补贴退坡,新能源汽车和锂电的将来在哪里?
<span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">2019年,有人用“一片寒冬”,<span style="color: black;">亦</span>有人用“一个拐点”,来形容新能源汽车行业行进的走向。</span></strong></span><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">3月26日,中央四部委发布的《关于进一步完善新能源汽车推广应用财政<span style="color: black;">补助</span>政策的<span style="color: black;">通告</span>》,犹如给迅猛发展的新能源汽车产业注入了一副“清醒剂”。</span></strong></span><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">纯电动乘用车<span style="color: black;">补助</span>额度比2018年减少一半,近乎“断崖式”的<span style="color: black;">补助</span>退坡,超出了市场的<span style="color: black;">广泛</span>预期,新能源汽车的销量应声而落。</span></strong></span><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">中国汽车工业协会数据<span style="color: black;">表示</span>,2019年9月,新能源汽车<span style="color: black;">营销</span>完成8万辆,比上年同期下降34.2%。</span></strong></span><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">日前</span>,新能源汽车制<span style="color: black;">导致</span>本依然偏高,续驶里程并不尽如人意,充电还不方便,电池故障时有<span style="color: black;">出现</span>,价格焦虑、里程焦虑、安全焦虑仍然是<span style="color: black;">困惑</span>消费者的现实问题。</span></strong></span><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">这些短板不<span style="color: black;">处理</span>,即使有环保、节能、高科技等概念,新能源汽车<span style="color: black;">亦</span>很难真正普及。</span></strong></span><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">实质</span>上,新能源汽车产业的发展,<span style="color: black;">已然</span>从政策驱动转向市场驱动,此次<span style="color: black;">补助</span>政策的<span style="color: black;">调节</span>,除了降低直接<span style="color: black;">补助</span>,还<span style="color: black;">加强</span>了<span style="color: black;">得到</span><span style="color: black;">补助</span>的技术门槛,其中有何深意?</span></strong></span><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">面对激烈而又残酷的技术与市场竞争,车企该<span style="color: black;">怎样</span>抉择?</span></strong></span><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">当前面临的最为关键的技术瓶颈又该<span style="color: black;">怎样</span>突破?</span></strong></span><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">站在产业发展的十字路口,《中国经济大讲堂》特邀重量级嘉宾欧阳明高,为您深度<span style="color: black;">诠释</span>《<span style="color: black;">补助</span>退坡,新能源汽车的<span style="color: black;">将来</span>在哪里?</span></strong></span><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">》</span></strong></span><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/OiaTibYg773zfcclyiaUvaycDPg8Bw4icnt5o7dnqI3RTSxAntiaFhx6jW6nEmASyr5LWx2qC1kokLFfB0VAprMFYnA/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"><p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">嘉宾简介</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/OiaTibYg773zdyGzlqFhona6PSAibPiaKzmFrZt6d0cpCTLkVxDyTqAwP0TONWE62eKO2qE70laJTEUcNw61yzFkLQ/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">欧阳明高</span></strong></span><span style="color: black;">,中国科学院院士,新能源动力系统与电动汽车专家。</span><span style="color: black;">他曾经“十年磨一剑”,带领团队成功研制出首个<span style="color: black;">拥有</span>自主核心关键技术和自主知识产权的国产电控柴油机。</span><span style="color: black;">2000年<span style="color: black;">起始</span>,他投身新能源汽车<span style="color: black;">科研</span>,牵头承担了北京奥运《燃料电池客车》<span style="color: black;">开发</span>与示范项目,成功实现氢燃料电池动力系统<span style="color: black;">商场</span>化;</span><span style="color: black;">2010年<span style="color: black;">败兴</span>他创立清华电池安全实验室,<span style="color: black;">开发</span>了锂离子电池安全<span style="color: black;">掌控</span>成套技术,他连续在三个五年计划中,担任国家新能源汽车科技<span style="color: black;">开发</span>首席专家,参与领导了我国新能源汽车的战略规划、科技<span style="color: black;">开发</span>、国际合作、示范考核和产业化推进的全过程,为我国新能源汽车跻身世界先进行列拼搏奋斗并做出了<span style="color: black;">明显</span>贡献。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">(以下为嘉宾演讲<span style="color: black;">重点</span>内容)</span></p><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">选取</span>电动汽车<span style="color: black;">做为</span>新能源汽车产业化突破口,带动各类新能源汽车的全方位发展,这个<span style="color: black;">选取</span>其实是中国政府十年前作出的。</span><span style="color: black;">从2009年到2018年,新能源汽车的主体是纯电动汽车,它的推广量从0到126万辆,<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>的保有量<span style="color: black;">亦</span>从几千辆<span style="color: black;">提升</span>到2018年的260万辆。中国锂离子电池的比能量,从100瓦时每<span style="color: black;">千克</span><span style="color: black;">加强</span>到300瓦时每<span style="color: black;">千克</span>,成本从5元人民币每瓦时下降到0.8元人民币每瓦时。</span><span style="color: black;">中国在<span style="color: black;">全世界</span><span style="color: black;">创立</span>了最大的锂离子电池产业链,<span style="color: black;">全世界</span>十大电池供应商七家在中国,其中<span style="color: black;">包含</span><span style="color: black;">第1</span>名和第三名。</span><span style="color: black;">这些事实证明了<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>的发展是有成效的,这是中国首次在<span style="color: black;">全世界</span>率先成功大规模地推广高科技的民用消费品,数量占<span style="color: black;">全世界</span>的53%以上。</span><span style="color: black;">大约在2016年,<span style="color: black;">全世界</span>基本都转向了这个方向,<span style="color: black;">包含</span>德国的三大汽车企业,<span style="color: black;">包含</span>美国的通用电器<span style="color: black;">机构</span>,<span style="color: black;">此刻</span><span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">包含</span>日本的几家企业<span style="color: black;">亦</span>都<span style="color: black;">起始</span>朝这个方向转型,这<span style="color: black;">便是</span>说它<span style="color: black;">已然</span>形成从中国<span style="color: black;">选取</span>到<span style="color: black;">全世界</span><span style="color: black;">选取</span>的趋势。</span><span style="color: black;">中国<span style="color: black;">为何</span>要<span style="color: black;">选取</span>新能源汽车呢?</span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">咱们</span>先要认识一下,什么是新能源汽车?</span><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;">发展新能源汽车势在必行</strong></span><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/OiaTibYg773zfcclyiaUvaycDPg8Bw4icnt5fCjpgRQBsRnfll8x60Yn3icmXyMZcfmIeQOsUoaF1l2r3oxk5F8oKiaQ/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/OiaTibYg773zfcclyiaUvaycDPg8Bw4icnt5tyakSibuqrhvwibbskHyasKZibGgGDZV4iayhnQmJwSH0m4PkYicqO553Fg/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">1</span>F</strong></span><strong style="color: blue;">什么是新能源汽车?</strong><span style="color: black;">什么是新能源汽车?