4G上网不流畅,是因为么被干扰了吗?
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<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">移动通信是一个<span style="color: black;">繁杂</span>的系统,<span style="color: black;">包含</span>无线电子通信、计算机通信、信息通信以及安全<span style="color: black;">行业</span>,最<span style="color: black;">没法</span>捉摸的应算无线电子通信,<span style="color: black;">由于</span>,无线电波在空中是摸不到,看不到的,<span style="color: black;">因此呢</span>,<span style="color: black;">咱们</span><span style="color: black;">针对</span>飘在空中的无线电波,有个名词叫,空中接口<span style="color: black;">或</span>叫空口,说的比较不专业点,<span style="color: black;">不外</span>好理解。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">无线电波的不固定性,随之而来的一个问题<span style="color: black;">便是</span>干扰。</p>
<h1 style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;">什么是无线干扰</h1>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">无线干扰的产生是多种多样的,移动通信网络无线干扰产生的<span style="color: black;">原因</span>有:某些专用无线电系统占用<span style="color: black;">无</span><span style="color: black;">知道</span>划分的频率资源;<span style="color: black;">区别</span>运营商网络参数配置冲突;基站收发机滤波器的性能不达标;小区覆盖重叠;电磁兼容(EMC)以及有意干扰等。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">干扰的存在对移动通信系统的网络性能有很大的影响,干扰带来的影响表现为:<span style="color: black;">没法</span>接入网络、掉线、切换差、业务速率低、话音/画面质量差,这些网络性能问题会直接影响到用户体验。</p>
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<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">干扰<span style="color: black;">导致</span>的移动性问题</p>
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<h1 style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;">干扰<span style="color: black;">归类</span></h1>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">干扰形成的<span style="color: black;">原由</span>多,<span style="color: black;">根据</span>干扰<span style="color: black;">源自</span><span style="color: black;">能够</span>划分为系统内,与系统外的干扰,以及基站设备本身的运行故障产生的干扰,以及<span style="color: black;">外边</span>干扰等,以LTE系统为例:</p>系统内干扰:<span style="color: black;">重点</span>指LTE系统内因邻区、PCI等数据配置错误、重叠覆盖等带来的小区与小区之间的干扰;<span style="color: black;">针对</span>TD LTE而言,系统内干扰还可能存在交叉时隙干扰,GPS失步干扰,超远覆盖干扰等。<span style="color: black;">针对</span>越区覆盖<span style="color: black;">引起</span>的干扰,<span style="color: black;">重点</span>是进行覆盖的优化,在覆盖优化分册里分析,本分册<span style="color: black;">再也不</span><span style="color: black;">表现</span>;系统间干扰:<span style="color: black;">重点</span>指LTE与其他<span style="color: black;">区别</span>系统之间因隔离度、互调等问题<span style="color: black;">导致</span>的系统与系统之间的干扰;基站设备故障<span style="color: black;">导致</span>的故障产生的干扰,这种<span style="color: black;">通常</span>为器件性问题。<span style="color: black;">外边</span>干扰:<span style="color: black;">一般</span>为非通信系统的未知干扰源。<div style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><img src="https://p3-sign.toutiaoimg.com/pgc-image/09437daad8c0477691c7d277ff28ca39~noop.image?_iz=58558&from=article.pc_detail&lk3s=953192f4&x-expires=1725613260&x-signature=fa03cY13C5ju4hC13DRVfFEnRjc%3D" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;">
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">系统内干扰与系统间干扰场景</p>
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<h1 style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><strong style="color: blue;">系统内干扰</strong></h1>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">因为</span>采用OFDM技术,LTE系统较好的<span style="color: black;">处理</span>了小区内同频干扰,但存在较严重的小区间同频干扰。小区间同频干扰将<span style="color: black;">引起</span>LTE网络性能恶化,同频干扰的<span style="color: black;">重点</span>影响有:</p>对用户面影响:影响系统吞吐量、影响边缘用户吞吐量;对<span style="color: black;">掌控</span>面影响:影响公共信道解调、影响用户QoS、影响系统时延。