无人机作业漂移药害事故分析与规避
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">农业无人机是专门用于植保、播种、投饵等农林牧渔作业的<span style="color: black;">有效</span>生产力工具,<span style="color: black;">然则</span><span style="color: black;">由于</span>其<span style="color: black;">拥有</span>雾滴细小、距离作物高度高、农药浓度高的特点,<span style="color: black;">因此</span>为<span style="color: black;">保准</span>作业效果并减少药害,在作业时需在适合的气象<span style="color: black;">要求</span>下,设置<span style="color: black;">恰当</span>的作业参数。本文将<span style="color: black;">经过</span>对已<span style="color: black;">出现</span>案例进行分析,<span style="color: black;">知道</span>药害、毒害<span style="color: black;">出现</span>的<span style="color: black;">原由</span>,<span style="color: black;">帮忙</span>广大的农业无人机驾驶员有效规避类似事故。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">农业无人机<span style="color: black;">平常</span>药害、毒害事故分析</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">农业无人机如未在<span style="color: black;">恰当</span>的环境<span style="color: black;">要求</span>下<span style="color: black;">运用</span>或参数设置<span style="color: black;">欠妥</span>可能会产生本田药害和飘移药害。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">本田药害<span style="color: black;">指的是</span>由药剂、气象<span style="color: black;">要求</span>、作业参数所<span style="color: black;">引起</span>的对作业区域作物<span style="color: black;">导致</span>的药害;飘移药害<span style="color: black;">指的是</span><span style="color: black;">因为</span>雾滴产生飘移,对下风向作物所<span style="color: black;">导致</span>药害。<span style="color: black;">同期</span>,雾滴<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>飘移到下风向的鱼塘、虾蟹塘,<span style="color: black;">亦</span>可能<span style="color: black;">导致</span>鱼虾的死亡。无论是哪种事故均有可能<span style="color: black;">导致</span>经济损失,<span style="color: black;">因此</span>农业无人机驾驶员应规范操作,避免事故<span style="color: black;">出现</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="//q3.itc.cn/q_70/images03/20240728/2135e4f13d7a4c77822236bfeacb67ef.jpeg" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">左:本田药害 右:飘移药害</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">本田药害<span style="color: black;">平常</span><span style="color: black;">状况</span>分析</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">除了药剂<span style="color: black;">选择</span><span style="color: black;">欠妥</span>外,以下几种<span style="color: black;">状况</span>所<span style="color: black;">引起</span>的局部药剂<span style="color: black;">太多</span><span style="color: black;">亦</span>是<span style="color: black;">引起</span>本田药害<span style="color: black;">出现</span>的<span style="color: black;">平常</span><span style="color: black;">原由</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">1.因行距设置过小,<span style="color: black;">引起</span>在 2 个航线衔接处药剂沉淀<span style="color: black;">太多</span>,此<span style="color: black;">状况</span>下若喷洒的药剂较为<span style="color: black;">敏锐</span>,则可能产生药害。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">2.在手动扫边、手动喷洒除草剂等手动作业时,忘记关闭喷洒,<span style="color: black;">引起</span>局部药剂<span style="color: black;">太多</span>,从而产生药害。<span style="color: black;">因此呢</span>,<span style="color: black;">意见</span>喷洒除草剂作业<span style="color: black;">尽可能</span>采取自动作业,可大幅<span style="color: black;">提高</span>喷洒均匀性,有效避免药害。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">3.因喷洒不均匀,药剂被风吹至田块下风向区域,<span style="color: black;">引起</span>该区域药剂累积<span style="color: black;">太多</span>,从而产生药害。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">例子:黑龙江地区常<span style="color: black;">运用</span>呲溜模式(指药液不经过雾化直接洒入水田),且行距设置超过 8 米以上,<span style="color: black;">因此呢</span><span style="color: black;">引起</span>药液流出后分布不均。此时,如遇强风,会使药液吹至下风向,从而<span style="color: black;">引起</span>田块下风向区域产生药害。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">4.气候<span style="color: black;">原由</span><span style="color: black;">引起</span>的药害,以高于或<span style="color: black;">小于</span>安全温度最为<span style="color: black;">平常</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">例子1:防治水稻稻瘟病的<span style="color: black;">平常</span>药剂三环唑,在 15-25℃ 下安全性良好,但在 35℃ 以上<span style="color: black;">常常</span>会<span style="color: black;">显现</span>安全性减弱,如不<span style="color: black;">减少</span>施药则会<span style="color: black;">引起</span>叶片发黄。<span style="color: black;">因此呢</span>在夏季高温时段,应在早晚进行作业,并适当减少药剂用量。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">例子2:<span style="color: black;">针对</span>冬小麦在 11 月~12 月进行的茎叶除草剂作业,<span style="color: black;">通常</span><span style="color: black;">意见</span>在最低气温 5℃ 以上作业,如强行在低温环境喷洒除草剂,则有可能使冬小麦产生冻害及药害,从而<span style="color: black;">引起</span>减产。