</span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">或</span>说什么是电动汽车?</span><span style="color: black;">这两个概念其实还不完全<span style="color: black;">同样</span>,电动汽车有三种类型。</span><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">第1</span>种,<span style="color: black;">便是</span><span style="color: black;">咱们</span>经常说的油电混合电动汽车。</span></strong></span><span style="color: black;">这种电动汽车在1900年就有了,<span style="color: black;">然则</span>现代混合动力汽车<span style="color: black;">实质</span>上是1997年丰田普锐斯推向市场的时候才到来的。燃油车是以内燃机为动力的,<span style="color: black;">然则</span>燃油车里头的内燃机动力的效率<span style="color: black;">不可</span>经常在一个最优效率的工况运行,<span style="color: black;">由于</span><span style="color: black;">咱们</span>的车速度时高时低,负载时大时小,而<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>的内燃机又是跟车连在<span style="color: black;">一块</span>,<span style="color: black;">因此</span>就会受影响,<span style="color: black;">例如</span>说怠速、低速等等,<span style="color: black;">或</span>非常高的速度都是<span style="color: black;">欠好</span>的。混合动力<span style="color: black;">便是</span>用电机、电池的方式优化内燃机的工作点,<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>内燃机在<span style="color: black;">有效</span>区,<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>就让它直接驱动汽车;<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>在低效区,<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>就让它断开机械的驱动,带动发电机发电,<span style="color: black;">而后</span>由电驱动电动机,由电动机带动车,<span style="color: black;">这般</span>又把效率<span style="color: black;">加强</span>了,这<span style="color: black;">便是</span>混合动力。</span><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">第二种,<span style="color: black;">咱们</span><span style="color: black;">此刻</span>开</span></strong></span><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">的新能源汽车大<span style="color: black;">都数</span>都是纯电动汽车,其实纯电动汽车<span style="color: black;">显现</span>就更早,在1834年就有。</span></strong></span><span style="color: black;">刚<span style="color: black;">起始</span>纯电动汽车它是铅酸电池的,铅酸电池续驶里程不高,重量<span style="color: black;">亦</span>很重。</span><span style="color: black;">到了后来,<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>就发展了镍氢电池的纯电动汽车,但仍然<span style="color: black;">不可</span>满足<span style="color: black;">需求</span>。</span><span style="color: black;">直到1992年发明了锂离子电池,到了2007年、2008年,市场上最先<span style="color: black;">显现</span>了装用锂离子电池的纯电动汽车,这才真正进入了市场。</span><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">第三种电动汽车<span style="color: black;">便是</span>燃料电池电动汽车。</span></strong></span><span style="color: black;">上世纪九十年代巴拉德最先做出了一个90千瓦的燃料电池发动机。</span><span style="color: black;">又过了<span style="color: black;">非常多</span>年,到2015年,丰田推出的燃料电池轿车才真正<span style="color: black;">作为</span>了一个商品。</span><span style="color: black;">这<span style="color: black;">便是</span><span style="color: black;">咱们</span><span style="color: black;">此刻</span>的三种电动汽车和三种动力系统。</span><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">它们有一个共性的特征,那<span style="color: black;">便是</span>电池、电机、电控。</span></strong></span><span style="color: black;">不管哪一种车都是需要这三样东西的。</span><span style="color: black;">混合动力<span style="color: black;">亦</span>是电池、电机、电控。</span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">通常</span>的时候,混合动力的电<span style="color: black;">是由于</span>汽油发的电,<span style="color: black;">或</span>是自动回馈的时候,车带着电动机变成发电机发的电储到电池里头的。</span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">然则</span><span style="color: black;">倘若</span>这个电池比<span style="color: black;">很强</span>,<span style="color: black;">咱们</span><span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">能够</span>从电网取电,<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>把这叫<span style="color: black;">能够</span>充电的混合动力。</span><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">中国政府规定的电气化程度比较高的电动汽车叫新能源汽车,新能源汽车就<span style="color: black;">包含</span><span style="color: black;">能够</span>外接充电的混合动力、纯电动汽车和燃料电池汽车。</span></strong></span><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/OiaTibYg773zfcclyiaUvaycDPg8Bw4icnt5tyakSibuqrhvwibbskHyasKZibGgGDZV4iayhnQmJwSH0m4PkYicqO553Fg/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">2</span>F</strong></span><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">为何</span>要发展新能源汽车?</strong><span style="color: black;">中国<span style="color: black;">为何</span>要<span style="color: black;">选取</span>新能源汽车呢?</span><span style="color: black;">有三个理由:</span><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">第1</span>个理由<span style="color: black;">便是</span><span style="color: black;">咱们</span>的石油安全问题。</span></strong></span><span style="color: black;">我举一个数据,2017年中国石油消费6亿吨,其中一半是<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>汽车用的汽柴油消费。2017年<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>有多少车呢?两亿一千五百万辆车。2019年上半年,<span style="color: black;">咱们</span><span style="color: black;">已然</span>到两亿五千万辆车,估计今年年底<span style="color: black;">咱们</span><span style="color: black;">必定</span>会超过美国的两亿六千万辆车。车越来越多,油耗<span style="color: black;">亦</span>越来越大,可这些油从哪里来的呢?这其中70%都是进口的,这<span style="color: black;">便是</span><span style="color: black;">咱们</span>的能源安全问题。</span><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">第二个问题<span style="color: black;">便是</span><span style="color: black;">咱们</span>城市的污染,尤其是城市中心区域低空的污染。</span></strong></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">例如</span>说细微的颗粒物,<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>百分之二十几都是汽车带来的。再<span style="color: black;">例如</span>说氮氧化物,<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>大概50%以上,还有挥发性有机物的40%以上,都是汽车带来的,这是北京的数据。</span><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">第三个<span style="color: black;">原由</span><span style="color: black;">便是</span>中国的汽车产业的升级。</span></strong></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">咱们</span>中国的汽车产业经过<span style="color: black;">数年</span>的发展,<span style="color: black;">此刻</span><span style="color: black;">已然</span>是<span style="color: black;">百姓</span>经济的支柱产业,连续十年产量居<span style="color: black;">全世界</span><span style="color: black;">第1</span>,<span style="color: black;">况且</span>是遥遥领先,<span style="color: black;">此刻</span>占<span style="color: black;">全世界</span>汽车产量大约30%的车都是中国做的。