什么是甲状腺癌?
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">甲状腺癌(thyroid carcinoma)是最<span style="color: black;">平常</span>的甲状腺恶性肿瘤,约占全身恶性肿瘤的1%,<span style="color: black;">包含</span>乳头状癌、滤泡状癌、未分化癌和髓样癌四种病理类型。以恶性度较低、预后较好的乳头状癌最<span style="color: black;">平常</span>,除髓样癌外,绝大部分甲状腺癌起源于滤泡上皮细胞。发病率与地区、种族、性别有<span style="color: black;">必定</span>关系。女性发病较多,男女发病比例为1﹕(2~4)。任何年龄均可发病,但以青壮年多见。绝大<span style="color: black;">都数</span>甲状腺癌<span style="color: black;">出现</span>于<span style="color: black;">一边</span>甲状腺腺叶,常为单个肿瘤。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">【病因】</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">1、放射性<span style="color: black;">损害</span>,放射线外照射颈部可<span style="color: black;">导致</span>甲状腺癌</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">2、碘的缺乏和过量摄入都可能<span style="color: black;">导致</span>甲状腺功能改变,使甲状腺激素分泌<span style="color: black;">太多</span>,可使甲状腺<span style="color: black;">出现</span>癌变。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">3、遗传<span style="color: black;">原因</span>5%~10%的甲状腺癌<span style="color: black;">病人</span>有<span style="color: black;">显著</span>的家族史,为常染色体显性遗传<span style="color: black;">疾患</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">4、癌症<span style="color: black;">关联</span>的基因改变、致癌因子的激活或抑癌基因的突变,失活,都有可能<span style="color: black;">导致</span>甲状腺癌,<span style="color: black;">平常</span>的基因<span style="color: black;">反常</span><span style="color: black;">包含</span>BRAF突变、RAS突变,以及PET/PTC和TEK等重排</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">【<span style="color: black;">平常</span>临床表现】</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">1、典型的临床表现为甲状腺内<span style="color: black;">发掘</span>肿块,质地硬而固定、表面不平是各型癌的<span style="color: black;">一起</span>表现。腺体在吞咽时上下移动性小。未分化癌可在短期内<span style="color: black;">显现</span><span style="color: black;">以上</span>症状,除肿块增长<span style="color: black;">显著</span>外,还伴有侵犯<span style="color: black;">周边</span>组织的特性。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">2、晚期可产生声音嘶哑、<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>、吞咽困难和交感神经受压<span style="color: black;">导致</span>Horner<span style="color: black;">综合症</span>及侵犯颈丛<span style="color: black;">显现</span>耳、枕、肩等处<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>和局部淋巴结及远处器官转移等表现。颈淋巴结转移在未分化癌<span style="color: black;">出现</span>较早。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">3、髓样癌<span style="color: black;">因为</span>肿瘤本身可产生降钙素和5-羟色胺,从而<span style="color: black;">导致</span>腹泻、心悸、面色潮红等症状</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">【治疗原则】</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">1、手术治疗是甲状腺癌的<span style="color: black;">重点</span>治疗手段,<span style="color: black;">通常</span>行根治性手术,术后不做预防性放疗<span style="color: black;">或</span>化疗,术后复发或淋巴结转移<span style="color: black;">不可</span>再行手术时再做放疗。有远处转移者可<span style="color: black;">思虑</span>做化疗,未分化癌对化疗有<span style="color: black;">必定</span>的<span style="color: black;">敏锐</span>,且未分化癌生长快而固定,不宜切除。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">2、放射治疗:未分化癌对放射治疗有一定的<span style="color: black;">敏锐</span>性,但髓样癌<span style="color: black;">暗示</span>抗拒</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">3、放射性核素:滤泡癌吸碘率强,可用碘131核素治疗,对转移灶有<span style="color: black;">必定</span>疗效,做全甲状腺切除手术的<span style="color: black;">病人</span>须终生<span style="color: black;">吃下</span>甲状腺素。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">【肿瘤内科综合治疗】<span style="color: black;">重点</span>为激素治疗、化学治疗、靶向<span style="color: black;">药品</span>治疗</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(1)激素治疗:应用甲状腺制剂进行<span style="color: black;">控制</span>治疗:对乳头状癌、滤泡癌、髓样癌有<span style="color: black;">必定</span>的效果,<span style="color: black;">亦</span>可用于术后辅助治疗。①甲状腺素片:每日剂量为120~150mg/d,分2-3次口服,<span style="color: black;">长时间</span><span style="color: black;">吃下</span>,②优甲乐:对甲状腺术后的<span style="color: black;">控制</span>治疗,每日剂量100-300ug,于早餐前半小时一次<span style="color: black;">吃下</span>,从低剂量<span style="color: black;">起始</span>,每2-4周<span style="color: black;">逐步</span><span style="color: black;">增多</span>,直至足量,<span style="color: black;">长时间</span><span style="color: black;">吃下</span>(50ug,100ug)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(2)化学治疗:甲状腺癌很少用化疗,但未分化癌对化疗有<span style="color: black;">必定</span>的<span style="color: black;">敏锐</span>,单药以ADM为首选,DDP、BLM、5-FU、VCR<span style="color: black;">也</span>有效。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(3)分子靶向<span style="color: black;">药品</span>治疗:1、凡德他尼:用于治疗<span style="color: black;">不可</span>切除,局部晚期或转移的有症状或<span style="color: black;">发展</span>的髓样甲状腺癌。2、索拉菲尼:用于局部晚期或转移性碘难治性甲状腺癌。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">注:有<span style="color: black;">必须</span>咨询<span style="color: black;">药品</span>临床<span style="color: black;">实验</span>,<span style="color: black;">能够</span>私聊我</p>
哈哈、笑死我了、太搞笑了吧等。
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