智能周报|微软与OpenAI合作受到反垄断调查;OpenAI非营利实体2022年收入仅为4.4万美元;欧盟人工智能法案即将出台…
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><a style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;"><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/sz_mmbiz_png/u1Dq0EeITViaOKogD55V3iaC0fvocBary2Qb2mJjbuy92EnH9ApWIaa2fWQibwV2gESQ7Pia8TtsblyibrDoERaQ0Xg/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></span></a></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">撰文 | 新皮层小组</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">编辑 | 王杰夫</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">本周智能<span style="color: black;">行业</span>的科技<span style="color: black;">机构</span>表现都比较平淡,相反,<span style="color: black;">关联</span>监管反而活跃了起来。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">本周初,从议案提出<span style="color: black;">迄今</span>历时3年之久的欧洲<span style="color: black;">最终</span>达成政治协议,正式<span style="color: black;">经过</span>只是时间问题。这是<span style="color: black;">全世界</span>首部对人工智能<span style="color: black;">行业</span>全面监管的法规,欧盟主席冯德莱恩<span style="color: black;">乃至</span>激动地在社交平台上<span style="color: black;">发帖</span><span style="color: black;">叫作</span>其为「<span style="color: black;">全世界</span><span style="color: black;">第1</span>」。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">表面上看,这是政府与社会对人工智能及科技巨头监管的一次重大胜利,但仔细回顾法案<span style="color: black;">经过</span>的曲折过程——2021年法案提出时ChatGPT尚未推出,以其为<span style="color: black;">表率</span>的大语言模型的竞争还没<span style="color: black;">起始</span>,这使得这些政策制定者不得不为了在2023年赶上技术发展的进度,而做出<span style="color: black;">有些</span>后果未知的取舍——<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>就很难对此抱有<span style="color: black;">阳光</span>的<span style="color: black;">心理</span>,即人工智能的发展是如此迅猛,<span style="color: black;">即时</span>且有效的监管几乎不可能。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">更何况,《人工智能法案》距真正落地,<span style="color: black;">从而</span>对<span style="color: black;">关联</span>企业产生影响,还要等到2025年。<span style="color: black;">将来</span>两年,微软、Google、Meta、OpenAI等<span style="color: black;">机构</span>对主导地位的竞争只会更加激烈,上一个两年孕育了大模型技术,下一个两年人工智能又会发展到哪一步呢?「<span style="color: black;">包含</span>中国、美国、欧洲主要国家的政府都对人工智能的<span style="color: black;">危害</span>有高度认识,难的<span style="color: black;">便是</span><span style="color: black;">详细</span>落实。<span style="color: black;">咱们</span><span style="color: black;">此刻</span><span style="color: black;">无</span>万全的<span style="color: black;">办法</span>,<span style="color: black;">仅有</span>传统的治理方式,<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">便是</span>事后治理」,中国人工智能学会AI伦理工作委员会负责人陈小平告诉新皮层:「<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>开了<span style="color: black;">非常多</span>会,在学校里开课、开培训班,但还是很<span style="color: black;">不足</span>,<span style="color: black;">非常多</span>问题提了出来却<span style="color: black;">无</span><span style="color: black;">处理</span>办法,<span style="color: black;">亦</span>不<span style="color: black;">晓得</span>怎么落<span style="color: black;">地区</span>案。」</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">当然,除了对人工智能本身做监管外,对创建人工智能的<span style="color: black;">机构</span>监管<span style="color: black;">亦</span>是一条路径。本周美国联邦贸易委员会FTC和英国竞争与市场管理局CMA似乎不约而同对微软和OpenAI之间的投资关系开展初<span style="color: black;">步骤</span>查,以判定两家之间的合作<span style="color: black;">是不是</span><span style="color: black;">形成</span>市场垄断。<span style="color: black;">因为</span>OpenAI是一个非营利性质的组织,微软<span style="color: black;">针对</span>OpenAI的投资<span style="color: black;">亦</span>并不<span style="color: black;">形成</span>对该公司的<span style="color: black;">掌控</span>权。常规来看,<span style="color: black;">按照</span>美国法律,无论微软投资的金额多少——哪怕总计为110亿美元——都不需要向FTC上报,但<span style="color: black;">此刻</span>FTC<span style="color: black;">起始</span>重新<span style="color: black;">评定</span>这件事。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">质疑OpenAI非营利性质身份的人不仅是FTC。<span style="color: black;">近期</span>OpenAI向美国国税局 (IRS) 提交了2022年年度990表格,这个表格<span style="color: black;">重点</span>适用于非营利组织主动向公众<span style="color: black;">供给</span>非营利组织的财务信息、运营<span style="color: black;">状况</span>,并防止<span style="color: black;">有些</span>组织<span style="color: black;">乱用</span>其免税身份。但表格<span style="color: black;">表示</span>,这家<span style="color: black;">掌控</span>着<span style="color: black;">全世界</span>最先进AI,且其AI<span style="color: black;">制品</span>的用户数<span style="color: black;">亦</span>最多的<span style="color: black;">机构</span>,在2022年的收入仅为4.4万美元。「<span style="color: black;">无</span>必要<span style="color: black;">必定</span><span style="color: black;">创立</span>非营利组织」,纽约大学公共与非营利组织管理与政策教授Thad Calabrese认为:「<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>你更想<span style="color: black;">创立</span>一家初创<span style="color: black;">机构</span>,那就<span style="color: black;">创立</span>一家初创<span style="color: black;">机构</span>。」</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">咱们</span>看到人工智能借助<span style="color: black;">商场</span>规律这个战车几乎无往而<span style="color: black;">有害</span>,坐在上面的人既有风投<span style="color: black;">机构</span>A16z的创始人Marc Andreessen 、初创<span style="color: black;">机构</span>孵化器YC掌门人Garry Tan<span style="color: black;">这般</span>的投资者,<span style="color: black;">亦</span>有图灵奖得主Yann LeCun 、 吴恩达<span style="color: black;">这般</span>的<span style="color: black;">科研</span>者,还有两者身份兼具的Sam Altman,<span style="color: black;">她们</span>高举着硅谷新图腾「有效加速主义」(e/acc)这面大旗,碾碎一切「保守」「落后」的价值观——即使反对声音来自领导GPT<span style="color: black;">研发</span>的灵魂<span style="color: black;">名人</span>,OpenAI的首席<span style="color: black;">专家</span>Ilya Sutskever。有<span style="color: black;">信息</span><span style="color: black;">叫作</span>,虽然当初的人事风波貌似平息了,但Sutskever并<span style="color: black;">无</span>回归正常工作,他之前的工作<span style="color: black;">亦</span>正<span style="color: black;">逐步</span>被其他人接替,离职或许是个可能的选项。