<span style="color: black;">然则</span><span style="color: black;">咱们</span>是一个汽车大国,还不是汽车的强国。<span style="color: black;">因此</span>总书记在2014年视察上汽的时候强调指出,发展新能源汽车是我国从汽车大国迈向汽车强国的必由之路。</span><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/OiaTibYg773zfcclyiaUvaycDPg8Bw4icnt5tyakSibuqrhvwibbskHyasKZibGgGDZV4iayhnQmJwSH0m4PkYicqO553Fg/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">3</span>F</strong></span><strong style="color: blue;">纯电动——新能源汽车产业的突破口</strong>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">北京把新能源汽车定义为纯电动汽车,这是<span style="color: black;">为何</span>呢?<span style="color: black;">咱们</span><span style="color: black;">为何</span>在这中间把纯电动汽车挑出来,<span style="color: black;">做为</span>发展新能源汽车产业化的突破口呢?这个理由又是什么呢?</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">咱们</span>当时在作出这个<span style="color: black;">选取</span>的时候,<span style="color: black;">便是</span>为了抓住新一代锂离子电池应用于汽车的巨大的机遇。</span></strong></span><span style="color: black;">锂离子电池在车上<span style="color: black;">运用</span>正好是2008年、2009年,这十年来锂离子电池的确实现了蓄电池<span style="color: black;">行业</span>百年来的一场革命,<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>认为<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>需要强化中国在电气化交通<span style="color: black;">行业</span>的<span style="color: black;">特殊</span>和<span style="color: black;">优良</span>。什么叫中国交通体系的电气化<span style="color: black;">特殊</span>与<span style="color: black;">优良</span>呢?<span style="color: black;">大众</span><span style="color: black;">晓得</span>中国的交通体系跟别人是不<span style="color: black;">同样</span>的,<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>的地理结构跟欧洲、美国、日本都不<span style="color: black;">同样</span>。</span><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;">我把<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>的交通体系总结叫“点线面模型”。</strong></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">所说</span>“点”<span style="color: black;">便是</span>大城市<span style="color: black;">或</span>大城市群。</span></strong></span><span style="color: black;">例如北京、天津<span style="color: black;">便是</span>“点”;</span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">但<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>是像北京到上海<span style="color: black;">这般</span>的大城市之间,这<span style="color: black;">便是</span>“线”</span></strong></span><span style="color: black;">;而<span style="color: black;">咱们</span></span><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">广大的中小城市和农村区域,我把它叫“面”</span></strong></span><span style="color: black;">。</span></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">“点线面模型”的交通的<span style="color: black;">特殊</span>是什么呢?<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>在“点”上,电气化的城市公共交通,<span style="color: black;">咱们</span><span style="color: black;">此刻</span>城市的电动客车<span style="color: black;">已然</span>是比比皆是。交通部<span style="color: black;">已然</span>发布政策,2020年,全国交通系统的新车都要是新能源电动汽车;在“线”上,中国的电气化高铁世界领先;在“面”上,<span style="color: black;">便是</span><span style="color: black;">咱们</span>的电动<span style="color: black;">自动</span>车、电动摩托车,大<span style="color: black;">大概</span>两亿五千万辆,这<span style="color: black;">亦</span>是中国奇迹。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">咱们</span>在<span style="color: black;">这般</span>一个交通体系下看问题,中国的轿车<span style="color: black;">重点</span>是在城市里面走,三五百<span style="color: black;">千米</span>的距离,<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>的高铁<span style="color: black;">已然</span>非常方便,<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>“面”上,再短途的,电动<span style="color: black;">自动</span>车、个人化交通<span style="color: black;">行业</span><span style="color: black;">亦</span>很方便。</span><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">因此</span><span style="color: black;">咱们</span>发展电动轿车<span style="color: black;">拥有</span>全世界独一无二的<span style="color: black;">优良</span>,这是<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>把纯电动汽车<span style="color: black;">做为</span>新能源汽车产业化突破口的<span style="color: black;">重点</span><span style="color: black;">原由</span>。</span></strong></span><span style="color: black;">当然<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>并不是说只搞纯电动汽车,而是要以纯电动汽车为突破口,带动各类新能源汽车的全方位发展。</span></p><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/OiaTibYg773zfcclyiaUvaycDPg8Bw4icnt5tyakSibuqrhvwibbskHyasKZibGgGDZV4iayhnQmJwSH0m4PkYicqO553Fg/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">4</span>F</strong></span><strong style="color: blue;">突破可再生能源发展的瓶颈</strong><span style="color: black;">总书记提出要实现能源生产与消费的革命,</span><span style="color: black;">这个革命中的核心任务<span style="color: black;">便是</span>要转型可再生能源。</span><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">据国家发改委能源<span style="color: black;">科研</span>所新能源<span style="color: black;">科研</span>方面的结果,<span style="color: black;">倘若</span><span style="color: black;">咱们</span>要实现能源革命,到2050年实现碳平衡,<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>必须大力发展风电和光伏。</span></strong></span><span style="color: black;">其中,到2035年,<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>的光伏要从1.8亿千瓦发展到20亿千瓦,煤电的比例要从<span style="color: black;">此刻</span>的69%降低到31%,而风电、光伏可再生能源要<span style="color: black;">提高</span>到63%,<span style="color: black;">因此</span>这是一个很大的任务。</span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">倘若</span>从成本的<span style="color: black;">方向</span>来看,光伏、风电都<span style="color: black;">已然</span><span style="color: black;">能够</span>大规模发展,尤其是光伏上网的电价<span style="color: black;">已然</span>降低到0.2元人民币,<span style="color: black;">已然</span><span style="color: black;">小于</span>煤电的价格,<span style="color: black;">因此</span>大规模上光伏,在经济可行性和技术可行性上都是<span style="color: black;">无</span>问题的。</span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">然则</span>可再生能源发电有一个最大的瓶颈,<span style="color: black;">便是</span>它波动的负荷很难平衡,必须要储能。</span><span style="color: black;">储能技术<span style="color: black;">作为</span>新能源、可再生能源发展的一个瓶颈。</span><span style="color: black;">氢气和储能电池结合,就能来<span style="color: black;">处理</span><span style="color: black;">咱们</span>可再生能源的储存问题。</span><span style="color: black;">两大储能技术。