以避免</span>除。<span style="color: black;">况且</span><span style="color: black;">宣传</span>客户还能利用平台<span style="color: black;">供给</span>的<span style="color: black;">海量</span>建站工具,如表单功能、AR、数据分析等,进一步<span style="color: black;">提高</span>自己的营销能力。<span style="color: black;">针对</span>平台<span style="color: black;">来讲</span>,则能够更好地赋能客户、<span style="color: black;">把握</span>数据,<span style="color: black;">同期</span>管控<span style="color: black;">宣传</span>落地页<span style="color: black;">危害</span>。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">2、</span>平台建站类移动<span style="color: black;">宣传</span>落地页的法律责任主体及类型分析</strong></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">移动APP平台经营者未客户<span style="color: black;">供给</span><span style="color: black;">宣传</span>落地页建站工具,除了能实现样式统一和更严格的管控之外,还要<span style="color: black;">思虑</span>这一操作可能给平台带来的的新型法律责任。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;">1</strong><strong style="color: blue;">、移动建站工具类<span style="color: black;">宣传</span>落地页<span style="color: black;">是不是</span>属于法律<span style="color: black;">道理</span>上的<span style="color: black;">宣传</span></strong> </span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">虽然<span style="color: black;">宣传</span>客户<span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">经过</span>平台<span style="color: black;">供给</span>的移动建站工具生成<span style="color: black;">宣传</span>落地页,但究其性质,落地页仍然是<span style="color: black;">宣传</span>主<span style="color: black;">自己</span>的“网页”,其内容并<span style="color: black;">欠妥</span>然属于法律<span style="color: black;">道理</span>上的<span style="color: black;">宣传</span>。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">《<span style="color: black;">宣传</span>法》<span style="color: black;">针对</span>“<span style="color: black;">宣传</span>”的定义<span style="color: black;">无</span><span style="color: black;">知道</span>规定,只是说,“在中华人民共和国境内,商品经营者<span style="color: black;">或</span>服务<span style="color: black;">供给</span>者<span style="color: black;">经过</span>一定媒介和形式直接<span style="color: black;">或</span>间接地介绍自己所推销的商品<span style="color: black;">或</span>服务的<span style="color: black;">商场</span><span style="color: black;">宣传</span>活动,适用本法”。<span style="color: black;">这般</span>一个宽泛的循环定义,让“<span style="color: black;">宣传</span>”几乎<span style="color: black;">成为了</span>无所不包的口袋概念,实践中很难辨别,尤其是<span style="color: black;">针对</span>互联网<span style="color: black;">宣传</span>的认定。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">在《互联网<span style="color: black;">宣传</span>管理暂行办法》的<span style="color: black;">初期</span>版本(征求意见稿),曾规定了<span style="color: black;">有些</span>“<span style="color: black;">宣传</span>”的例外,“在互联网发布的<span style="color: black;">相关</span>商品<span style="color: black;">或</span>服务的信息,除<span style="color: black;">按照</span>国家标准或行业惯例<span style="color: black;">需求</span>该类商品或服务应当标注的商品的实物图形、送达方式、包装性质的文字说明、<span style="color: black;">照片</span>等标识信息以外,其它文字、图形、画面等,符合<span style="color: black;">商场</span><span style="color: black;">宣传</span>特征的,为互联网<span style="color: black;">宣传</span>”。后来这一条<span style="color: black;">无</span>写进终稿。但在《互联网<span style="color: black;">宣传</span>管理暂行办法》发布后,时任<span style="color: black;">宣传</span>司司长张国华<span style="color: black;">亦</span>讲过,“消费者有知情权,对产品的材质、<span style="color: black;">成分</span>、功效等法律、法规和规章规定应当向消费者<span style="color: black;">供给</span>的这些商品<span style="color: black;">或</span>服务的客观说明,这类信息和<span style="color: black;">宣传</span>是有区别的”。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">因此</span>说,并非出<span style="color: black;">此刻</span>移动建站工具类<span style="color: black;">宣传</span>落地页中的内容就<span style="color: black;">必定</span>是或不是<span style="color: black;">宣传</span>,需要<span style="color: black;">详细</span>问题<span style="color: black;">详细</span>分析。