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">以下内容由新皮层团队制作。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">Key Points</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">OpenAI篇</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">OpenAI非营利实体2022年收入仅为4.4万美元;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">OpenAI首席<span style="color: black;">专家</span>Ilya Sutskever可能要离职;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">时隔一年,OpenAI再砸数百万美元孵化AI<span style="color: black;">机构</span>;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">ChatGPT将可引用Politico等权威<span style="color: black;">媒介</span>的内容;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">政策篇</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">欧盟人工智能法案即将出台;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">微软与OpenAI的合作可能受到反垄断调查;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">Epic赢得对Google的反垄断诉讼。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;">OpenAI篇</strong></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">OpenAI非营利实体2022年收入4.4万美元</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">近期</span>,OpenAI向美国国税局 (IRS) 提交了2022年年度990表格,内容<span style="color: black;">表示</span>OpenAI的非营利主体去年收入仅为4.4万美元。然而该报告<span style="color: black;">无</span>披露OpenAI营利性子<span style="color: black;">机构</span>、ChatGPT的<span style="color: black;">研发</span>主体OpenAI Global的收入,这个数字预估约13亿美元。这种反差之下,OpenAI自<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>的非营利身份再次受到质疑。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">非营利主体的财务<span style="color: black;">情况</span></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">OpenAI非营利母<span style="color: black;">机构</span>OpenAI, Inc.每年都会<span style="color: black;">经过</span>990表格向美国政府披露财务<span style="color: black;">情况</span>,该表格<span style="color: black;">重点</span>目的是向公众<span style="color: black;">供给</span><span style="color: black;">相关</span>非营利组织的财务信息,<span style="color: black;">认识</span>组织的运营<span style="color: black;">状况</span>,并防止<span style="color: black;">有些</span>组织<span style="color: black;">乱用</span>其免税身份。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">然而令人失望的是,OpenAI的990表格并<span style="color: black;">无</span><span style="color: black;">供给</span>足够多有价值的信息。<span style="color: black;">由于</span>表格并<span style="color: black;">无</span>披露OpenAI Global的运营信息,这才是<span style="color: black;">日前</span>OpenAI的<span style="color: black;">重点</span>运营实体。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">文件<span style="color: black;">表示</span>,OpenAI非营利主体去年收入为4.4万美元,其中投资收入约4.3万美元,总支出<span style="color: black;">花费</span>约139.0万美元,<span style="color: black;">包含</span>用于<span style="color: black;">帮助</span>杜克大学<span style="color: black;">科研</span>项目的33.3万美元。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">这份文件还<span style="color: black;">说到</span>了OpenAI高管们的薪酬。创始人Sam Altman 2022年的薪酬为7.4万美元,联合创始人Greg Brockman、Ilya Sutskever的薪酬分别为11.4万美元和33.5万美元。「罢免Altman事件」中投出赞成票的董事会成员Adam DAngelo、Tasha McCauley以及Helen Toner<span style="color: black;">无</span>薪酬,<span style="color: black;">她们</span><span style="color: black;">亦</span>不是OpenAI员工。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">按照</span>OpenAI此前提交的990文件,自2015年创立以来,OpenAI收入最高峰是在2018年,对应的数字是4991.8万美元,<span style="color: black;">重点</span><span style="color: black;">源自</span>于<span style="color: black;">外边</span>捐款和<span style="color: black;">补贴</span>。直到2021年,OpenAI的投资收入才超过<span style="color: black;">外边</span>捐款。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">拧巴的<span style="color: black;">机构</span>结构</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">新皮层曾经在「罢免Altman事件」中提及,OpenAI在创建之初定位为非营利<span style="color: black;">公司</span>,主体<span style="color: black;">便是</span>OpenAI, Inc.。而后为了筹集资金,于2019年组建了一家号<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>「利润上限」(caped-profit)的子<span style="color: black;">机构</span>OpenAI Global,<span style="color: black;">仅有</span>超额利润(100倍以上)才会回馈投资人。为了继续维持非营利的形象,非营利实体OpenAI, Inc.对营利实体OpenAI Global有着绝对的<span style="color: black;">掌控</span>权。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">这<span style="color: black;">亦</span>就为前不久的罢免风波埋下隐患,非营利主体OpenAI, Inc.的董事会<span style="color: black;">持有</span>很大的权力,<span style="color: black;">包含</span>决定<span style="color: black;">机构</span>何时训练和发布AGI(Artificial General Intelligence),<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">包含</span>撤换管理层。但从Altman<span style="color: black;">最后</span>回归担任CEO这一结果看,董事会还<span style="color: black;">是由于</span>人<span style="color: black;">构成</span>的,书面上赋予的权力还是受到来自现实的压力。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">OpenAI新任董事会主席Bret Taylor上周<span style="color: black;">暗示</span>,将会「采取<span style="color: black;">办法</span>加强 OpenAI 的<span style="color: black;">机构</span>治理,<span style="color: black;">创立</span>一个由杰出人士<span style="color: black;">构成</span>的合格且多元化的董事会,并监督 OpenAI 的重要使命——<span style="color: black;">保证</span>通用人工智能造福全人类」。但<span style="color: black;">日前</span>还<span style="color: black;">无</span>任何新的<span style="color: black;">办法</span>被披露出来。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">来自外界的批评</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">做为</span><span style="color: black;">一样</span><span style="color: black;">研发</span>计算机软件的非营利组织,Mozilla自2003年成立<span style="color: black;">败兴</span><span style="color: black;">始终</span>会提交详尽的990表格,<span style="color: black;">乃至</span>还会有年度报告。<span style="color: black;">机构</span>收入<span style="color: black;">重点</span>来自著名的Firefox 浏览器,其中大部分用于<span style="color: black;">制品</span><span style="color: black;">开发</span>,小部分用于其他非营利组织的运作。