</span><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">一个是锂离子电池,它是分布式、小规模、短周期储能的最佳方式,它的效率最高,成本最低,<span style="color: black;">此刻</span>的装机规模<span style="color: black;">亦</span>最大,发展<span style="color: black;">潜能</span>巨大。</span></strong></span><span style="color: black;">将来是要到万亿瓦时的规模,<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">便是</span>年产十亿千瓦时<span style="color: black;">这般</span>的规模,<span style="color: black;">包含</span>储能,<span style="color: black;">包含</span>电动汽车都要用到。</span><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">另一</span>一个<span style="color: black;">便是</span><span style="color: black;">咱们</span>中国的可再生能源有一个特点,</span></strong></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">咱们</span>的西北地区有广阔的<span style="color: black;">地区</span>来供<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>生产光伏可再生能源。</span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">然则</span>这些光伏<span style="color: black;">便是</span>集中式的、大规模的,长周期储存,远距离<span style="color: black;">传送</span>,这个时候<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>需要把它变成氢气来长周期储存。</span><span style="color: black;">有了这个技术,<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>就<span style="color: black;">能够</span>推动可再生能源的革命。</span><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/OiaTibYg773zfcclyiaUvaycDPg8Bw4icnt5tyakSibuqrhvwibbskHyasKZibGgGDZV4iayhnQmJwSH0m4PkYicqO553Fg/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">5</span>F</strong></span><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">构建移动能源互联网</span></strong><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">还有交通智能化,其中很重要的<span style="color: black;">便是</span>智慧能源,<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>就叫移动能源互联网。</span></strong></span><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">这是以电动汽车为核心,结合光伏发电、智能电网<span style="color: black;">形成</span>一个体系。</span></strong></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">此刻</span><span style="color: black;">咱们</span>在充电方面<span style="color: black;">好似</span>是无序的,有了这个能源互联网之后,当<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>的规模<span style="color: black;">持续</span>地扩大,<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>就必须要搞有序充电,<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">便是</span>智能充电。</span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">不可</span><span style="color: black;">大众</span>回家之后都充电,最好是移到半夜去充,<span style="color: black;">由于</span>那个时候<span style="color: black;">无</span>什么人用电了,<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>的电动车的电池把电存起来。</span><span style="color: black;">还有一个<span style="color: black;">便是</span><span style="color: black;">咱们</span>的车网互动,<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>不仅存起来,等到<span style="color: black;">白日</span>高峰用电的时候,<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>还<span style="color: black;">能够</span>用储能电池里面的电回馈电网,去满足负荷的<span style="color: black;">需要</span>。</span><span style="color: black;">这<span style="color: black;">便是</span><span style="color: black;">咱们</span>的智慧能源,<span style="color: black;">或</span>说叫交通智慧能源,再<span style="color: black;">或</span>叫交通能源的一体化。</span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">咱们</span>的电动汽车<span style="color: black;">不仅</span>是出行工具,<span style="color: black;">亦</span>是能源<span style="color: black;">安装</span>。</span><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">咱们</span>要网联化,<span style="color: black;">不仅</span>是信息的互联网,还有<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>能源的互联网和车的物联网,这些结合起来就会发挥巨大的<span style="color: black;">功效</span>。</span></strong></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">最后</span><span style="color: black;">咱们</span>能达到什么结果呢?</span><span style="color: black;">在2035年,<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>的新能源汽车保有量<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>是达到一亿辆,车上的电池<span style="color: black;">最少</span>是50亿度电,这50亿度电能放出多大的功率呢?</span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">咱们</span>就算再估得低一点,<span style="color: black;">最少</span>它能<span style="color: black;">供给</span>25亿千瓦到50亿千瓦。</span><span style="color: black;">不仅有车上的电池储能,<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>还有车下的储能,还有集中式的氢的储能,<span style="color: black;">全部</span>加起来就能完全满足可再生能源规模发展的<span style="color: black;">需要</span>。</span><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">新能源汽车,<span style="color: black;">不仅</span>是一个很好汽车减排工具,<span style="color: black;">况且</span>是可再生能源革命的推动力,是实现人类可<span style="color: black;">连续</span>发展的一个优秀的交通工具。</span></strong></span><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">做为</span>电动汽车最核心部件,动力电池<span style="color: black;">始终</span>是我国新能源汽车产业链中最为重要的一环,而电池比能量的高低,<span style="color: black;">更加是</span><span style="color: black;">加强</span>新能源汽车<strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">续驶里程</span></strong>的关键技术。</span></strong></span><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">电池比能量的<span style="color: black;">提高</span>,无疑需要一个过程,它<span style="color: black;">触及</span>到材料、成本、安全等<span style="color: black;">许多</span>问题,<span style="color: black;">倘若</span><span style="color: black;">掌控</span><span style="color: black;">欠好</span>,还有可能<span style="color: black;">诱发</span>自燃、爆炸等安全事故,<span style="color: black;">日前</span>,这<span style="color: black;">亦</span>是各大车企技术竞争的一个焦点,<span style="color: black;">亦</span>是<span style="color: black;">将来</span>能否在激烈而残酷的市场竞争中脱颖而出的一大关键。</span></strong></span><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">日前</span>,新能源汽车技术<span style="color: black;">已然</span>发展到什么程度?</span></strong></span><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">还存在<span style="color: black;">那些</span>技术瓶颈?</span></strong></span><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">怎样</span>有效<span style="color: black;">处理</span>消费者的“里程焦虑”“安全焦虑”和“成本焦虑”?</span></strong></span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">怎样</span>破解电动汽车里程焦虑?