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">因此呢</span>从实操经验来看,无论是无人机喷洒还是其他传统方式喷洒,15-25℃ <span style="color: black;">通常</span>被视为最佳作业温度。若<span style="color: black;">实质</span><span style="color: black;">状况</span>未能<span style="color: black;">准许</span><span style="color: black;">这里</span>区间作业,<span style="color: black;">亦</span>应<span style="color: black;">掌控</span>在 5-35℃ 范围内作业,并<span style="color: black;">尽可能</span>在气温低时<span style="color: black;">选取</span><span style="color: black;">晌午</span>时段作业,气温高时<span style="color: black;">选取</span>早晚时段作业,从而<span style="color: black;">提高</span>药效,降低药害<span style="color: black;">出现</span>可能。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="//q4.itc.cn/q_70/images03/20240728/3de59f5e710f47cc9283980746f62495.jpeg" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">左:水稻高温药害 右:局部药剂<span style="color: black;">太多</span><span style="color: black;">引起</span>药害</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">飘移药害发生原理及影响<span style="color: black;">原因</span></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">在<span style="color: black;">实质</span>作业中,更<span style="color: black;">平常</span>的药害类型为飘移药害,即药害<span style="color: black;">出现</span>在下风向的非作业区域。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">因为</span>雾滴是药液<span style="color: black;">经过</span>离心雾化产生,<span style="color: black;">因此呢</span>在下落的过程中难以避免地会受到环境风及气温的综合影响。<span style="color: black;">首要</span>,雾滴会受到风的影响<span style="color: black;">没法</span>垂直落到原地,而是会沿下风向飘移<span style="color: black;">必定</span>距离。<span style="color: black;">另一</span>,雾滴在下落的过程中还会<span style="color: black;">连续</span>蒸发,<span style="color: black;">况且</span>气温越高,雾滴蒸发速度越快。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">除了气象<span style="color: black;">原因</span>外,作业参数<span style="color: black;">亦</span>会影响飘移距离。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">首要</span>是飞行速度。<span style="color: black;">因为</span>低速<span style="color: black;">状况</span>下,农业无人机风场能有效下压雾场,使雾滴快速落到地面。<span style="color: black;">因此呢</span>在<span style="color: black;">必定</span>范围内飞行速度越快,飘移越严重。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">其次是雾滴粒径和风速。<span style="color: black;">通常</span><span style="color: black;">状况</span>下雾滴粒径越细小、风速越大,飘移越为严重。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="//q7.itc.cn/q_70/images03/20240728/9f08071a2add4e49ad968fa3621406ec.jpeg" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">区别</span>风速<span style="color: black;">区别</span>雾滴粒径的飘移距离差异</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">另一</span>,飞行高度越高,飘移距离<span style="color: black;">亦</span>会越远。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">最后,从以下飘移测试实验得知,在框定范围内喷洒除草剂,上风向有部分草发黄,但范围较窄;而在下风向<span style="color: black;">显著</span>有5-10米的草发黄,这<span style="color: black;">便是</span>雾滴飘移到下风向区域所<span style="color: black;">引起</span>的结果。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="//q1.itc.cn/q_70/images03/20240728/65e125993e434d15ae967b509b90f028.jpeg" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">飘移药害<span style="color: black;">出现</span>案例分析</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">经过</span><span style="color: black;">实质</span>案例来分析,可<span style="color: black;">更易</span>理解飘移药害事故<span style="color: black;">怎样</span><span style="color: black;">出现</span>以及<span style="color: black;">怎样</span>避免。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">1.水田药害案例</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(1)湖南一农户欲舍弃田块中已种植的莲藕,<span style="color: black;">因此呢</span>雇佣植保队喷洒灭生性除草剂草甘膦及其他<span style="color: black;">选取</span>性药剂。作业过后本田的莲藕虽已有效清除,但<span style="color: black;">亦</span>造<span style="color: black;">成为了</span>周边的莲藕产生了严重的飘移药害,造<span style="color: black;">成为了</span>重大损失。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">在该案例中,飞手和农户缺乏基本的安全<span style="color: black;">认识</span>,在该地块周边均是作物的<span style="color: black;">状况</span>下,喷洒灭生性除草剂,<span style="color: black;">危害</span>巨大。灭生性除草剂<span style="color: black;">指的是</span>对所有绿色植物都<span style="color: black;">拥有</span>杀灭<span style="color: black;">功效</span>的药剂,俗<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>见绿杀,<span style="color: black;">因此呢</span>只能人工定向喷洒<span style="color: black;">或</span><span style="color: black;">运用</span>农业无人机在类似荒山的区域进行喷洒。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(2)吉林一农户在水稻除草剂作业时,忽略地块边上种有玉米,从而<span style="color: black;">导致</span>玉米叶片局部发黄。