<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">其中<span style="color: black;">针对</span>公共信道的影响<span style="color: black;">重点</span><span style="color: black;">表现</span>在以下几个方面:</p>同步信道:<span style="color: black;">没法</span>识别小区、<span style="color: black;">没法</span>同步、<span style="color: black;">没法</span><span style="color: black;">得到</span>BCH配置;广播信道:<span style="color: black;">没法</span>获知系统配置信息和邻小区信息;<span style="color: black;">掌控</span>信道:某特定用户<span style="color: black;">没法</span>获知自己的调度信息,上行传输的反馈信令等<span style="color: black;">掌控</span>信息;参考信号:信道估计不准,数据接收误码率<span style="color: black;">上升</span>,影响用户QoS,<span style="color: black;">导致</span>传输时延增大。<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">导致</span>邻区同频干扰的<span style="color: black;">重点</span><span style="color: black;">原由</span>是:</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(1) 邻区漏配<span style="color: black;">没法</span>切换<span style="color: black;">引起</span>的邻区干扰;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(2) PCI冲突、PCI 模3冲突<span style="color: black;">引起</span>RS在频域上的干扰;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(3) 重叠覆盖区域过大<span style="color: black;">引起</span>的邻区干扰;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(4) 越区覆盖<span style="color: black;">引起</span>的干扰。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">针对</span>LTE而言,TDD制式的除以上<span style="color: black;">原由</span>外,<span style="color: black;">导致</span>邻区同频干扰还可能是以下<span style="color: black;">原由</span>:</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(5) <strong style="color: blue;">邻区采用<span style="color: black;">区别</span>的上下行时隙配比</strong>:相邻的小区上、下行子帧配置<span style="color: black;">区别</span>,<span style="color: black;">引起</span>下行子帧干扰其它小区的上行子帧接收,产生上行干扰;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(6)<strong style="color: blue;"> 帧失步(GPS失锁)<span style="color: black;">导致</span>的干扰</strong>:GPS<span style="color: black;">区别</span>步可能下行信号落入上行信号时隙,<span style="color: black;">引起</span>上行干扰,GSP时钟<span style="color: black;">区别</span>步<span style="color: black;">导致</span>的干扰,<span style="color: black;">一般</span>影响比较严重,且范围很广。可能在GPS失步基站<span style="color: black;">周边</span>的一大片基站都受到干扰,<span style="color: black;">引起</span>这些基站覆盖范围内的UE<span style="color: black;">没法</span>做业务,严重的<span style="color: black;">乃至</span>在基站下RSRP很好的<span style="color: black;">状况</span>下,UE都<span style="color: black;">没法</span>入网。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(7)<strong style="color: blue;"> 超远距离干扰</strong>:TD LTE远距离同频干扰<span style="color: black;">出现</span>在相距很远的基站间,在低空大气波导效应下,远端基站的下行信号<span style="color: black;">能够</span>实现超视距传输到达近端,<span style="color: black;">同期</span><span style="color: black;">由于</span>传播过程中的时延<span style="color: black;">引起</span>干扰站的DwPTS与被干扰站的UpPTS对齐,<span style="color: black;">引起</span>干扰站的基站发对被干扰站的基站收的干扰。TD LTE超远距离干扰可能<span style="color: black;">引起</span>:UE在被干扰小区边缘<span style="color: black;">不可</span>进行随机接入;邻区UE<span style="color: black;">不可</span>切换到被干扰小区;严重的会<span style="color: black;">显现</span>下行业务和上行业务速率都大幅下降。</p>
<h1 style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><strong style="color: blue;">系统间干扰</strong></h1>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">当LTE和GSM900、DCS1800、WCDMA2100、CDMA800、TD SCDMA(A频段、E频段)共存时,这些系统和LTE之间都有可能产生相互干扰,这些<strong style="color: blue;">干扰<span style="color: black;">重点</span>有以下几类</strong>:</p>邻频干扰:<span style="color: black;">倘若</span><span style="color: black;">区别</span>的系统工作在相邻的频率,<span style="color: black;">因为</span>发射机的邻道泄漏和接收机邻道<span style="color: black;">选取</span>性的性能的限制,就会<span style="color: black;">出现</span>邻道干扰,<span style="color: black;">亦</span>叫邻频干扰;杂散干扰:由干扰源在被干扰接收机工作频段产生的噪声,使被干扰接收机的信噪比恶化。<span style="color: black;">重点</span><span style="color: black;">因为</span>发射机中的功放、混频器和滤波器等器件的非线性,会在工作频带以外很宽的范围内产生辐射信号分量, <span style="color: black;">包含</span>热噪声、<strong style="color: blue;">谐波</strong>、寄生辐射、频率转换产物和互调产物等;当这些发射机产生的干扰信号落在被干扰系统接收机的工作带内时,抬高了接收机的噪底,从而减低了接收灵敏度;互调干扰:当两个或多个<span style="color: black;">区别</span>频率的发射信号<span style="color: black;">经过</span>非线性电路时,将在多个频率的线性组合频率上形成互调产物。