</span></strong></span></p><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/OiaTibYg773zfcclyiaUvaycDPg8Bw4icnt5fCjpgRQBsRnfll8x60Yn3icmXyMZcfmIeQOsUoaF1l2r3oxk5F8oKiaQ/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"><span style="color: black;">刚<span style="color: black;">起始</span>推广电动汽车的时候,<span style="color: black;">乃至</span>有些<span style="color: black;">专家</span>觉得<span style="color: black;">电动汽车</span>取代燃油车,永远都不可能实现。<span style="color: black;">由于</span><span style="color: black;">根据</span>汽油的比能量跟电池的比能量来比,在十年前<span style="color: black;">大概</span>要差一百多倍,但<span style="color: black;">此刻</span>只差50倍了。50倍还是很高,<span style="color: black;">然则</span><span style="color: black;">咱们</span><span style="color: black;">不可</span>只看这一点,<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>还要看100<span style="color: black;">千米</span>的电动车耗多少能量,燃油车耗多少能量。<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>的<span style="color: black;">电动汽车</span>百<span style="color: black;">千米</span>耗15度电,<span style="color: black;">一样</span>的里程数,燃油车在城里开需要消耗8升油,8升油<span style="color: black;">便是</span>72度电。<span style="color: black;">这般</span>一来,<span style="color: black;">电动汽车</span><span style="color: black;">运用</span>的能量只是燃油车的五分之一。虽然之前汽油的比能量跟电池的比能量来比是50倍,<span style="color: black;">然则</span><span style="color: black;">电动汽车</span><span style="color: black;">运用</span>的能量只是燃油车的5倍,<span style="color: black;">因此</span><span style="color: black;">此刻</span>只差10倍。10倍是什么意思呢?比方说一个油箱,燃油车装60升油最多<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">便是</span><span style="color: black;">6、</span>七十<span style="color: black;">千克</span>,<span style="color: black;">一样</span>的续驶里程,<span style="color: black;">按照</span>电池性能高低的<span style="color: black;">区别</span>,<span style="color: black;">电动汽车</span>走500<span style="color: black;">千米</span>所需要的电池重量就要300<span style="color: black;">千克</span>到500<span style="color: black;">千克</span>。就算300<span style="color: black;">千克</span>,还是比燃油车多两百几十<span style="color: black;">千克</span>。<span style="color: black;">然则</span><span style="color: black;">电动汽车</span>的电机很轻,燃油车的内燃机、变速器、排气管后处理,再加上前面的水箱、风扇,比电动汽车的要重200<span style="color: black;">千克</span><span style="color: black;">上下</span>。<span style="color: black;">因此</span>最后总的看起来,两种车其实重量差别并不是很大。</span><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">随着电池比能量的进一步<span style="color: black;">加强</span>,<span style="color: black;">针对</span>续驶里程<span style="color: black;">4、</span>五百<span style="color: black;">千米</span>而言,两种车<span style="color: black;">能够</span>做到重量基本相当。</span></strong></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">此刻</span><span style="color: black;">非常多</span>人经常说,新发明出了一种电池,<span style="color: black;">能够</span>让轿车跑1000<span style="color: black;">千米</span>。大<span style="color: black;">都数</span>人可能是<span style="color: black;">可疑</span>的,<span style="color: black;">听起来</span>跑1000<span style="color: black;">千米</span><span style="color: black;">好似</span>不可能。<span style="color: black;">然则</span>我要告诉<span style="color: black;">大众</span>,</span><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">倘若</span>仅仅想让它能跑1000<span style="color: black;">千米</span>是可能的。</span></strong></span><span style="color: black;">要跑1000<span style="color: black;">千米</span>就要把电池加一倍,<span style="color: black;">然则</span>空间占用了很大,<span style="color: black;">亦</span>许后备箱全都被占了。<span style="color: black;">另一</span>重量<span style="color: black;">增多</span>了<span style="color: black;">非常多</span>,成本<span style="color: black;">亦</span>加了<span style="color: black;">非常多</span>,这种车可能没人要。</span><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">因此</span>并不是<span style="color: black;">不可</span>跑1000<span style="color: black;">千米</span>,而是从一个车的综合指标来看,<span style="color: black;">这般</span>的<span style="color: black;">制品</span>并不是一个好车,这才是问题的关键。</span></strong></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">那样</span>,<span style="color: black;">咱们</span><span style="color: black;">怎样</span>在<span style="color: black;">提高</span>续驶里程的<span style="color: black;">同期</span>又让它<span style="color: black;">作为</span>一个好<span style="color: black;">制品</span>呢?</span><span style="color: black;">正确的提升里程的<span style="color: black;">办法</span>不是简单地堆电池,应该做到以下几点:</span><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">第1</span>,进一步<span style="color: black;">加强</span>电池的比能量。</span></strong></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">一样</span>的体积下我的储电量更大。</span><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">第二,<span style="color: black;">经过</span>降低整车的电耗来<span style="color: black;">提高</span>续驶里程。</span></strong></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">此刻</span>100<span style="color: black;">千米</span>耗电15度,那<span style="color: black;">是不是</span>能降到13度、12度?国际上有一款<span style="color: black;">电</span><span style="color: black;">动汽车</span>,<span style="color: black;">亦</span>算是家用轿车,它百<span style="color: black;">千米</span>10度电,<span style="color: black;">这般</span>一来,<span style="color: black;">一样</span>的电池你<span style="color: black;">能够</span>跑得更远,续驶里程不就<span style="color: black;">增多</span>了吗?<span style="color: black;">此刻</span>其实<span style="color: black;">大众</span>觉得续驶里程<span style="color: black;">不足</span>,<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>叫“里程焦虑”。</span><span style="color: black;">“里程焦虑”是什么<span style="color: black;">原由</span>呢?大<span style="color: black;">大都是</span>充电不方便,<span style="color: black;">因此</span><span style="color: black;">咱们</span>还需要把充电变得更方便,</span><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">经过</span><span style="color: black;">增多</span>充电设备来<span style="color: black;">处理</span>“里程焦虑”。</span></strong></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">此刻</span>中国大概有一百万多个充电桩<span style="color: black;">或</span>充电站,私人的大概60万个,公共的大概40多万个。什么方式是最好呢?<span style="color: black;">便是</span>只要你买一个<span style="color: black;">电动汽车</span>,你就应该有一个自己的充电方式,平时最好的充电方式<span style="color: black;">便是</span>在家里<span style="color: black;">或</span>单位慢充,用自己单独的充电桩。</span><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">倘若</span>你要跑长途应急的时候,你<span style="color: black;">能够</span>快充,充<span style="color: black;">非常</span>钟,不<span style="color: black;">必定</span>要充满。