你能分辨吗，这是蚂蚁，还是蜘蛛？
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<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">蜘蛛，<strong style="color: blue;">8</strong>只眼睛<strong style="color: blue;">8</strong>条腿。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">腿又多又长的蜘蛛跑起来飞快，跑得最快的家隅蛛（普<span style="color: black;">一般</span>见的居家蜘蛛，Tegenaria domestica）奔跑记录是<strong style="color: blue;">0.53</strong>米/秒，等于每秒能跑<strong style="color: blue;">33</strong>倍身长。<span style="color: black;">针对</span>指甲壳大的蜘蛛<span style="color: black;">来讲</span>，这个速度有多快？换算成你的身高就<span style="color: black;">晓得</span>了，你的身高<strong style="color: blue;">1.8</strong>米，奔跑速度应该是<strong style="color: blue;">59.4</strong>米/秒。<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>以家隅蛛的速度奔跑，你跑完百米只需要<strong style="color: blue;">1.68</strong>秒时间。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">让人难以想象的速度，别说人类了，就连哺乳动物中奔跑最快的猎豹都赶不上蜘蛛。除了奔跑外，蜘蛛还能跳跃。族群里有很大的一个门派叫做跳蛛，它们的弹跳力惊人。身长不到<strong style="color: blue;">1</strong>厘米的跳蛛，在水平方向上，能跳过<strong style="color: blue;">25</strong>倍身长，<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>你有它的力量，平地上起跳你能跳<strong style="color: blue;">45</strong>米远。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">能跑能跳，有毒液会吐丝的跳蛛，看上去具备了全能技艺。可门派中有一支叫做Myrmarachne formicaria的跳蛛，却不愿意做蜘蛛，只想做只小蚂蚁，<strong style="color: blue;">除了长相<span style="color: black;">尽可能</span>向蚂蚁<span style="color: black;">挨近</span>以外，行动上还会模仿蚂蚁用6条腿走路。</strong></p>
<div style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><img src="https://p3-sign.toutiaoimg.com/pgc-image/b2821aeded7141b2b78ac5933c35b10d~noop.image?_iz=58558&from=article.pc_detail&lk3s=953192f4&x-expires=1725097099&x-signature=BrhpDjSiVjahx8g2h%2BVp2zxIRE8%3D" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></div>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">上图是M.F.跳蛛，是不是很像蚂蚁？<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>先来看跳蛛<span style="color: black;">怎么样</span>学习蚂蚁走路，再讲它<span style="color: black;">为何</span>要模仿蚂蚁。</p>
<h1 style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><strong style="color: blue;">学蚂蚁走路的跳蛛</strong></h1>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">蜘蛛比你跑得快，跳得远的一个重要<span style="color: black;">原由</span>是：它长得跟你不<span style="color: black;">同样</span>，<strong style="color: blue;">它的腿不<span style="color: black;">是由于</span>肌肉驱动，而是靠液压驱动。</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">你身<span style="color: black;">身体</span>有<strong style="color: blue;">3</strong>种肌肉，心脏肌、内脏肌和骨骼肌。<strong style="color: blue;">附着在骨骼上的肌肉分为屈肌和伸肌，两种肌肉以对抗的方式拉拽着骨骼运动，屈肌收缩，关节会弯曲，伸肌使劲，关节则伸直。</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">你的身体由骨骼支撑，而蜘蛛的身体里<span style="color: black;">无</span>骨骼，它的骨骼长在外面，长成一个硬壳。蜘蛛的外骨骼的材料不是碳酸钙或磷酸钙，而是<strong style="color: blue;">几丁质</strong>，跟你的指甲和头发的材料差不多。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">蜘蛛属于<strong style="color: blue;">节肢动物</strong>，节肢的意思是<span style="color: black;">相关</span>节的腿。你的腿上有两个关节，膝盖和脚踝，而蜘蛛腿上有7个关节。<strong style="color: blue;">多关节的蜘蛛腿，<span style="color: black;">仅有</span>屈肌<span style="color: black;">无</span>伸肌。</strong>两个<span style="color: black;">原由</span>，一是腿上<span style="color: black;">无</span>足够的空间容纳肌肉，如果蜘蛛有条大粗腿的话，肌肉会让它变得又笨又重。另一个<span style="color: black;">原由</span>是，蜘蛛是变温动物，<span style="color: black;">无</span>足够的能量来保持腿部肌肉的温暖。</p>