<span style="color: black;">实质</span>上,<span style="color: black;">日前</span>常用的除草剂绝大<span style="color: black;">都数</span>都是<span style="color: black;">选取</span>性除草剂,<span style="color: black;">选取</span>性除草剂仅针对<span style="color: black;">目的</span>作物安全,<span style="color: black;">针对</span>其他作物并不<span style="color: black;">必定</span>安全。<span style="color: black;">针对</span>这种<span style="color: black;">区别</span>作物紧邻种植的<span style="color: black;">状况</span>,直接喷洒<span style="color: black;">选取</span>性除草剂,<span style="color: black;">亦</span>可能会产生药害。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="//q1.itc.cn/q_70/images03/20240728/88be226a1c5042aeaf6435d38f457b9c.jpeg" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">左:莲藕塘喷洒灭生性除草剂 右:水稻田边上有玉米</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">2.小麦药害案例</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(1)四川一位飞手为冬小麦喷洒阔叶除草剂,<span style="color: black;">引起</span>边上的油菜<span style="color: black;">出现</span>飘移药害。<span style="color: black;">因为</span>油菜是十字花科,<span style="color: black;">亦</span>属于阔叶类作物,小麦阔叶除草剂飘移到油菜上,自然<span style="color: black;">亦</span>造<span style="color: black;">成为了</span>药害事故的<span style="color: black;">出现</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(2)陕西一位飞手为冬小麦喷洒杀虫剂,使边上的蜜蜂<span style="color: black;">海量</span>死亡,从而<span style="color: black;">引起</span>蜂农损失惨重。<span style="color: black;">日前</span>小麦杀虫作业常会<span style="color: black;">海量</span>喷洒吡虫啉、高氯、甲维盐等药剂,这些药剂<span style="color: black;">针对</span>蜜蜂等同剧毒,如作业前未提前<span style="color: black;">通知</span>蜂农,蜜蜂会在小麦开花时四处采蜜,从而<span style="color: black;">引起</span>事故<span style="color: black;">出现</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="//q5.itc.cn/q_70/images03/20240728/a8a4830d0c7b4b8e94255470bf65585d.jpeg" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">左:小麦除草飘移到了油菜 右:作业时需<span style="color: black;">重视</span>周边<span style="color: black;">有没有</span>蜜蜂养殖</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">3.玉米田飘移药害</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">玉米常用茎叶除草剂<span style="color: black;">包含</span>硝磺草酮、甲基磺草酮、莠去津等,<span style="color: black;">因为</span><span style="color: black;">以上</span>药剂都<span style="color: black;">拥有</span>杀草谱广的特点,虽对玉米安全,但对其他作物则容易<span style="color: black;">导致</span>影响。<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>玉米周边种有大豆、水稻、棉花等作物,<span style="color: black;">常常</span>容易<span style="color: black;">导致</span>飘移药害事故。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">飘移药害规避<span style="color: black;">办法</span></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">1.提前观察环境,确定下风向<span style="color: black;">状况</span></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">提前观察风向,并<span style="color: black;">评定</span>所喷洒的药剂对下风向作物、养殖物的潜在影响。<span style="color: black;">意见</span>各位农业无人机操作人员常备《农药手册》之类的工具书,以便随时查看所喷洒农药的潜在<span style="color: black;">危害</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">喷洒杀虫剂前,需观察下风向<span style="color: black;">是不是</span>有鱼虾养殖、蜜蜂养殖、桑树种植,如不具备作业<span style="color: black;">要求</span>应<span style="color: black;">即时</span>停止作业。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">喷洒除草剂前,应观察下风向作物,<span style="color: black;">评定</span>药剂飘移<span style="color: black;">危害</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">作业前应做好下风向作物和养殖物的安全<span style="color: black;">评定</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">2.在合理的气象<span style="color: black;">要求</span>下作业</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">尽可能</span>在 5-35℃ 范围内作业,切勿在极端高温、低温环境下作业。常规作业应在 3 级风速内进行,喷洒除草剂应在 2 级以内微风下进行。严禁在大风环境下喷洒除草剂,否则药剂飘移距离可能远达数百米。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="//q3.itc.cn/q_70/images03/20240728/883cfd10cfbe49c6b14f44e070103653.jpeg" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">适合作业的气象<span style="color: black;">要求</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">3.设置<span style="color: black;">恰当</span>的作业参数</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">喷洒除草剂,应将飞行速度<span style="color: black;">掌控</span>在 7 米/秒以内,雾滴粒径设置在 250 微米以上,飞行高度设置在 3 米以内,以降低整体飘移距离。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">源自</span>:https://www.top168.com/news/202407/23924.html<a style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">返回<span style="color: black;">外链论坛:www.fok120.com</span>,查看<span style="color: black;">更加多</span></span></a></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">责任编辑:网友投稿</span></p>
“BS”(鄙视的缩写) 同意、说得对、没错、我也是这么想的等。 期待更新、坐等、迫不及待等。 谢谢、感谢、感恩、辛苦了、有你真好等。 楼主发的这篇帖子,我觉得非常有道理。 你的话深深触动了我,仿佛说出了我心里的声音。
页:
[1]