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;">2</strong><strong style="color: blue;">、平台经营者<span style="color: black;">是不是</span>要对平台建站类<span style="color: black;">宣传</span>落地页内容负“主体责任”或“连带责任”</strong></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">移动互联网时代的内容<span style="color: black;">制品</span>,如<span style="color: black;">微X</span>公众号、百家号、头条号这些C端“用户<span style="color: black;">制品</span>”,虽然在APP的封闭生态内生产和传播。但<span style="color: black;">日前</span>在民事侵权类案件中,司法均倾向于认定,网络平台<span style="color: black;">供给</span>的仍是技术服务,仍然<span style="color: black;">装扮</span>技术服务<span style="color: black;">供给</span>者角色,虽然有义务对内容进行审核,但不承担“主体责任”,<span style="color: black;">通常</span><span style="color: black;">状况</span>下,<span style="color: black;">亦</span>不对内容侵权承担连带侵权责任。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">这种司法认定的<span style="color: black;">规律</span>起点是,谁是内容生产和所有者,谁就应当承担主体责任,平台负有平台管理义务,但不承担主体责任。<span style="color: black;">针对</span>平台建站类<span style="color: black;">宣传</span>落地页<span style="color: black;">来讲</span>,虽然是“<span style="color: black;">商场</span><span style="color: black;">制品</span>”,但法理是一致的。<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>平台经营者仅<span style="color: black;">供给</span>一个建站工具,由客户自主编辑物料,自主上传,自主<span style="color: black;">掌控</span>,自主享受收益,<span style="color: black;">那样</span><span style="color: black;">最后</span>形成的移动建站工具类<span style="color: black;">宣传</span>落地页,其所有权就是属于<span style="color: black;">宣传</span>客户的,自然应该由客户承担主体责任。但<span style="color: black;">倘若</span><span style="color: black;">宣传</span>建站所<span style="color: black;">运用</span>的物料内容都是平台经营者<span style="color: black;">供给</span>的,<span style="color: black;">或</span><span style="color: black;">宣传</span>落地页本身<span style="color: black;">便是</span>平台<span style="color: black;">帮忙</span>客户创建的,则平台经营者就要承担主体责任。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">因此呢</span>,平台经营者<span style="color: black;">是不是</span>要对平台建站类<span style="color: black;">宣传</span>落地页内容负“主体责任”或“连带责任”,取决于<span style="color: black;">制品</span>设计,<span style="color: black;">不可</span>一概而论。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;">3</strong><strong style="color: blue;">、</strong><strong style="color: blue;">移动建站工具类<span style="color: black;">宣传</span>落地页可能面临的<span style="color: black;">重点</span><span style="color: black;">危害</span>及平台经营者的<span style="color: black;">详细</span>法律责任</strong></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">当<span style="color: black;">说到</span>法律责任的时候,<span style="color: black;">不可</span>笼统概括,<span style="color: black;">必定</span>要区分<span style="color: black;">区别</span>的责任类型。平台建站类<span style="color: black;">宣传</span>落地页,<span style="color: black;">不仅</span>受《<span style="color: black;">宣传</span>法》监管,<span style="color: black;">亦</span>可能受其他法律监管。归总起来,<span style="color: black;">重点</span>是三大<span style="color: black;">危害</span>,对应的平台法律责任<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">区别</span>。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">(1)违反《<span style="color: black;">宣传</span>法》的行政责任。<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>移动建站工具类<span style="color: black;">宣传</span>落地页内容属于广告,<span style="color: black;">那样</span><span style="color: black;">重点</span>面临的<span style="color: black;">危害</span>是《<span style="color: black;">宣传</span>法》上的行政处罚责任,<span style="color: black;">例如</span>虚假<span style="color: black;">宣传</span>责任。此时,客户属于<span style="color: black;">宣传</span>主,承担主体责任,平台经营者是<span style="color: black;">宣传</span>发布者,承担<span style="color: black;">宣传</span>发布者责任。《<span style="color: black;">宣传</span>法》<span style="color: black;">针对</span><span style="color: black;">怎样</span>认定责任有较为细致规定,<span style="color: black;">这里</span>不赘述。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">(2)知识产权侵权责任。