<div style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><img src="https://p3-sign.toutiaoimg.com/pgc-image/960fefcf13e74e48a420147366c9f89a~noop.image?_iz=58558&from=article.pc_detail&lk3s=953192f4&x-expires=1725097099&x-signature=p%2FcUtL1s7gZLABQ6NRWrhNDcSEk%3D" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></div>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">多关节小细腿的蜘蛛，长着一个圆滚滚的身体。身体分两部分，头和胸融合在<span style="color: black;">一块</span>的头胸部，还有一个大肚子的腹部。<strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">重视</span>细节：蜘蛛的8条腿都跟头胸部连接在<span style="color: black;">一块</span>，靠头胸部存储的液体驱动腿部运动</strong>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">蜘蛛腿部肌肉很少，<span style="color: black;">然则</span>腿壳内装满了液体，这种液体很像血液，叫做血淋巴。<strong style="color: blue;">在它活动时，血淋巴的流动压力让腿伸展，屈肌收缩让腿合拢</strong>。它<span style="color: black;">掌控</span>自己的心率来调节液体压力，心跳越快，压力越高。在蜘蛛死后，血淋巴停止流动，腿部失去液体压力，<strong style="color: blue;">8</strong>条腿没法伸展，只能蜷缩在<span style="color: black;">一块</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">靠液压驱动的<strong style="color: blue;">8</strong>条腿，走路时<span style="color: black;">怎么样</span><span style="color: black;">协同</span>，先出哪条腿呢？</p>
<div style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><img src="https://p3-sign.toutiaoimg.com/pgc-image/323f81b700d24f9bab18323c3755b201~noop.image?_iz=58558&from=article.pc_detail&lk3s=953192f4&x-expires=1725097099&x-signature=tpHwOAnMZ3rxkodvMbuG8Sqji3o%3D" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></div>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">看上图，蜘蛛<strong style="color: blue;">8</strong>条腿，分成<strong style="color: blue;">1、2、3、4</strong>对，迈步<span style="color: black;">次序</span>依次是：<strong style="color: blue;">左1，右2，左3，右4和右1，左2，右3，左4</strong>，间隔的<strong style="color: blue;">1、3</strong>对腿抬高，<span style="color: black;">另一</span><strong style="color: blue;">2、4</strong>对腿落地支撑身体。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">蜘蛛一对腿的<span style="color: black;">协同</span>行走，跟蚂蚁的走路方式有点儿<span style="color: black;">区别</span>。蚂蚁<strong style="color: blue;">6</strong>条腿，单侧身体<span style="color: black;">仅有</span><strong style="color: blue;">3</strong>条腿，<span style="color: black;">不可</span>像蜘蛛<span style="color: black;">同样</span>平均抬落，它采用的是三角步态。左边抬<strong style="color: blue;">1</strong>条腿，右边抬交错的<strong style="color: blue;">2</strong>条腿，<strong style="color: blue;">3</strong>条腿抬高，<span style="color: black;">另一</span><strong style="color: blue;">3</strong>条腿支撑身体，交错迈步前进。</p>
<div style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><img src="https://p3-sign.toutiaoimg.com/pgc-image/9c2b171aca1642eb95a8da1eb119a035~noop.image?_iz=58558&from=article.pc_detail&lk3s=953192f4&x-expires=1725097099&x-signature=gryffSwDgoiEueKcAFiXdp0hgyQ%3D" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></div>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">上图是蚂蚁的三角迈步，<strong style="color: blue;">6</strong>条腿的昆虫大<span style="color: black;">都数</span>都<span style="color: black;">根据</span><span style="color: black;">这般</span>的行走方式迈步。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">此刻</span>请你看下图，瓶子里捉果蝇的黑虫子，走路时用的是<strong style="color: blue;">4</strong>对腿迈步方式，还是<strong style="color: blue;">3</strong>对腿的三角迈步方式？</p>
<div style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><img src="https://p3-sign.toutiaoimg.com/pgc-image/52ef5291dbb84615929c81fda7686f18~noop.image?_iz=58558&from=article.pc_detail&lk3s=953192f4&x-expires=1725097099&x-signature=2LhZPo6hv2xnEvHwfmscwa96ohE%3D" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></div>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">分辨不出来吗，好，那看下面这张电脑动图，图中的虫子是蜘蛛还是蚂蚁，用哪种方式迈步？</p>