</span></strong></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">咱们</span>不<span style="color: black;">根据</span>电池的电量来看,而是说充<span style="color: black;">非常</span>钟能跑100<span style="color: black;">千米</span>还是200<span style="color: black;">千米</span>。<span style="color: black;">因此</span><span style="color: black;">这般</span>一来,<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>能够<span style="color: black;">形成</span>一个体系,那<span style="color: black;">大众</span>的“里程焦虑”就不复存在了。</span><span style="color: black;">续驶里程基本上每年都要<span style="color: black;">提高</span>50<span style="color: black;">千米</span>以上,<span style="color: black;">例如</span>前年我买的车续驶里程是300多<span style="color: black;">千米</span>,去年续驶里程达到400多<span style="color: black;">千米</span>,<span style="color: black;">已然</span><span style="color: black;">非常多</span>了,今年续驶里程<span style="color: black;">已然</span><span style="color: black;">加强</span>到500<span style="color: black;">千米</span>了。<span style="color: black;">然则</span>我不认为续驶里程都要达到500<span style="color: black;">千米</span><span style="color: black;">或</span>更长的距离,</span><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">电动汽车需要有<span style="color: black;">恰当</span>的续驶里程。</span></strong></span><span style="color: black;">比方说那种<span style="color: black;">尤其</span>小的车,续驶里程150<span style="color: black;">千米</span> 、200<span style="color: black;">千米</span><span style="color: black;">亦</span>很好,<span style="color: black;">由于</span>它车很小。再<span style="color: black;">例如</span>说,<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>家用轿车的续驶里程是400<span style="color: black;">千米</span>,这<span style="color: black;">亦</span>挺<span style="color: black;">恰当</span>的。当然,<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>是B级车,中高端车500<span style="color: black;">千米</span>的续驶里程还是要的。</span><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">因此</span>在这方面,它是要有一个<span style="color: black;">恰当</span>的里程范围,并不是越长越好。</strong></span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">怎样</span>破解电动汽车安全焦虑?</span></strong></p><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/OiaTibYg773zfcclyiaUvaycDPg8Bw4icnt5fCjpgRQBsRnfll8x60Yn3icmXyMZcfmIeQOsUoaF1l2r3oxk5F8oKiaQ/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"><span style="color: black;">锂离子电池有<span style="color: black;">各样</span>类型,有些安全性是很好的,<span style="color: black;">例如</span>说磷酸铁锂电池。<span style="color: black;">大众</span><span style="color: black;">晓得</span>,中国的公交大客车基本上实现了电动化,用的都是磷酸铁锂电池。</span><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">此刻</span><span style="color: black;">通常</span><span style="color: black;">报告</span>的事故,大<span style="color: black;">都数</span>跟<span style="color: black;">咱们</span><span style="color: black;">此刻</span>一种新的电池——三元锂离子电池,尤其是高镍三元锂离子电池<span style="color: black;">相关</span>系。</span></strong></span><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">电池安全<span style="color: black;">重点</span>的核心是电池的热<span style="color: black;">失去控制</span>,</span></strong></span><span style="color: black;">一个电池热<span style="color: black;">失去控制</span>之后,会影响着<span style="color: black;">周边</span>电池。<span style="color: black;">由于</span>一辆车上有<span style="color: black;">非常多</span>电池,不像<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>手机只是<span style="color: black;">一起</span>电池,例如特斯拉汽车上有8000多块电池。<span style="color: black;">一起</span>电池热<span style="color: black;">失去控制</span>并不可怕,关键的问题是这8000多块电池要是都热<span style="color: black;">失去控制</span>,这<span style="color: black;">便是</span>事故了。</span><span style="color: black;">当温度<span style="color: black;">提升</span>到<span style="color: black;">必定</span>的时候,电池会<span style="color: black;">诱发</span>电池放热的副反应,放热副反应会进一步<span style="color: black;">提高</span>温度,又会<span style="color: black;">诱发</span>新的放热反应,温度就<span style="color: black;">持续</span>地<span style="color: black;">提升</span>。</span><span style="color: black;">这种链式的反应<span style="color: black;">最后</span>会<span style="color: black;">失去控制</span>,温度<span style="color: black;">提升</span>的速率<span style="color: black;">能够</span>达到每秒钟1000度,电池就会<span style="color: black;">导致</span>剧烈放热,这种放热会在<span style="color: black;">全部</span>电池系统中蔓延,<span style="color: black;">诱发</span>所有的单体电池热<span style="color: black;">失去控制</span>。</span><span style="color: black;">一旦全方位热<span style="color: black;">失去控制</span>,喷出气体来之后,跟氧结合就会燃烧,这<span style="color: black;">便是</span><span style="color: black;">咱们</span>电池热安全事故的一个基本过程。</span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">日前</span>有两种办法来<span style="color: black;">处理</span>它。</span><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">第1</span>种是用系统<span style="color: black;">掌控</span>的方式来把电池<span style="color: black;">显现</span>事故之后产生的后果<span style="color: black;">控制</span>住,</span></strong></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">例如</span><span style="color: black;">能够</span>完全防止像燃烧<span style="color: black;">这般</span>的事故<span style="color: black;">显现</span>。个别电池发热百分之百避免不太可能,<span style="color: black;">然则</span>不会让它蔓延继续<span style="color: black;">导致</span>剧烈的事故,这个技术还是<span style="color: black;">能够</span>做到的,只是<span style="color: black;">此刻</span><span style="color: black;">咱们</span>的<span style="color: black;">开发</span>工程化还需要一个过程。</span><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">另一</span>一个方面<span style="color: black;">便是</span><span style="color: black;">处理</span>最<span style="color: black;">起始</span><span style="color: black;">显现</span>发热的<span style="color: black;">哪些</span>电池,</span></strong></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">便是</span>把<span style="color: black;">此刻</span>液态的、可燃的电解液变成固态的、无机的、不可燃的电解质。</span><span style="color: black;">电动汽车的寿命、安全等等问题跟<span style="color: black;">咱们</span><span style="color: black;">怎样</span>去<span style="color: black;">运用</span>有很大关系。<span style="color: black;">例如</span>说充电,</span><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">咱们</span>不主张经常去快充,<span style="color: black;">况且</span>用快充的方式把电池充满。