2023年出口管理执法和行政处罚综述
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><a style="color: black;">#出口<span style="color: black;">管理</span>#</a><a style="color: black;">#贸易合规#</a></p>
<div style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><img src="https://p3-sign.toutiaoimg.com/tos-cn-i-axegupay5k/414e3197973e4abb837ba2b1779e3bb4~noop.image?_iz=58558&from=article.pc_detail&lk3s=953192f4&x-expires=1724960253&x-signature=0e%2BxAfeU3Kg8g%2FmxXFOH7NTAZWU%3D" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></div>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">本文基于2023年度我国出口<span style="color: black;">管理</span>执法案例,围绕<span style="color: black;">制品</span>类型、<span style="color: black;">重点</span>违法<span style="color: black;">行径</span>、处罚<span style="color: black;">办法</span>、处罚依据,对执法<span style="color: black;">状况</span>进行总结分析,并结合执法特点,为出口企业提出贸易合规<span style="color: black;">意见</span>。</span></span></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">作者丨于治国 金清灵</span></span></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">我国《出口<span style="color: black;">管理</span>法》赋予了国家出口<span style="color: black;">管理</span>管理<span style="color: black;">分部</span>和海关以行政调查和处罚的权利。2023年,国家商务部<span style="color: black;">无</span><span style="color: black;">颁布</span>出口<span style="color: black;">管理</span><span style="color: black;">关联</span>调查和执法案例;据不完全统计,全国各级海关<span style="color: black;">最少</span><span style="color: black;">颁布</span>了61份<span style="color: black;">触及</span>出口<span style="color: black;">管理</span>的行政处罚决定。<span style="color: black;">另外</span>,从行政诉讼和行政复议<span style="color: black;">方向</span>,笔者经公开<span style="color: black;">途径</span>检索,<span style="color: black;">亦</span>未<span style="color: black;">发掘</span>有针对出口<span style="color: black;">管理</span>执法<span style="color: black;">关联</span>的裁判案例。</span></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">从整体上看,各地海关仍然是出口<span style="color: black;">管理</span>调查和执法的<span style="color: black;">重点</span><span style="color: black;">分部</span>,<span style="color: black;">触及</span>案件数量相较往年有<span style="color: black;">显著</span>增长。案件在行业<span style="color: black;">行业</span>和<span style="color: black;">制品</span>类别分布方面呈现集中趋势,提示了<span style="color: black;">关联</span>行业需要进一步<span style="color: black;">注重</span>出口贸易合规的重要<span style="color: black;">功效</span>。在处罚力度上,海关执法<span style="color: black;">分部</span>延续了以往执法政策和操作实践,但相<span style="color: black;">针对</span>《出口<span style="color: black;">管理</span>法》的<span style="color: black;">相关</span>规定更显温和。<span style="color: black;">相关</span>调查和执法<span style="color: black;">状况</span>的分析如下:</span></span></p>
<h1 style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><span style="color: black;">1、</span>涉案<span style="color: black;">制品</span>类别</h1>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">笔者在<span style="color: black;">已然</span>整理的61份海关行政处罚决定中<span style="color: black;">发掘</span>,涉案<span style="color: black;">制品</span><span style="color: black;">行业</span>和类别呈现比较<span style="color: black;">显著</span>的集中趋势。</span></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">军品<span style="color: black;">关联</span><span style="color: black;">制品</span>,是海关出口<span style="color: black;">管理</span>执法中的重点<span style="color: black;">行业</span>,占已统计案件的约46%。在28份行政处罚决定中,涉案军品<span style="color: black;">重点</span>是《军品出口管理<span style="color: black;">名单</span>》第十三类“后勤装备、物资及其他辅助军事装备”等,<span style="color: black;">包含</span>第13.1.1.1 类项下的军服、军帽、军用徽标、军用面料,第 13.1.1.2类项下的通用装具、包括钢盔和防弹背心在内的防护装具,以及第 13.1.1.4 类项下的其他军需物资。</span></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">在两用物项和技术<span style="color: black;">行业</span>,石墨<span style="color: black;">关联</span><span style="color: black;">制品</span>仍然是2023年海关出口<span style="color: black;">管理</span>调查和处罚的重点<span style="color: black;">制品</span><span style="color: black;">行业</span>。在所有的处罚案例中,约40%的案件<span style="color: black;">触及</span>石墨及石墨制品,<span style="color: black;">表示</span>了出口<span style="color: black;">管理</span>合规<span style="color: black;">危害</span>管控在石墨制品出口业务中的重要价值。<span style="color: black;">另外</span>,<span style="color: black;">触及</span>处罚决定的两用物项类别还<span style="color: black;">包含</span>易制毒化学品等重点<span style="color: black;">行业</span>。</span></span></p>