当这些互调产物与受干扰接收机的有用信号频率相同或相近时,将<span style="color: black;">引起</span>受干扰接收机灵敏度损失,<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>之为<strong style="color: blue;">互调干扰</strong>。种类<span style="color: black;">包含</span>多干扰源形成的互调、发射分量与干扰源形成的<strong style="color: blue;">互调和交调干扰</strong>;阻塞干扰:阻塞干扰并不是落在被干扰系统接收带内的,但<span style="color: black;">因为</span>干扰信号过强,超出了接收机的线性范围,<span style="color: black;">引起</span>接收机饱和而<span style="color: black;">没法</span>工作。<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">为避免系统间的干扰,天线在安装的时候,需要满足<span style="color: black;">必定</span>的隔离度<span style="color: black;">需求</span>,<span style="color: black;">意见</span>LTE天线与现有系统天线的安装隔离距离采用如下标准,在优化前需要进行天馈安装位置的核查,应满足邻近的异系统天线的空间隔离<span style="color: black;">需求</span>:</p>
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<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">1.8GHz LTE FDD系统与其他系统的天线间隔离<span style="color: black;">需要</span></p>
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<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">2.1GHz LTE FDD与其他系统隔离度<span style="color: black;">需求</span></p>
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<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">本来还有一个2.6G TDD的,这个<span style="color: black;">此刻</span>联通电信都退频给移动了,这个就不重点提了,<span style="color: black;">不外</span>移动在<span style="color: black;">将来</span>大面积用2.6G<span style="color: black;">安排</span>5G时,需要<span style="color: black;">重视</span>CDMA 850进行有效的隔离。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">按<span style="color: black;">日前</span>移动通信系统中,存在的电信CDMA的频率干扰移动TDD LTE,移动的频率F频点干扰联通的WCDMA,<span style="color: black;">因此</span>,<span style="color: black;">必定</span>的隔离度是非常有必要,<span style="color: black;">然则</span>随着铁塔共建,天面资源是紧张,<span style="color: black;">引起</span>的后果<span style="color: black;">便是</span>,天线的隔离<span style="color: black;">不足</span>。</p>
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<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">来自中兴的资料:LTE系统间干扰</p>
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<h1 style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><span style="color: black;">外边</span>干扰</h1>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">外边</span>干扰,就很容易理解,<span style="color: black;">例如</span>说,网络上卖的私装放大器,无授权的设备频率发射,仿真站等,都<span style="color: black;">必定</span>程序了移动通信网络。</p>
<h1 style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><strong style="color: blue;">干扰问题的优化手段</strong></h1>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">干扰问题的优化可<span style="color: black;">按照</span><span style="color: black;">详细</span>的<span style="color: black;">原由</span>采取<span style="color: black;">办法</span>进行优化改善。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">(1)小区布局不<span style="color: black;">恰当</span></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">因为</span>站址<span style="color: black;">选取</span>的限制和<span style="color: black;">繁杂</span>的地理环境,可能<span style="color: black;">显现</span>小区布局不<span style="color: black;">恰当</span>的<span style="color: black;">状况</span>。不<span style="color: black;">恰当</span>的小区布局可能<span style="color: black;">引起</span>部分区域<span style="color: black;">显现</span>弱覆盖,而部分区域<span style="color: black;">显现</span>多个导频强信号覆盖,此问题<span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">经过</span>更换站址来<span style="color: black;">处理</span>,<span style="color: black;">然则</span>现网操作会比较困难,在有困难的<span style="color: black;">状况</span>下<span style="color: black;">经过</span><span style="color: black;">调节</span>方位角、下倾角来改善重叠覆盖度过大<span style="color: black;">状况</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">(2)天线挂高较高</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">倘若</span>一个基站选址太高,相对<span style="color: black;">周边</span>的地物而言,<span style="color: black;">周边</span>的大部分区域都在天线的视距范围内,使得信号在很大范围内传播。