</strong></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">这般</span>做<span style="color: black;">首要</span>对电池寿命<span style="color: black;">欠好</span>,<span style="color: black;">由于</span>你充得太快,锂离子嵌入负极的时候一堆锂离子过来,它进去的时候,<span style="color: black;">大众</span>拥堵在这门口了,进不去了,进不去了它会还原跟电子结合,形成锂金属,这个锂金属会长成枝晶,像树枝<span style="color: black;">同样</span>,把正负极中间隔开的,那层隔膜就会被刺破,刺破正负极就会短路,就会<span style="color: black;">导致</span>事故。即使它不会这么严重,<span style="color: black;">亦</span>会使寿命缩短,<span style="color: black;">因此</span><span style="color: black;">咱们</span>不太主张越快越好的充电<span style="color: black;">办法</span>。<span style="color: black;">由于</span>越快越好充电的功率<span style="color: black;">无</span>问题,<span style="color: black;">然则</span>电池不<span style="color: black;">必定</span>能受得了,<span style="color: black;">因此</span>即使要快充,<span style="color: black;">亦</span>要<span style="color: black;">选取</span>电池最合适的区域快充,而<span style="color: black;">不可</span>从头到尾,<span style="color: black;">始终</span>充满,全是快充。</span><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">另一</span>,当你在开车的时候,不要每次都是汽车发出充电警告了,但你还不充,电量很低了还不充,</span></strong><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">这般</span>放电放得过空的时候<span style="color: black;">亦</span>会<span style="color: black;">显现</span>问题,</span></strong></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">由于</span>一加速电池的动态特性产生极化,很容易就到达截止电压,<span style="color: black;">这般</span>后面就会比较危险了。</span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">此刻</span>虽然出了<span style="color: black;">有些</span><span style="color: black;">相关</span>新能源汽车安全的问题,<span style="color: black;">然则</span>从统计数据来看,</span><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;">新能源汽车<span style="color: black;">显现</span>事故的概率大概是万分之0.9,而传统燃油车自燃的概率是万分之三。</strong></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">咱们</span><span style="color: black;">亦</span>要理性对待<span style="color: black;">日前</span>的安全事故,不要有这方面的焦虑,这<span style="color: black;">亦</span>是<span style="color: black;">日前</span>电动汽车在政府退出<span style="color: black;">补助</span>之后技术竞争的焦点。</span><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">安全既是<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>电动汽车发展的生命线,<span style="color: black;">亦</span>是电动汽车市场竞争的关键,<span style="color: black;">亦</span>是最能<span style="color: black;">表现</span>技术亮点的<span style="color: black;">地区</span>,</span></strong></span><span style="color: black;">就看哪个企业能做好,做<span style="color: black;">欠好</span>的就要被淘汰,做得好的品牌就<span style="color: black;">提升</span>,市场竞争中间技术会<span style="color: black;">持续</span>地完善。</span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">咱们</span>新能源汽车的资质<span style="color: black;">已然</span>放开,<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>是对<span style="color: black;">全世界</span>的汽车厂开放的,<span style="color: black;">大众</span>都来市场竞争。以前<span style="color: black;">由于</span>有国家<span style="color: black;">补助</span>,<span style="color: black;">大众</span><span style="color: black;">好似</span>还都能做得下去,<span style="color: black;">然则</span><span style="color: black;">日前</span><span style="color: black;">补助</span>退出之后,就<span style="color: black;">显现</span>激烈的市场竞争,优胜劣汰。</span><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">这般</span>的话,<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>你做<span style="color: black;">欠好</span>,不安全你就会被淘汰,<span style="color: black;">哪些</span>好的就会越做越大,越做越强。</span></strong></span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">怎样</span>破解电动汽车的成本焦虑</span></strong></span></p><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/OiaTibYg773zfcclyiaUvaycDPg8Bw4icnt5fCjpgRQBsRnfll8x60Yn3icmXyMZcfmIeQOsUoaF1l2r3oxk5F8oKiaQ/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;">
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">此刻</span>有国家<span style="color: black;">补助</span>,电动汽车似乎不贵,<span style="color: black;">然则</span>这不正要取消<span style="color: black;">补助</span>吗?</span><span style="color: black;">取消<span style="color: black;">补助</span>了怎么办?</span><span style="color: black;">会不会成本就上来了?</span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">咱们</span>要分析一下成本。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">咱们</span>的成本<span style="color: black;">包含</span>购置成本、<span style="color: black;">运用</span>成本、维修成本,还要<span style="color: black;">思虑</span>能<span style="color: black;">不可</span>有后续利用价值,它<span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">赔偿</span>一部分成本。</span></strong></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">从购置成本的<span style="color: black;">方向</span>来看,<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>电动车成本相当一部分归结于电池,这部分大概在几年前占50%,<span style="color: black;">此刻</span>会稍稍降一点,<span style="color: black;">然则</span>比例仍然很高。</span><span style="color: black;">电池的成本又是什么呢?</span><span style="color: black;">50%都是材料和制<span style="color: black;">导致</span>本,</span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">那样</span><span style="color: black;">咱们</span>就<span style="color: black;">能够</span>看<span style="color: black;">怎样</span>减少材料和制<span style="color: black;">导致</span>本。</span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">首要</span>,材料的<span style="color: black;">长时间</span>供应<span style="color: black;">保证</span>和价格稳定性怎么样,取决于这种材料的资源是不是稀缺资源,最重要的当然<span style="color: black;">便是</span>锂。</span><span style="color: black;">中国是<span style="color: black;">全世界</span>锂资源排名第二的国家,按金属锂来计算500多万吨,<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>大概一亿辆车需要50万吨。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">另一</span>一个问题<span style="color: black;">便是</span>说,<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>就<span style="color: black;">仅有</span>这么多呢?</span><span style="color: black;">用完了怎么办?</span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">第1</span>,<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>不会用完,<span style="color: black;">由于</span><span style="color: black;">咱们</span>是循环<span style="color: black;">运用</span>,电池并不消耗锂。</span><span style="color: black;">第二,还有新的储量在<span style="color: black;">持续</span>被<span style="color: black;">发掘</span>。