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">Mozilla基金会主席Mark Surman在接受CNBC记者采访时就OpenAI的<span style="color: black;">状况</span><span style="color: black;">发布</span>意见,「我认为这是一个公众信任问题。如果<span style="color: black;">她们</span>(OpenAI)<span style="color: black;">期盼</span>被视为<span style="color: black;">保证</span>人工智能为人类服务的公共<span style="color: black;">公司</span>,那它就需要<span style="color: black;">更加多</span>的透明度。」</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">一样</span>的质疑还来自纽约大学公共与非营利组织管理与政策教授Thad Calabrese。他认为<span style="color: black;">无</span>合并的财务报表<span style="color: black;">供给</span>的信息非常有限。「<span style="color: black;">无</span>必要<span style="color: black;">必定</span><span style="color: black;">创立</span>非营利组织」,Calabrese<span style="color: black;">暗示</span>:「<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>你更想<span style="color: black;">创立</span>一家初创<span style="color: black;">机构</span>,那就<span style="color: black;">创立</span>一家初创<span style="color: black;">机构</span>。」</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">参考链接</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">https://www.cnbc.com/2023/12/12/openai-nonprofit-arm-45000-in-2022-revenue-company-worth-billions.html</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/organizations/810861541</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"> OpenAI首席<span style="color: black;">专家</span>Ilya Sutskever可能要离职</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">距11月17日OpenAI罢免CEO Sam Altman<span style="color: black;">已然</span>过去三周时间。虽然Altman罢免后不到<span style="color: black;">1星期</span>就成功重回<span style="color: black;">机构</span>,并且多人在X平台上晒出大合照以示团结,但<span style="color: black;">有些</span>迹象<span style="color: black;">显示</span>OpenAI还没能完全回归正轨。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">以下是<span style="color: black;">近期</span>OpenAI<span style="color: black;">出现</span>的事情:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">首席<span style="color: black;">专家</span>Ilya Sutskever可能要离职?</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">在罢免Altman的过程中,曾是董事会一员Sutskever投下了关键的一票。<span style="color: black;">做为</span>领导GPT<span style="color: black;">研发</span>的灵魂<span style="color: black;">名人</span>,Sutskever<span style="color: black;">针对</span>Altman激进的技术<span style="color: black;">研发</span>与<span style="color: black;">商场</span>化<span style="color: black;">行径</span>并不认同。虽然事后Sutskever<span style="color: black;">火速</span>对当时投出的那一票<span style="color: black;">暗示</span>懊悔,但双方的裂痕并<span style="color: black;">无</span>弥合。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">有员工爆料<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>,Sutskever<span style="color: black;">已然</span><span style="color: black;">1星期</span>多<span style="color: black;">无</span>来到OpenAI办公室上班,并且聘请了Willkie Farr & Gallagher律所的Alex Weingarten律师,但并<span style="color: black;">无</span>透露请律师的理由。<span style="color: black;">同期</span>有<span style="color: black;">信息</span><span style="color: black;">叫作</span>,Sutskever之前的工作正<span style="color: black;">逐步</span>被其他人接替,看起来这位OpenAI的创建者和首席<span style="color: black;">专家</span>的去留依然存在很大不确定。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">针对</span>Altman激进的<span style="color: black;">商场</span>化<span style="color: black;">行径</span>持反对意见的还有另一位前董事会成员Helen Toner,她<span style="color: black;">亦</span>被认为是主导罢免的关键<span style="color: black;">名人</span>。上周她曾接受《华尔街日报》采访对事件做了<span style="color: black;">回复</span>,认为她才是<span style="color: black;">保持</span>OpenAI创立原则的人。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">OpenAI员工并<span style="color: black;">无</span><span style="color: black;">那样</span>齐心?</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">在Altman离开的过程中,OpenAI员工曾经签署过一封联名信,770人的团队中有743人签了名。此举被广泛视作OpenAI团结,Altman应该回归的重要证据。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">但<span style="color: black;">近期</span>《华尔街日报》<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>,在Altman被解雇前,董事会曾经收到<span style="color: black;">太多</span>位员工投诉,指控其在心理上「虐待」员工,挑拨员工关系,制造<span style="color: black;">机构</span>混乱。这<span style="color: black;">亦</span>是<span style="color: black;">引起</span>Altman<span style="color: black;">最后</span>被罢免的<span style="color: black;">原由</span>之一。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">况且</span>还有员工对Business Insider<span style="color: black;">暗示</span>,当时签名其实是受迫的,<span style="color: black;">有些</span>老员工深夜向<span style="color: black;">她们</span>打<span style="color: black;">tel</span>,敦促<span style="color: black;">她们</span>签字。<span style="color: black;">她们</span>认为,这些老员工<span style="color: black;">持有</span>不少股权,<span style="color: black;">因此</span>并不想离开OpenAI。而不久前Altman以860亿美元的估值向投资人提出了要约收购计划,<span style="color: black;">准许</span>员工将股票套现,原计划定于12月初结束。Altman的离职可能<span style="color: black;">引起</span>这些老员工利益受损。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">ChatGPT收到GPT-4变懒的反馈,将着手处理</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">ChatGPT在X平台(原Twitter)的官方账号在上周五<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>,<span style="color: black;">她们</span>收到了关于GPT-4<span style="color: black;">近期</span>变懒的反馈,并且<span style="color: black;">起始</span>处理。官方透露<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>,自从11月11号起,<span style="color: black;">她们</span>就没再对模型升级过,<span style="color: black;">因此</span>「变懒」并非有意为之;<span style="color: black;">然则</span>,这并不是暗示模型本身<span style="color: black;">显现</span>了变化,而是随着<span style="color: black;">持续</span><span style="color: black;">运用</span>,一部分提示词的生成结果可能有退化。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">对此,有X网友评论<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>,他找到了<span style="color: black;">有些</span>提示词技巧可能有<span style="color: black;">帮忙</span>,例如在提示词中加入「先深<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>,再逐步分析问题」和「<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>你回答得好,我会给你小费」等,测试证明似乎真的有点用。