站址过高<span style="color: black;">引起</span>越区覆盖<span style="color: black;">不易</span><span style="color: black;">掌控</span>,产生干扰,此问题<span style="color: black;">重点</span><span style="color: black;">经过</span>降低天线挂高来<span style="color: black;">处理</span>,<span style="color: black;">然则</span><span style="color: black;">由于</span><span style="color: black;">非常多</span>LTE站点是与2G/3G共站,受天面的限制难以<span style="color: black;">调节</span>天线挂高,在这种<span style="color: black;">状况</span>下<span style="color: black;">经过</span><span style="color: black;">调节</span>方位角、下倾角、RS功率等来改善干扰。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">(3)天线方位角设置不<span style="color: black;">恰当</span></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">在一个多基站的网络中,天线的方位角应该<span style="color: black;">按照</span>全网的基站布局、覆盖<span style="color: black;">需要</span>、话务量分布等来<span style="color: black;">恰当</span>设置。<span style="color: black;">通常</span><span style="color: black;">来讲</span>,各扇区天线之间的方位角设计应是互为<span style="color: black;">弥补</span>。若<span style="color: black;">无</span><span style="color: black;">恰当</span>设计,可能会<span style="color: black;">导致</span>部分扇区<span style="color: black;">同期</span>覆盖相同的区域,形成<span style="color: black;">太多</span>的重叠覆盖,这需要<span style="color: black;">按照</span>信号分布和站点的位置关系来进行天线方位的<span style="color: black;">调节</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">(4)天线下倾角设置不<span style="color: black;">恰当</span></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">天线的倾角设计是<span style="color: black;">按照</span>天线挂高相对<span style="color: black;">周边</span>地物的相对高度、覆盖范围<span style="color: black;">需求</span>、天线型号等来确定的。当天线下倾角设计不<span style="color: black;">恰当</span>时,在<span style="color: black;">不该</span>该覆盖的地方<span style="color: black;">亦</span>能收到其较强的覆盖信号,造<span style="color: black;">成为了</span>对其它区域的干扰,严重时会<span style="color: black;">导致</span>掉话。此种<span style="color: black;">状况</span><span style="color: black;">按照</span>信号的分布和站点的位置关系来<span style="color: black;">调节</span>下倾角至<span style="color: black;">恰当</span>取值。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">(5)RS功率设置不<span style="color: black;">恰当</span></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">当基站密集分布时,若规划的覆盖范围小,而设置的导频功率过大,导频覆盖范围大于规划的小区覆盖范围时,<span style="color: black;">亦</span>可能<span style="color: black;">引起</span>重叠覆盖问题,从而产生干扰。在不影响室内覆盖的<span style="color: black;">状况</span>下<span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">思虑</span>降低部分小区的导频功率。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">(6)覆盖区域周边环境影响</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">因为</span>无线环境的<span style="color: black;">繁杂</span>性:<span style="color: black;">包含</span>地形地貌、建筑物分布、街道分布、水域等等各方面的影响,使得导频信号难以<span style="color: black;">掌控</span>,<span style="color: black;">没法</span>达到预期<span style="color: black;">情况</span>。<span style="color: black;">重点</span><span style="color: black;">表现</span>在,街道/水域对信号的传播,当天线方向沿街道时,其覆盖范围会沿街道延伸较远,在沿街道的其它基站的覆盖范围内,可能会TD LTE超远干扰问题。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">(7)系统间的干扰</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">因为</span><span style="color: black;">区别</span>运营商间的干扰,<span style="color: black;">能够</span>加装滤波器,<span style="color: black;">或</span>更换抗干扰的射频单元,<span style="color: black;">不外</span>以上的成本代价还是挺大的,最好是先加大天线的隔离度、方位<span style="color: black;">调节</span>一下尝试<span style="color: black;">处理</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">总之,移动频谱<span style="color: black;">运用</span>是门很深的学问,在<span style="color: black;">平常</span>优化<span style="color: black;">其中</span>,需要按规范及<span style="color: black;">长时间</span>的跟踪优化,<span style="color: black;">才可</span><span style="color: black;">保证</span>网络的稳定性,<span style="color: black;">目的</span>是无投诉。</p>
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感谢楼主分享,祝愿外链论坛越办越好! 我完全同意你的看法,期待我们能深入探讨这个问题。 大势所趋,用于讽刺一些制作目的就是为了跟风玩梗,博取眼球的作品。
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