<div style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><img src="https://p3-sign.toutiaoimg.com/pgc-image/31e8839cd5a74f468bfb6695f78fc613~noop.image?_iz=58558&from=article.pc_detail&lk3s=953192f4&x-expires=1725097099&x-signature=25B0rN6Dl2qUZtyZ9%2BXdM34qsas%3D" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></div>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">还是看不出来对不？<strong style="color: blue;">答案：图中的黑虫子是跳蛛，它在模仿蚂蚁走路</strong>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">看到跳蛛走路的样子，<span style="color: black;">大众</span>都认为它抬起了一对前腿，学习蚂蚁用后面<strong style="color: blue;">6</strong>条腿迈步。<span style="color: black;">不外</span>，<strong style="color: blue;">有时你眼睛看到的不<span style="color: black;">必定</span>是真相</strong>。康奈尔大学团队，用高速摄像机拍下了跳蛛走路的视频，放慢视频速度，看清楚了跳蛛走路的真相。<strong style="color: blue;">真相跟<span style="color: black;">大众</span>认为的不<span style="color: black;">同样</span>，事实是跳蛛依然用8条腿走路</strong>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">有<strong style="color: blue;">8</strong>条腿的跳蛛，不<span style="color: black;">晓得</span>用<strong style="color: blue;">6</strong>条腿怎么走路。<span style="color: black;">然则</span>它有一个花招，<strong style="color: blue;">在走路的时候会周期性地停下来，举起前面的2条腿，伪装成蚂蚁的触角</strong>。跳蛛举高前腿的时间为<strong style="color: blue;">100</strong>毫秒，这段停顿的时间延时<span style="color: black;">刚才</span>好，正好造<span style="color: black;">成为了</span>视觉上的错觉，让<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>看起来，它就像蚂蚁<span style="color: black;">同样</span>用<strong style="color: blue;">6</strong>条腿走路。</p>
<div style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><img src="https://p3-sign.toutiaoimg.com/pgc-image/50834168150f4b70840d1b74b3f7af2f~noop.image?_iz=58558&from=article.pc_detail&lk3s=953192f4&x-expires=1725097099&x-signature=U7Vrxf9I1vGaP4PHSLyyCynSDk4%3D" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></div>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">上图是<strong style="color: blue;">3</strong>种动物的步态，左边是普通跳蛛，中间是模仿蚂蚁的跳蛛，右边是蚂蚁。模仿蚂蚁的跳蛛跟普通跳蛛的步态差不多，<strong style="color: blue;">4</strong>对腿交替走路，其中<span style="color: black;">显著</span><span style="color: black;">区别</span>之处是：<strong style="color: blue;">在静止时，普通跳蛛的前腿不会动，而模仿蚂蚁的跳蛛前腿会抬起并交叉晃动，模仿蚂蚁触角的运动。</strong></p>
<div style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><img src="https://p3-sign.toutiaoimg.com/pgc-image/a560995c1d38437a9fe01db2951d084a~noop.image?_iz=58558&from=article.pc_detail&lk3s=953192f4&x-expires=1725097099&x-signature=rXz81XU428kKyyIW5Sp4QQt8e%2Bc%3D" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></div>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">上图是<strong style="color: blue;">3</strong>种动物的足迹。<strong style="color: blue;">A</strong>图是普通跳蛛走过的路，<strong style="color: blue;">B</strong>图是模仿跳蛛的足迹。普通跳蛛的足迹<span style="color: black;">无</span>规律，模仿跳蛛的足迹非常规矩，走出了正弦波（波长为<strong style="color: blue;">10</strong>倍身长，振幅为<strong style="color: blue;">5</strong>倍身长）。<strong style="color: blue;">C</strong>图是蚂蚁在<span style="color: black;">无</span><span style="color: black;">跟踪</span>信息素时的足迹，<span style="color: black;">无</span>规律。<strong style="color: blue;">D</strong>图是蚂蚁在<span style="color: black;">跟踪</span>信息素的<span style="color: black;">状况</span>下留下的足迹，有规则的正弦波（波长为<strong style="color: blue;">10</strong>倍身长，振幅为<strong style="color: blue;">2～5</strong>倍身长）。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">蚂蚁在<span style="color: black;">跟踪</span>其他伙伴留下的信息素时，会走出规则的正弦波。<strong style="color: blue;">模仿蚂蚁走路的跳蛛，虽然不会像蚂蚁<span style="color: black;">同样</span>用6条腿走路，但它学会了蚂蚁走路的精华，走出正弦波足迹。</strong>这是模仿跳蛛跟普通跳蛛行走时最大的区别，普通跳蛛不会这一招。[头条-法兰西is培根-未经授权请勿转载其他平台]</p>
<div style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><img src="https://p3-sign.toutiaoimg.com/pgc-image/a67c835e379d4a5ebfe996439739715f~noop.image?_iz=58558&from=article.pc_detail&lk3s=953192f4&x-expires=1725097099&x-signature=8IYIti7kogeHXyg8r0vBopGqAcg%3D" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></div>