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">OpenAI可能正式进入印度</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">有<span style="color: black;">报告</span><span style="color: black;">叫作</span>,OpenAI正在与前X平台印度负责人Rishi Jaitly合作,<span style="color: black;">期盼</span>他担任高级顾问,以促进印度政府就人工智能政策做谈判。OpenAI 还<span style="color: black;">期盼</span>在印度<span style="color: black;">创立</span>一支本地团队。Jaitly在Altman今年6月<span style="color: black;">拜访</span>印度时就与他<span style="color: black;">创立</span>了联系,并且之后<span style="color: black;">始终</span>就印度政策向OpenAI<span style="color: black;">供给</span><span style="color: black;">意见</span>,<span style="color: black;">不外</span><span style="color: black;">始终</span><span style="color: black;">无</span>正式职位。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">Jaitly在2007年至2009年间担任Google印度公私合作<span style="color: black;">分部</span>负责人,2012年跳槽到当时的Twitter,<span style="color: black;">作为</span>该<span style="color: black;">机构</span>在印度的<span style="color: black;">第1</span>位员工。2016年年底,Jaitly离开Twitter,<span style="color: black;">作为</span>印度<span style="color: black;">媒介</span>巨头时代集团的<span style="color: black;">全世界</span>投资部门Times Bridge的联合创始人兼首席执行官。Times Bridge的投资组合<span style="color: black;">包含</span>Uber、Airbnb、Coursera、Mubi、Smule和Wattpad。Jaitly于2022年离开<span style="color: black;">机构</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">参考链接</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">https://www.businessinsider.com/openai-cofounder-ilya-sutskever-invisible-future-uncertain-2023-12</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">https://twitter.com/ChatGPTapp/status/1732979491071549792</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">时隔一年,OpenAI再砸数百万美元孵化AI<span style="color: black;">机构</span></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">12月13日,OpenAI创业基金宣布开放第二期「Converge」项目的申请。这项计划<span style="color: black;">重点</span>面向AI<span style="color: black;">行业</span>的工程师、设计师、<span style="color: black;">科研</span>人员和<span style="color: black;">制品</span>制造商,项目为期6周,从2024年3月11日到2024年4月19日。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">被选中的参与者<span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">得到</span>100万美元的资金,还<span style="color: black;">能够</span>加入OpenAI的<span style="color: black;">研发</span>者社区。在<span style="color: black;">这次</span>项目<span style="color: black;">时期</span>,活动<span style="color: black;">重点</span><span style="color: black;">包含</span>技术讲座、办公时间、社交沟通,以及与领先从业者的对话。项目共开放10到15个入选名额。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">OpenAI<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>,这项计划适合「任何<span style="color: black;">运用</span>AI进行构建或<span style="color: black;">巴望</span>进行构建的人」,参与者的<span style="color: black;">制品</span>不需要构建在OpenAI 的API上。创业基金鼓励来自<span style="color: black;">区别</span>背景、学科和经验水平的创始人申请,<span style="color: black;">包含</span>美国以外的创始人。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">「Converge」<span style="color: black;">怎样</span>成立的?</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">「Converge」计划于去年11月成立,这个基金当时就募得1亿美元,得到<span style="color: black;">包含</span>微软在内的<span style="color: black;">机构</span>的支持。<span style="color: black;">第1</span>期项目为期5周,<span style="color: black;">一样</span>为入选者<span style="color: black;">供给</span>100万美元的支持,以及抢先体验OpenAI模型和量身定制编程的机会。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">第1</span>期「Converge」总共投资了12家AI创业<span style="color: black;">机构</span>,例如做智能法律助手的Harvey,做智能语言导师的Speak,做智能日历的Milo等等。Altman当时<span style="color: black;">暗示</span>,OpenAI想要寻找正在<span style="color: black;">处理</span>医疗保健、气候变化和教育等问题的<span style="color: black;">机构</span>,在这些问题上,AI驱动的应用程序或<span style="color: black;">办法</span><span style="color: black;">能够</span>「造福全人类」。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">参考链接</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">https://openai.fund/news/converge-2</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">ChatGPT将可引用Politico等权威<span style="color: black;">媒介</span>的内容</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">12月13日,<span style="color: black;">全世界</span><span style="color: black;">资讯</span>出版商Axel Springer宣布与OpenAI达成合作,将<span style="color: black;">准许</span>OpenAI<span style="color: black;">运用</span>旗下的<span style="color: black;">资讯</span>媒<span style="color: black;">身体</span>容来训练模型,并且<span style="color: black;">准许</span>ChatGPT在聊天时引用这些<span style="color: black;">资讯</span>媒<span style="color: black;">身体</span>容。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">OpenAI<span style="color: black;">运用</span><span style="color: black;">资讯</span>数据来训练AI模型</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">这项交易涵盖了Axel Springer旗下所有的媒体品牌,<span style="color: black;">包含</span>Politico、Business Insider和欧洲<span style="color: black;">媒介</span>Bild和Welt。<span style="color: black;">按照</span>协议,这些媒<span style="color: black;">身体</span>容将<span style="color: black;">做为</span>一个经过审查和核实的<span style="color: black;">资讯</span>内容数据库被用于训练ChatGPT的AI模型,使其能够<span style="color: black;">供给</span>准确、实时的信息。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">不仅如此,OpenAI将<span style="color: black;">运用</span>这些品牌的媒<span style="color: black;">身体</span>容来响应用户的提问。在回答中,ChatGPT对<span style="color: black;">资讯</span>内容进行总结,向用户<span style="color: black;">供给</span>简短摘要和原始<span style="color: black;">资讯</span>的网址链接。Axel Springer还将向OpenAI<span style="color: black;">供给</span>实时的<span style="color: black;">资讯</span><span style="color: black;">报告</span>,以便ChatGPT<span style="color: black;">即时</span>向用户<span style="color: black;">供给</span>最新回答。