<h1 style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><span style="color: black;">2、</span><span style="color: black;">重点</span>违法<span style="color: black;">行径</span></h1>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">在<span style="color: black;">已然</span>整理的海关执法处罚案例中,<span style="color: black;">触及</span>出口<span style="color: black;">管理</span>的违法<span style="color: black;">行径</span><span style="color: black;">重点</span>集中在<span style="color: black;">制品</span>归类或错误描述、走私等<span style="color: black;">少许</span>违法类型上。</span></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">出口<span style="color: black;">制品</span>归类或描述错误是海关执法案件中<span style="color: black;">平常</span>的错误。在绝大部分案例中,海关查验<span style="color: black;">发掘</span>当事人所申报商品编号与实物不符或当事人未予申报,且当事人<span style="color: black;">没法</span><span style="color: black;">供给</span>出口需提交的《两用物项和技术出口许可证》或《军品出口许可证》,继而认定当事人未经许可擅自出口<span style="color: black;">管理</span>物项。除了许可证<span style="color: black;">关联</span>违法<span style="color: black;">行径</span>,<span style="color: black;">制品</span>错误归类或描述,<span style="color: black;">亦</span>可能被认定为影响海关统计准确性。</span></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">但在个别案例中,<span style="color: black;">也</span>有海关查明当事人以走私方式违反出口<span style="color: black;">管理</span>法律<span style="color: black;">行径</span>的现象。有的案件中当事人明知出口货物属于<span style="color: black;">管理</span>物项,但以伪报品名方式申报出口,对该种<span style="color: black;">状况</span>,处罚<span style="color: black;">公司</span>认定当事人逃避国家出口<span style="color: black;">管理</span>,逃避海关监管,<span style="color: black;">形成</span>走私<span style="color: black;">行径</span>,严重者涉嫌走私罪。例如,在津新港关缉查字〔2023〕5号案例中,经天津新港海关缉私分局立案侦查查明,当事人在明知出口货物属于两用物项许可证管理商品的<span style="color: black;">状况</span>下,以伪报品名方式将人造石墨伪报为煅烧石油焦向海关申报出口,以逃避国家对两用物项货物的出口<span style="color: black;">管理</span>,涉嫌走私国家禁止进出口货物罪。</span></span></p>
<h1 style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><span style="color: black;">3、</span>处罚<span style="color: black;">办法</span></h1>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">在海关行政执法层面,处罚<span style="color: black;">办法</span>的种类<span style="color: black;">重点</span>是罚款、警告等类型;<span style="color: black;">针对</span>涉嫌走私刑事犯罪的还将移送刑事司法程序。</span></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">罚款是海关出口<span style="color: black;">管理</span>处罚中最<span style="color: black;">平常</span>的<span style="color: black;">办法</span>。相<span style="color: black;">针对</span>《出口<span style="color: black;">管理</span>法》中规定的罚款金额标准,海关罚款金额相对温和,普遍不超过涉案金额的30%。在大<span style="color: black;">都数</span>案例中,海关罚款金额约为涉案出口金额的12%;最低罚款金额为200元(约占涉案出口金额的5%),最高罚款金额为50万元(约占涉案货物价值的15%)。</span></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">在设定罚款金额时,海关监管机关会<span style="color: black;">思虑</span>《行政处罚法》规定</span><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"></span></strong><span style="color: black;">的从轻或减轻处罚的各项<span style="color: black;">原因</span>;<span style="color: black;">一样</span><span style="color: black;">亦</span>会<span style="color: black;">按照</span>案情给予违法<span style="color: black;">行径</span>人从重处罚的决定。例如因违反海关监管规定被海关行政处罚后,在1年内又实施同一违反海关监管规定的<span style="color: black;">行径</span>的,属于从重处罚情形。在双流机场关缉违字〔2023〕338号中,处罚<span style="color: black;">公司</span><span style="color: black;">重视</span>到当事人在2023年3月<span style="color: black;">曾经被</span>梅山海关以未经许可出口国家<span style="color: black;">管理</span>物项行政处罚,科处罚款人民币21.98万元的事实,<span style="color: black;">最后</span>涉案主体在该案中被处以14万元罚款。</span></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">除了单位罚款外,海关监管执法机关还会<span style="color: black;">按照</span><span style="color: black;">状况</span>给予特定违法<span style="color: black;">行径</span>个人或单位违法的直接负责的主管人员相应的处罚<span style="color: black;">办法</span>。笔者在几例<span style="color: black;">触及</span>走私<span style="color: black;">行径</span>的出口<span style="color: black;">管理</span>处罚案件中<span style="color: black;">发掘</span>,海关监管机关在对单位的处罚外,还针对直接负责主管人员和直接责任人处以罚款。