<h1 style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><strong style="color: blue;">跳蛛<span style="color: black;">为何</span>要模仿蚂蚁</strong></h1>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">跳蛛模仿蚂蚁的<span style="color: black;">原由</span>很简单：它要骗过天敌，让捕食者认为它是蚂蚁，不是蜘蛛</strong>。虽然跳蛛跑得快跳得远，装备了毒液武器，<span style="color: black;">然则</span>它的天敌还有<span style="color: black;">非常多</span>。大个头的蜘蛛、黄蜂、蟾蜍、蜥蜴、鸟类都会捕食跳蛛，而这些捕食者并不<span style="color: black;">爱好</span>捉蚂蚁吃。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">跳蛛伪装成蚂蚁，长成蚂蚁的模样，走路<span style="color: black;">亦</span>跟蚂蚁<span style="color: black;">同样</span>，骗过捕食者的眼睛，它就能逃过一劫。</p>
<div style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><img src="https://p3-sign.toutiaoimg.com/pgc-image/b2aa14270fc64660b83adcac68f4f704~noop.image?_iz=58558&from=article.pc_detail&lk3s=953192f4&x-expires=1725097099&x-signature=Jp3ZsJ8qn0SSRsICuAJLEHy5xuY%3D" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></div>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">跳蛛的伪装成绩怎么样？看上图，左边绿柱子是普通跳蛛被捕食的概率，中间蓝柱子是模仿跳蛛的被捕概率，右边红柱子是蚂蚁的被捕概率。<strong style="color: blue;">模仿蚂蚁的跳蛛被捕食的概率远远<span style="color: black;">少于</span>普通跳蛛的被捕概率，它成功地骗过了捕食者。</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">自然界中，一种生物模仿另一种生物的现象很<span style="color: black;">平常</span>，叫做拟态。<span style="color: black;">例如</span>一种兰花会把花朵长成雌蜂的模样，吸引雄蜂过来交尾，从而传播花粉。<strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">通常</span>生物的拟态都是静态上的外貌形状颜色的<span style="color: black;">类似</span>，而跳蛛更进一步，能学会蚂蚁的走路步态和轨迹，做到动态上的<span style="color: black;">行径</span>举止<span style="color: black;">类似</span>。</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">当捕食者盯上模仿跳蛛时，跳蛛举起前腿，摆个姿势给捕食者看：“别吃我，我是蚂蚁，不信我走两步给你看。”结果<span style="color: black;">常常</span>能化险为夷。</p>
<div style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><img src="https://p3-sign.toutiaoimg.com/pgc-image/a74a72ff951147a2a146908e8a54cc02~noop.image?_iz=58558&from=article.pc_detail&lk3s=953192f4&x-expires=1725097099&x-signature=DhvyChwkuc%2Bf9bGfnI%2BX05kpa7o%3D" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></div>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">学习学习，学会了精华才真正有收获。学习蚂蚁走路的跳蛛，虽然<span style="color: black;">无</span>跟蚂蚁走得一模<span style="color: black;">同样</span>，<span style="color: black;">然则</span>它学会了蚂蚁步态中的精华，成功达到了自己的目的。</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">跑得快跳得远的跳蛛，伪装成弱小蚂蚁，诠释了低调<span style="color: black;">亦</span>是一种王道。</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><a style="color: black;">#科学有意思#</a></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">参考资料：</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">1： “Walking like an ant: a quantitative and experimental approach to understanding locomotor mimicry in the jumping spider Myrmarachne formicaria”，by Paul S. Shamble, et al.，Proceedings of the royal society, 2017</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">2：“10 Fascinating Facts About Spiders”，by Debbie Hadley</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">2：“How Do Spiders Move?”，by Chris Roh</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">3：“How Spiders Work”，by Tom Harris, Animals how stuff works</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">附</strong>：今天更新<strong style="color: blue;">自然界里的<span style="color: black;">奥密</span></strong>系列<span style="color: black;">文案</span>，这是第<strong style="color: blue;">19</strong>篇：<strong style="color: blue;">学蚂蚁走路的蜘蛛</strong>。</p>
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