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">合作对双方有什么<span style="color: black;">道理</span>?</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">Axel Springer:合作双方并<span style="color: black;">无</span>公开<span style="color: black;">详细</span>的财务条款,但知情人士<span style="color: black;">暗示</span>,每年OpenAI支付的金额将高达「8位数」。Axel Springer将因其用于训练AI模型的历史内容<span style="color: black;">得到</span>一次性付款,而此后实时的<span style="color: black;">资讯</span><span style="color: black;">信息</span>将<span style="color: black;">按照</span>年度许可协议支付。除了收益以外,Axel Springer旗下的<span style="color: black;">资讯</span>内容将在ChatGPT的响应结果中占据「有利地位」,从而<span style="color: black;">得到</span>额外的流量和订阅收入。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">OpenAI:<span style="color: black;">针对</span>缺少训练资源的OpenAI<span style="color: black;">来讲</span>,与Axel Springer的合作能够<span style="color: black;">帮忙</span>OpenAI从准确的实时<span style="color: black;">资讯</span>数据库中受益,从而向用户<span style="color: black;">供给</span>更加真实、准确的回答,并降低<span style="color: black;">关联</span>的法律<span style="color: black;">危害</span>。此前,百家<span style="color: black;">媒介</span><span style="color: black;">公司</span><span style="color: black;">经过</span>安装阻拦器来阻止OpenAI在未经许可的<span style="color: black;">状况</span>下<span style="color: black;">运用</span>其<span style="color: black;">资讯</span>内容。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">Axel Springer是OpenAI合作的第二家主流<span style="color: black;">资讯</span>出版商。今年7月,OpenAI与美联社达成协议,美联社将其部分<span style="color: black;">资讯</span><span style="color: black;">报告</span>档案授权OpenAI,美联社将<span style="color: black;">得到</span>OpenAI的技术和<span style="color: black;">制品</span>专业知识,但<span style="color: black;">一样</span><span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">无</span><span style="color: black;">颁布</span>交易的财务细节。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">在今年早些时候,OpenAI、Google、微软和Adobe与多家<span style="color: black;">资讯</span>集团围绕AI<span style="color: black;">制品</span>展开了会谈,<span style="color: black;">更加多</span>AI<span style="color: black;">机构</span>和<span style="color: black;">资讯</span>出版商之间的合作可能将会<span style="color: black;">连续</span>跟进。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">参考链接</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">https://www.ft.com/content/7cd439bc-29cd-44f9-8676-4761e27bc3a8</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;">政策篇</strong></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">欧盟人工智能法案即将出台</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">经过三天马拉松式的「三方会谈」后,在上周五<span style="color: black;">夜晚</span>,欧洲议会、理事会与欧盟委员会的<span style="color: black;">表率</span><span style="color: black;">最终</span>就人工智能监管达成政治协议,该协议由议会和理事会正式<span style="color: black;">经过</span>后便会<span style="color: black;">作为</span>欧盟法律。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">该政治协议达成<span style="color: black;">寓意</span>着2021年4月提出的《人工智能法案》(AI Act)即将落地。欧盟主席冯德莱恩在X平台上<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>其为「<span style="color: black;">全世界</span><span style="color: black;">第1</span>」。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">那些</span>应用场景将被禁止?</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">虽然协议的<span style="color: black;">所有</span>细节还在编制中,需要几周时间正式<span style="color: black;">颁布</span>,但<span style="color: black;">刚才</span>发布的<span style="color: black;">资讯</span>稿<span style="color: black;">已然</span>确定人工智能在以下场景将被禁用:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">运用</span><span style="color: black;">敏锐</span>特征(例如政治、宗教、哲学信仰、性取向、种族)的生物特征<span style="color: black;">归类</span>系统;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">从互联网或闭路电视录像中无<span style="color: black;">目的</span>地抓取面部图像以创建面部识别数据库;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">工作场所和教育<span style="color: black;">公司</span>中做<span style="color: black;">心情</span>识别;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">基于社会<span style="color: black;">行径</span>或个人特征的社会评分系统;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">操作</span>人类<span style="color: black;">行径</span>以规避其自由意志的人工智能系统;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">利用人们的弱点(<span style="color: black;">触及</span>年龄、残疾、社会或经济<span style="color: black;">情况</span>)的人工智能。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">针对</span>此前争议的焦点,即执法<span style="color: black;">分部</span>在公共场所<span style="color: black;">运用</span>远程生物识别技术,并<span style="color: black;">无</span>被完全禁止。但其<span style="color: black;">运用</span>受到严格的场景限制:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">有针对性地搜查受害者(诸如遭到绑架、贩运、性<span style="color: black;">盘剥</span>);</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">预防<span style="color: black;">详细</span>且当前的恐怖主义威胁;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">或</span>定位或识别涉嫌犯下条例中提及的特定罪行的人(如恐怖主义、贩运、性<span style="color: black;">盘剥</span>、谋杀、绑架、强奸、持械抢劫、参与犯罪组织、环境犯罪)。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">对高<span style="color: black;">危害</span>人工智能系统的限制</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">上周一「三方会谈」<span style="color: black;">起始</span>前,新皮层曾经<span style="color: black;">报告</span>过,当时各国对<span style="color: black;">基本</span>模型的监管的强弱程度存在<span style="color: black;">歧义</span>。大部分国家<span style="color: black;">需求</span>对规模<span style="color: black;">区别</span><span style="color: black;">体积</span>、能力强弱<span style="color: black;">区别</span>的模型做区分监管,但法德意三国当时对此<span style="color: black;">暗示</span>反对。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">从<span style="color: black;">最后</span><span style="color: black;">资讯</span>稿的结果来看,大部分国家的诉求得到满足。<span style="color: black;">针对</span>被归类为高<span style="color: black;">危害</span>的人工智能系统(<span style="color: black;">因为</span>其对健康、安全、基本权利、环境、民主和法治<span style="color: black;">拥有</span>重大潜在<span style="color: black;">害处</span>),欧盟商定了<span style="color: black;">知道</span>的义务。