在个别案例中,<span style="color: black;">亦</span>有对直接责任人处以警告处罚的<span style="color: black;">状况</span>。</span></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">在<span style="color: black;">实质</span>调查和处理过程中,海关监管<span style="color: black;">分部</span>还可能暂停部分出口清关业务,并寻求其他主管机关的意见和<span style="color: black;">帮忙</span>。例如,在<span style="color: black;">触及</span>军品出口案件中,海关<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">一般</span>依据《海关行政处罚实施条例》的规定,在中止清关的<span style="color: black;">同期</span>,寻求中央军委装备发展部装备技术合作局的技术鉴定。</span></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">在<span style="color: black;">触及</span>走私<span style="color: black;">行径</span>的案件中,海关机关<span style="color: black;">一般</span><span style="color: black;">亦</span>会加处没收违法走私货物的处罚<span style="color: black;">办法</span>。在货物<span style="color: black;">已然</span>出口境外且<span style="color: black;">没法</span>返还的<span style="color: black;">状况</span>下,海关监管机关<span style="color: black;">亦</span>会处以与货值相当的罚款。</span></span></p>
<h1 style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><span style="color: black;">4、</span>处罚依据</h1>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">在海关执法案件中,海关监管机关仍然<span style="color: black;">重点</span>依据海关监管<span style="color: black;">关联</span>法律法规进行调查和处理。在出口<span style="color: black;">管理</span>处罚案件中,<span style="color: black;">重点</span>引用了《出口<span style="color: black;">管理</span>法》第三十四条(“未经许可擅自出口<span style="color: black;">管理</span>物项”)<span style="color: black;">做为</span>处罚依据。<span style="color: black;">另外</span>,《海关法》《海关行政处罚实施条例》《行政处罚法》<span style="color: black;">关联</span>规定<span style="color: black;">亦</span>是处罚决定中<span style="color: black;">平常</span>的法律依据。</span></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">《出口<span style="color: black;">管理</span>法》第四十条规定出口<span style="color: black;">管理</span>违法<span style="color: black;">行径</span>,由国家出口<span style="color: black;">管理</span>管理<span style="color: black;">分部</span>进行处罚;法律、行政法规规定由海关处罚的,由其<span style="color: black;">按照</span>本法进行处罚。<span style="color: black;">因此呢</span>,在<span style="color: black;">触及</span>海关监管<span style="color: black;">关联</span>违法<span style="color: black;">行径</span>的处理中,海关<span style="color: black;">按照</span>《出口<span style="color: black;">管理</span>法》的规定,结合海关执法<span style="color: black;">相关</span>法律法规决定处罚<span style="color: black;">办法</span>。在实践中,海关处罚<span style="color: black;">办法</span>相<span style="color: black;">针对</span>《出口<span style="color: black;">管理</span>法》的罚则规定更加温和。但针对<span style="color: black;">包含</span>海关进出口程序在内的出口<span style="color: black;">管理</span>监管全流程,国家商务部<span style="color: black;">做为</span>出口<span style="color: black;">管理</span>管理<span style="color: black;">分部</span>有权进行调查和处罚。<span style="color: black;">因此呢</span>在国家商务部实施的行政处罚中,一方面处罚<span style="color: black;">办法</span>可能相对更加严厉,另一方面处罚决定中<span style="color: black;">触及</span>的减轻或从轻处罚<span style="color: black;">原因</span><span style="color: black;">亦</span>会给予<span style="color: black;">更加多</span>的说明和指引。</span></span></p>
<h1 style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><span style="color: black;">5、</span>合规<span style="color: black;">意见</span></h1>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">结合对2023年出口<span style="color: black;">管理</span><span style="color: black;">关联</span>执法案例的梳理,<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>理解<span style="color: black;">关联</span>监管机关对出口<span style="color: black;">管理</span><span style="color: black;">关联</span>违法<span style="color: black;">行径</span>的调查和处罚力度<span style="color: black;">亦</span>在<span style="color: black;">逐步</span>加强。从企业<span style="color: black;">方向</span>,<span style="color: black;">意见</span>针对重点<span style="color: black;">危害</span><span style="color: black;">行业</span>做好合规管理工作,以减小贸易合规<span style="color: black;">危害</span>的敞口。</span></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">一是重点关注出口<span style="color: black;">制品</span>报关归类,避免误报</span></strong><span style="color: black;">。