这方面<span style="color: black;">重点</span>取决于<span style="color: black;">制品</span>机制,<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>落地页物料内容是客户自主<span style="color: black;">供给</span>的,且不是<span style="color: black;">显著</span>侵权的内容,则平台经营者的可抗辩空间很大。<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>物料内容是平台<span style="color: black;">供给</span>的,则平台经营者可能要承担直接侵权责任。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">(3)针对消费者的侵权责任,<span style="color: black;">例如</span>客户针对消费者的欺诈。这方面的责任比较特殊,<span style="color: black;">重点</span>应适用《消费者权益<span style="color: black;">守护</span>法》第44条,平台经营者<span style="color: black;">首要</span>要能<span style="color: black;">供给</span>客户的身份信息,<span style="color: black;">不可</span><span style="color: black;">供给</span>真实信息要承担替代责任。<span style="color: black;">针对</span><span style="color: black;">显著</span>违法<span style="color: black;">行径</span>要承担连带侵权责任。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;">4</strong><strong style="color: blue;">、<span style="color: black;">运用</span>第三方域名承载</strong><strong style="color: blue;">移动建站工具类<span style="color: black;">宣传</span>落地页能否<span style="color: black;">明显</span>降低平台经营者法律责任</strong></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">宣传</span>发布属于<span style="color: black;">商场</span><span style="color: black;">行径</span>,且行政机关<span style="color: black;">针对</span><span style="color: black;">宣传</span>的监管较为严格。<span style="color: black;">因此</span><span style="color: black;">都数</span>平台<span style="color: black;">机构</span><span style="color: black;">针对</span>向客户<span style="color: black;">供给</span><span style="color: black;">宣传</span>落地页建站工具都会比较<span style="color: black;">敏锐</span>。较为<span style="color: black;">小心</span>的做法是,以<span style="color: black;">相关</span><span style="color: black;">机构</span>或合作<span style="color: black;">机构</span>名义注册独立的建站网站,承担建站服务商角色。这种设计,<span style="color: black;">是不是</span>能降低平台经营者的法律责任呢?</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">如前所述,在《<span style="color: black;">宣传</span>法》的<span style="color: black;">调节</span>范围内,移动APP的平台经营者,<span style="color: black;">都数</span>时候属于发布<span style="color: black;">宣传</span>的一方,承担<span style="color: black;">宣传</span>发布者的责任,而非<span style="color: black;">宣传</span>主的主体责任。<span style="color: black;">因此呢</span>笔者认为,无论是<span style="color: black;">运用</span>移动APP平台经营者的域名承载建站工具,还是<span style="color: black;">运用</span>其他<span style="color: black;">机构</span>的域名,只是个形式,不影响客户的主体身份地位,<span style="color: black;">亦</span>不影响平台经营者的法律角色,<span style="color: black;">从而</span><span style="color: black;">亦</span>不影响两者各自应当承担的法律责任。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">反而是,<span style="color: black;">倘若</span><span style="color: black;">运用</span>移动APP平台经营者的<span style="color: black;">相关</span><span style="color: black;">机构</span>或第三方<span style="color: black;">机构</span>,新注册域名来承载移动建站工具,还可能在面临<span style="color: black;">关联</span>诉讼时,被动<span style="color: black;">增多</span>一个<span style="color: black;">一起</span>被告。平台经营者<span style="color: black;">做为</span><span style="color: black;">宣传</span>发布者,毫无疑问会被列为被告,而承载移动营销页的<span style="color: black;">相关</span><span style="color: black;">机构</span>或第三方<span style="color: black;">机构</span>,因为<span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">经过</span>域名被定位到,<span style="color: black;">亦</span>可能<span style="color: black;">作为</span><span style="color: black;">一起</span>被告。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">当然,在其他法律场景下,<span style="color: black;">例如</span><span style="color: black;">宣传</span>客户<span style="color: black;">运用</span>移动建站工具制作了严重违反法律规定的落地页,到其他平台<span style="color: black;">运用</span>,就另当别论了。</span></p>
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