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">欧洲议会议员成功地在草案中纳入了强制性基本权利影响<span style="color: black;">评定</span>等<span style="color: black;">需求</span>。影响选举结果和选民<span style="color: black;">行径</span>的人工智能系统<span style="color: black;">亦</span>被归类为高<span style="color: black;">危害</span>。<span style="color: black;">百姓</span>将有权对人工智能系统提出投诉,并有权<span style="color: black;">得到</span><span style="color: black;">相关</span>影响其权利的高<span style="color: black;">危害</span>人工智能系统决策的解释。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">针对</span>通用人工智能(GPAI)系统及其所基于的 GPAI 模型必须遵守透明度<span style="color: black;">需求</span>,<span style="color: black;">包含</span><span style="color: black;">供给</span>技术文件、遵守欧盟版权法,以及澄清训练内容<span style="color: black;">源自</span>。不仅如此,<span style="color: black;">针对</span>这些GPAI 模型,所有者需要<span style="color: black;">评定</span>其<span style="color: black;">危害</span>,做对抗性测试,并且严重性事件要上报。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">处罚</span>与鼓励<span style="color: black;">办法</span></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">倘若</span>不遵守<span style="color: black;">关联</span>规定,<span style="color: black;">按照</span>违规<span style="color: black;">状况</span>及<span style="color: black;">机构</span>规模,将处以罚款,最低罚款额为750万欧元或1.5%的营业额,最高则达3500万欧元或<span style="color: black;">全世界</span>营业额的7%。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">同期</span>,欧盟议会议员<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">期盼</span>中小企业<span style="color: black;">亦</span>能够摆脱科技巨头去<span style="color: black;">研发</span>人工智能。协议将促进各个国家<span style="color: black;">创立</span>监管沙箱和测试机制,<span style="color: black;">帮忙</span>这些<span style="color: black;">机构</span>创建和训练人工智能。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">《人工智能法案》落地进程</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">2023年6月,欧洲议会投票<span style="color: black;">经过</span>《人工智能法案》草案。随后该草案进入成员国、欧洲议会、欧盟委员会的「三方谈判」<span style="color: black;">周期</span>,预计在今年年底正式<span style="color: black;">经过</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">10月底,「三方谈判」就分级监管模型达<span style="color: black;">成为了</span>共识,但不久后<span style="color: black;">包含</span>法德意在内的<span style="color: black;">有些</span>成员国更改立场,这是<span style="color: black;">引起</span><span style="color: black;">日前</span><span style="color: black;">发展</span>困难的直接<span style="color: black;">原由</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">12月9日,欧盟立法者在第五次「三方谈判」后成功达成政治协议,《人工智能法案》即将落地。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">2026年,该法案将对<span style="color: black;">关联</span>企业产生<span style="color: black;">实质</span>影响。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">资讯</span>稿:</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/press-room/20231206IPR15699/artificial-intelligence-act-deal-on-comprehensive-rules-for-trustworthy-ai</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">微软与OpenAI的合作可能受到反垄断调查</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">据<span style="color: black;">报告</span>,美国联邦贸易委员会FTC和英国竞争与市场管理局CMA正在就微软<span style="color: black;">机构</span>和OpenAI之间的投资关系展开初<span style="color: black;">步骤</span>查,以确定两家之间的合作<span style="color: black;">是不是</span>对市场的公平竞争<span style="color: black;">形成</span>威胁。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">FTC和CMA尚未<span style="color: black;">起始</span>正式调查</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">FTC</strong>:据<span style="color: black;">信息</span>,FTC<span style="color: black;">针对</span>微软与OpenAI的反垄断调查尚未正式<span style="color: black;">起始</span>,只进行了初步分析。OpenAI是一个非营利性质的组织,微软<span style="color: black;">针对</span>OpenAI的投资<span style="color: black;">亦</span>并不<span style="color: black;">形成</span>对该<span style="color: black;">机构</span>的<span style="color: black;">掌控</span>权。<span style="color: black;">因此呢</span>,<span style="color: black;">按照</span>美国合并法,无论数额多少,微软都并不需要向FTC上报这笔投资。FTC的官员<span style="color: black;">日前</span>正在<span style="color: black;">评定</span>这个<span style="color: black;">状况</span>,并将在之后做出下一步行动。此前早些时候,FTC已对OpenAI就ChatGPT<span style="color: black;">是不是</span>产生用户声誉和数据<span style="color: black;">危害</span>展开调查。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">CMA</strong>:据外媒<span style="color: black;">报告</span>,CMA正在就微软与OpenAI的合作<span style="color: black;">是不是</span>影响英国AI服务市场的竞争征集<span style="color: black;">关联</span>意见。CMA指出,此举是<span style="color: black;">因为</span>担心两者之间的关系过于密切,<span style="color: black;">形成</span>英国《企业法》中的「<span style="color: black;">关联</span>合并<span style="color: black;">状况</span>」,即两家<span style="color: black;">机构</span>的紧密关系有效地影响了市场竞争。<span style="color: black;">日前</span>,CMA在<span style="color: black;">起步</span><span style="color: black;">第1</span><span style="color: black;">周期</span>调查之前开放了一份「征求意见邀请书」,于2024年12月8日至2025年1月3日开放收集意见。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">欧盟<span style="color: black;">亦</span>在关注</strong>:当被<span style="color: black;">需求</span>对CMA的举动<span style="color: black;">发布</span>评论时,欧盟委员会发言人<span style="color: black;">暗示</span>,欧盟监管<span style="color: black;">公司</span><span style="color: black;">始终</span>在「非常密切地关注OpenAI的<span style="color: black;">掌控</span><span style="color: black;">状况</span>」。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">起因是Sam Altman罢免事件</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">11月,OpenAI的CEO Sam Altman被董事会罢免,在不到<span style="color: black;">1星期</span>后又重新受聘。在Sam Altman被罢免后,微软首席执行官Satya Nadella积极<span style="color: black;">帮忙</span>推进OpenAI的内部谈判并倡导Altman重返<span style="color: black;">机构</span>——一度提出聘请Altman<span style="color: black;">自己</span>以及OpenAI想要离开的其他员工。