鉴于实践中经常<span style="color: black;">显现</span>出口企业因<span style="color: black;">制品</span>归类不准确、报关文件有误导等<span style="color: black;">原由</span>受到海关监管<span style="color: black;">分部</span>调查和处罚,<span style="color: black;">意见</span>出口企业提前做好准备,准确<span style="color: black;">归类</span><span style="color: black;">制品</span>并申请报关。</span></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">二是关注重点行业和<span style="color: black;">制品</span><span style="color: black;">行业</span></span></strong><span style="color: black;">。在过去几年中,石墨<span style="color: black;">关联</span><span style="color: black;">制品</span>是出口<span style="color: black;">管理</span>执法案例频发的行业<span style="color: black;">行业</span>。<span style="color: black;">另外</span>,化学品出口<span style="color: black;">亦</span>常常遇到因“易制毒化学品”管控而需要申请出口许可的情形。尽管国家商务部取消了部分石墨<span style="color: black;">制品</span>的临时出口<span style="color: black;">管理</span><span style="color: black;">办法</span>,<span style="color: black;">然则</span><span style="color: black;">将来</span>石墨和化学品出口企业仍需要<span style="color: black;">注重</span><span style="color: black;">相关</span>出口<span style="color: black;">制品</span><span style="color: black;">是不是</span>属于受管控的货物。</span></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">三是做好合规内控</span></strong><span style="color: black;">。在处罚案例中常常<span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">发掘</span>,出口<span style="color: black;">管理</span>合规内<span style="color: black;">掌控</span>度和实践对<span style="color: black;">关联</span>出口企业有效识别和管控<span style="color: black;">危害</span>的重要性。国家商务部<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">经过</span>发布贸易合规<span style="color: black;">指点</span>文件,引导出口经营者<span style="color: black;">创立</span>和完善出口<span style="color: black;">管理</span>合规内<span style="color: black;">掌控</span>度体系。由此可见贸易合规制度的重要<span style="color: black;">功效</span>。</span></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">四是做好贸易合规<span style="color: black;">危害</span>筛查</span></strong><span style="color: black;">。《出口<span style="color: black;">管理</span>法》针对向<span style="color: black;">加入</span>管控名单的进口商、<span style="color: black;">最后</span>用户进行交易的违法<span style="color: black;">行径</span>,设定了最高为违法经营额二十倍的罚款。随着国家<span style="color: black;">相关</span><span style="color: black;">分部</span>出台的制裁和反制<span style="color: black;">办法</span><span style="color: black;">持续</span>出台,出口经营者针对受管控实体的<span style="color: black;">危害</span>筛查更凸显重要性。</span></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">另外</span>,<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>还<span style="color: black;">意见</span>企业关注海关和出口<span style="color: black;">管理</span>管理<span style="color: black;">分部</span>的行政执法动态,了解管理和执法政策动向,<span style="color: black;">持续</span>优化<span style="color: black;">自己</span>贸易合规管理水平。<span style="color: black;">同期</span>,<span style="color: black;">咱们</span><span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">意见</span>企业认真应对监管<span style="color: black;">分部</span>调查,借助专业服务<span style="color: black;">创立</span>应对机制。</span></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">[注]</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"> 《行政处罚法》第三十二条规定,当事人有下列情形之一,应当从轻<span style="color: black;">或</span>减轻行政处罚:(一)主动消除<span style="color: black;">或</span>减轻违法<span style="color: black;">行径</span><span style="color: black;">害处</span>后果的;(二)受他人胁迫<span style="color: black;">或</span>诱骗实施违法<span style="color: black;">行径</span>的;(三)主动供述行政机关尚未<span style="color: black;">把握</span>的违法<span style="color: black;">行径</span>的;(四)<span style="color: black;">协同</span>行政机关查处违法<span style="color: black;">行径</span>有立功表现的;(五)法律、法规、规章规定其他应当从轻<span style="color: black;">或</span>减轻行政处罚的。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">尤其</span>声明</span></span></strong></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">以上所刊登的<span style="color: black;">文案</span>仅<span style="color: black;">表率</span>作者<span style="color: black;">自己</span>观点,不<span style="color: black;">表率</span>北京市中伦律师事务所或其律师出具的任何形式之法律意见或<span style="color: black;">意见</span>。</span></span></span></p>
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