</span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">针对</span>磷酸铁锂电池来讲,锂资源就够了,<span style="color: black;">然则</span><span style="color: black;">针对</span>三元电池来讲,还需要有镍、钴、锰,这中间其实<span style="color: black;">重点</span>是钴这个稀缺资源。</span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">咱们</span>的三元电池钴用量在<span style="color: black;">持续</span>地降低,最<span style="color: black;">起始</span>镍钴锰是各三分之一,<span style="color: black;">咱们</span><span style="color: black;">此刻</span>钴<span style="color: black;">已然</span>占10%了,下面是占5%,最后可能是完全不要它。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">当然还有一个材料问题,<span style="color: black;">便是</span>全生命周期的成本。</span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">例如</span>说有人担心寿命要是<span style="color: black;">不足</span>的话,要在<span style="color: black;">半途</span>再换一次电池多贵呀。</span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">例如</span>说你的电池系统循环寿命<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">便是</span>1500次到3000次,就这么一点次数怎么够?</span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">这儿</span>有一个误解,<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>说的1500次到3000次的充放电循环,指的是从0到100%,<span style="color: black;">亦</span>叫满充、满放的次数,这是为了方便进行寿命测试定的一个基准。</span><span style="color: black;">真正你在家里开电动车的时候,不会把它放到0,<span style="color: black;">亦</span>不会充到100%。</span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">通常</span><span style="color: black;">来讲</span>在20%到80%的时候会比较多,<span style="color: black;">乃至</span>30%到70%<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">非常多</span>。</span><span style="color: black;">一旦你是浅充、浅放,这个次数就不是两、三千次,而是两、三万次都<span style="color: black;">能够</span>,这就取决于你充、放电的深度。</span><span style="color: black;">在<span style="color: black;">实质</span><span style="color: black;">运用</span>的时候和跟<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>测试的时候,两个<span style="color: black;">状况</span>是不<span style="color: black;">同样</span>的,<span style="color: black;">因此</span><span style="color: black;">大众</span>不要为这1500次来担心。</span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">大众</span><span style="color: black;">晓得</span>特斯拉汽车用的圆柱形电池,在<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>所有电池中间寿命相对是比较短的,<span style="color: black;">通常</span>在1000次以内,<span style="color: black;">然则</span>它照样能跑几十万<span style="color: black;">千米</span>。</span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">此刻</span>的电池<span style="color: black;">已然</span>完全能满足<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>家用轿车全生命周期<span style="color: black;">运用</span><span style="color: black;">需求</span>,<span style="color: black;">况且</span><span style="color: black;">期盼</span>它降低到原先容量20%之后,<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">便是</span><span style="color: black;">咱们</span>电池在车上的寿命到期之后,还能梯次利用。</span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">例如</span>说<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>用到电动<span style="color: black;">自动</span>车去,<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>用到5G网络去等等,还能够发挥<span style="color: black;">功效</span>,<span style="color: black;">这般</span>能够回收成本。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">最后<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>还有回收利用这一项,<span style="color: black;">由于</span>材料都是值钱的。</span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">因此</span><span style="color: black;">此刻</span>的工信部规定是厂家必须负责电池回收。</span><span style="color: black;">电池的成本其实这些年在<span style="color: black;">持续</span>地下降,十年来电池价格<span style="color: black;">已然</span>降了80%。随着技术进步,随着<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>规模的加大,还有下降的空间。</span><span style="color: black;">全球<span style="color: black;">大众</span>认同的一个基本的趋势是:</span><span style="color: black;">大概在今后的<span style="color: black;">3、</span>五年,比能量特高的电池,每多容纳一度电,成本大约是100美元。</span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">日前</span><span style="color: black;">咱们</span>比较经济的磷酸铁锂电池<span style="color: black;">已然</span>接近这个数,相对性能高的三元电池需要再等<span style="color: black;">3、</span>五年。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">据中国汽车工程学会的汽车技术路线图的<span style="color: black;">科研</span>结果<span style="color: black;">显示</span>,<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>新能源汽车在2035年应该达到一亿辆的保有量。</span></strong></span><span style="color: black;">这<span style="color: black;">便是</span>我们的前景,我相信<span style="color: black;">咱们</span><span style="color: black;">此刻</span>看到的电动汽车,还只是新能源汽车初级<span style="color: black;">周期</span>的<span style="color: black;">制品</span>,不是一个真正<span style="color: black;">道理</span>的成熟的新能源汽车。<span style="color: black;">因此</span><span style="color: black;">大众</span>会有<span style="color: black;">各样</span>各样的质疑,<span style="color: black;">亦</span>会有<span style="color: black;">各样</span>各样的疑惑和彷徨。<span style="color: black;">然则</span></span><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">经过了能源低碳化和交通智能化两大技术革命,<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>新能源汽车在2035年<span style="color: black;">必定</span>会迎来新的时代。</span></strong></span><span style="color: black;">2025年会是新能源智能化电动汽车的一个里程碑,<span style="color: black;">便是</span>全方位的性价比突破;2035年,新能源智能化电动汽车会基本进入成熟<span style="color: black;">周期</span>。<span style="color: black;">因此</span><span style="color: black;">咱们</span><span style="color: black;">必定</span>要坚定<span style="color: black;">自信心</span>往前走,新能源汽车的<span style="color: black;">将来</span>一片光明!</span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">源自</span>:</span><span style="color: black;">中国经济大讲堂</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=1.0 encoding=UTF-8%3F%3E%3Csvg width=1px height=1px viewBox=0 0 1 1 version=1.1 xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg xmlns:xlink=http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink%3E%3Ctitle%3E%3C/title%3E%3Cg stroke=none stroke-width=1 fill=none fill-rule=evenodd fill-opacity=0%3E%3Cg transform=translate(-249.000000, -126.000000) fill=%23FFFFFF%3E%3Crect x=249 y=126 width=1 height=1%3E%3C/rect%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
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