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">而在Altman回归之后,微软在OpenAI的董事会中<span style="color: black;">得到</span>了一个「无投票权观察员」席位,即微软<span style="color: black;">能够</span>参加OpenAI的董事会会议并获取OpenAI机密信息,但在选举或<span style="color: black;">选取</span>董事等事项上<span style="color: black;">无</span>投票权。这<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">寓意</span>着,微软在<span style="color: black;">必定</span>程度上在OpenAI的后续经营中<span style="color: black;">持有</span>更大的话语权。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">今年<span style="color: black;">败兴</span>,微软已将OpenAI的人工智能技术融入其许多<span style="color: black;">制品</span>中,如Office办公软件、Bing搜索引擎和GitHub的编程服务。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">微软和OpenAI<span style="color: black;">发布</span><span style="color: black;">回复</span></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">在FTC与CMA宣布开展调查之后,微软和OpenAI分别做出了<span style="color: black;">回复</span>。微软发言人在一份声明中<span style="color: black;">暗示</span>,虽然两者之间的合作协议细节依然保密,但必须指出的是,微软并不<span style="color: black;">持有</span>OpenAI任何股份,只是有资格分享利润分配。OpenAI的发言人<span style="color: black;">暗示</span>,「微软的无投票权董事会观察员席位并不<span style="color: black;">寓意</span>着微软<span style="color: black;">拥有</span>对OpenAI运营的管理职权或<span style="color: black;">掌控</span>权。」</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">参考链接</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-12-08/ftc-makes-preliminary-antitrust-queries-into-microsoft-openai</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">https://techcrunch.com/2023/12/08/uks-cma-is-looking-at-whether-microsoft-and-openai-tie-up-is-a-relevant-merger/</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">Epic赢得对Google的反垄断诉讼</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">Google在与Epic的官司中败诉,<span style="color: black;">将来</span>Google应用商店的分成比例可能会降低,<span style="color: black;">乃至</span>会引入第三方支付方式。应用商店躺着<span style="color: black;">挣钱</span>的日子快到头了?</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">12月12月,旧金山陪审团达<span style="color: black;">成为了</span>一致裁决,认定Google旗下应用商店Google Play在应用分发以及应用内购市场<span style="color: black;">形成</span>垄断,而Epic则会因过程中利益受损而得到赔偿。Google<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>要对该判决提出上诉。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">Epic与两大平台的恩怨</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">2020年8月,<span style="color: black;">因为</span>不想再向Google和苹果缴纳<span style="color: black;">昂贵</span>的佣金,Epic为旗下游戏《堡垒之夜》<span style="color: black;">增多</span>新的支付<span style="color: black;">途径</span>,绕开这两家平台对应用商店的支付限制。这自然<span style="color: black;">导致</span>两家<span style="color: black;">机构</span>的不满,《堡垒之夜》在两大应用商店被迫下架。<span style="color: black;">火速</span>,Epic就对两家<span style="color: black;">机构</span>提起诉讼,认为它们存在垄断嫌疑。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">最初Epic起诉两家<span style="color: black;">机构</span>的理由很<span style="color: black;">类似</span>,它并<span style="color: black;">无</span><span style="color: black;">需求</span><span style="color: black;">赔偿</span>经济损失,而是<span style="color: black;">需求</span>两大<span style="color: black;">重点</span>应用商店开放公平竞争。<span style="color: black;">不外</span>,Google认为,它的<span style="color: black;">状况</span>与苹果<span style="color: black;">区别</span>,苹果iOS平台有单一商店限制,而安卓平台则是开放的,各个手机商城<span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">持有</span>自己的应用商店和预装应用。但聪明反被聪明误,Google的这一主张反而<span style="color: black;">作为</span><span style="color: black;">引起</span>其败诉的<span style="color: black;">原由</span>之一。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">对苹果,Epic九败一胜</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">2021 年9月,加州法官Yvonne Gonzalez Rogers对该案件做出判决。最初该案件被交由陪审团判决,但双方都<span style="color: black;">需求</span>由法官裁决。在Epic针对Apple的十大指控中,Rogers在九项上支持苹果的立场,<span style="color: black;">包含</span>抽佣30%、禁止iOS环境<span style="color: black;">显现</span>第三方市场等;<span style="color: black;">仅有</span>一项上支持Epic,即苹果不得禁止<span style="color: black;">研发</span>者在应用程序中<span style="color: black;">安置</span>链接和说明,引导用户<span style="color: black;">能够</span>在 App Store 之外购买服务。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">这之后的两年中,Epic向最高法院提起上诉,但2023年4月,最高法院驳回了Epic的<span style="color: black;">需求</span>,维持原判。苹果大获全胜。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">对Google,Epic首战告捷</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">因为</span>Google的主张,Epic在指控其Google Play应用商店<span style="color: black;">形成</span>垄断外,还指控Google与<span style="color: black;">包含</span>手机厂商、动视暴雪在内的应用<span style="color: black;">研发</span>商达成协议以便<span style="color: black;">得到</span>竞争<span style="color: black;">优良</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">在旷日持久的诉讼中,Google与手机厂商、应用<span style="color: black;">研发</span>商的利益网络<span style="color: black;">逐步</span>暴露出来。例如Google会向手机厂商支付<span style="color: black;">必定</span>比例的利润,代价则是让Google Play应用商店<span style="color: black;">做为</span>预设应用;Google还会付钱给游戏<span style="color: black;">研发</span>商,<span style="color: black;">需求</span>它们的游戏大作优先登录Google Play应用商店。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">Google的这些<span style="color: black;">行径</span>都影响了陪审团<span style="color: black;">最后</span>的决定,与诉苹果案<span style="color: black;">最后</span>由法官判决<span style="color: black;">区别</span>,诉Google案由陪审团投票表决。陪审团认定,Google与手机厂商达成协议预装商店的做法「不<span style="color: black;">恰当</span>地」限制了竞争。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">虽然Google<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>将继续上诉,但Holland & Hart律所的反垄断律师Paul Swanson<span style="color: black;">暗示</span>,判决如此<span style="color: black;">知道</span>的<span style="color: black;">状况</span>下,后续上诉很难取得好的效果。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">趋势是应用商店会越来越开放</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">虽然苹果在Epic的诉讼中取得了胜利,但Epic只是一只出头鸟,这种躺着<span style="color: black;">挣钱</span>的生意会遇到越来越多的困难。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">2022年,欧盟<span style="color: black;">经过</span>了《数字市场法案》(Digital Markets Act,DMA),将于2024年3月5日施行。DMA<span style="color: black;">方法</span>规定,在某个数字<span style="color: black;">行业</span>有垄断地位的企业,须解除各类限制,引入竞争者。2022年年底,彭博社爆料<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>苹果<span style="color: black;">机构</span>的软件工程和服务<span style="color: black;">分部</span>正在推动开放苹果平台,<span style="color: black;">准许</span>用户不<span style="color: black;">运用</span>苹果应用商店,直接下载第三方应用。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">2023年11月,苹果<span style="color: black;">机构</span>在财报文件中提及<span style="color: black;">机构</span>面临的<span style="color: black;">危害</span>时<span style="color: black;">暗示</span>,<span style="color: black;">机构</span>应用商店业务可能<span style="color: black;">由于</span>欧盟《数字市场法案》受到<span style="color: black;">有害</span>影响。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">参考链接</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">https://www.cnbc.com/2023/12/12/googles-loss-to-epic-will-likely-have-little-impact-in-the-near-term.html</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">-END-</p><img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=1.0 encoding=UTF-8%3F%3E%3Csvg width=1px height=1px viewBox=0 0 1 1 version=1.1 xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg xmlns:xlink=http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink%3E%3Ctitle%3E%3C/title%3E%3Cg stroke=none stroke-width=1 fill=none fill-rule=evenodd fill-opacity=0%3E%3Cg transform=translate(-249.000000, -126.000000) fill=%23FFFFFF%3E%3Crect x=249 y=126 width=1 height=1%3E%3C/rect%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;">
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">咱们</span>是一个诞生于GPT浪潮、由《<span style="color: black;">第1</span>财经》YiMagazine孵化的全新内容IP。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">和每一位关心技术、关注人类命运的读者<span style="color: black;">同样</span>,<span style="color: black;">咱们</span><span style="color: black;">期盼</span>在这个充满不确定性的时代,更好地理解快速变化的科技世界,<span style="color: black;">亦</span>更好地理解生而为「高级智能」的<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>自己。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">在这个<span style="color: black;">目的</span>下,<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>计划从学术、<span style="color: black;">商场</span>、伦理、监管等多个<span style="color: black;">方向</span><span style="color: black;">报告</span>和讨论与“智能”<span style="color: black;">关联</span>的议题。请<span style="color: black;">重视</span>,<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>说的智能,不只是 AI。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;">若想<span style="color: black;">认识</span><span style="color: black;">更加多</span>本周<span style="color: black;">新闻</span>,请点击阅读往期智能周报:</strong></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><a style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;">智能周报|Google发布Gemini;OpenAI推迟发布GPT商店;微软明年</strong></span></a><strong style="color: blue;">发布新版Windows,AI功能大幅<span style="color: black;">加强</span>…</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">与记者交流,可添加<span style="color: black;">微X</span>(请备注<span style="color: black;">机构</span>名<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>和姓名):</span></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">王杰夫 <span style="color: black;">微X</span>号: wjfsty</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">张司钰 <span style="color: black;">微X</span>号: helianthus351</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">吴洋洋 <span style="color: black;">微X</span>号: qitianjiuye</span></p><span style="color: black;">本文版权归<span style="color: black;">第1</span>财经所有,</span><span style="color: black;">未经许可不得转载或翻译。</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=1.0 encoding=UTF-8%3F%3E%3Csvg width=1px height=1px viewBox=0 0 1 1 version=1.1 xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg xmlns:xlink=http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink%3E%3Ctitle%3E%3C/title%3E%3Cg stroke=none stroke-width=1 fill=none fill-rule=evenodd fill-opacity=0%3E%3Cg transform=translate(-249.000000, -126.000000) fill=%23FFFFFF%3E%3Crect x=249 y=126 width=1 height=1%3E%3C/rect%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;">识别下图二维码,</strong></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">就可</span>购买《<span style="color: black;">第1</span>财经》杂志2023年12月刊</strong></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><a style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;"><img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=1.0 encoding=UTF-8%3F%3E%3Csvg width=1px height=1px viewBox=0 0 1 1 version=1.1 xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg xmlns:xlink=http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink%3E%3Ctitle%3E%3C/title%3E%3Cg stroke=none stroke-width=1 fill=none fill-rule=evenodd fill-opacity=0%3E%3Cg transform=translate(-249.000000, -126.000000) fill=%23FFFFFF%3E%3Crect x=249 y=126 width=1 height=1%3E%3C/rect%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></span></a></p><img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=1.0 encoding=UTF-8%3F%3E%3Csvg width=1px height=1px viewBox=0 0 1 1 version=1.1 xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg xmlns:xlink=http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink%3E%3Ctitle%3E%3C/title%3E%3Cg stroke=none stroke-width=1 fill=none fill-rule=evenodd fill-opacity=0%3E%3Cg transform=translate(-249.000000, -126.000000) fill=%23FFFFFF%3E%3Crect x=249 y=126 width=1 height=1%3E%3C/rect%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;">
同意、说得对、没错、我也是这么想的等。
页:
[1]