谈谈甲状腺乳头状癌淋巴结转移的问题
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"> 甲状腺乳头状癌(PTC)为甲状腺癌中最<span style="color: black;">平常</span>的一种类型,约占<span style="color: black;">所有</span>甲状腺癌的85%-90%,<span style="color: black;">一般</span>在体检时<span style="color: black;">经过</span>甲状腺触诊及颈部超声<span style="color: black;">检测</span>而<span style="color: black;">发掘</span>甲状腺结节,结节形态不规则、与<span style="color: black;">周边</span>组织粘连固定,质地硬,边界不清,可随吞咽运动上下移动,伴颈部淋巴结转移时,可触及颈部有肿大淋巴结。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">甲状腺乳头状癌易<span style="color: black;">初期</span><span style="color: black;">出现</span>颈部淋巴结转移,大部分<span style="color: black;">病人</span>在确诊时已<span style="color: black;">出现</span>颈部淋巴结转移。甲状腺乳头状癌淋巴结转移<span style="color: black;">平常</span>原发灶同侧、沿淋巴引流途径逐站转移。其淋巴引流<span style="color: black;">通常</span><span style="color: black;">首要</span>是至气管旁淋巴结,<span style="color: black;">而后</span>至颈静脉链淋巴结(Ⅱ - Ⅳ区)和颈后区淋巴结(Ⅴ区),或沿气管旁向下至上纵隔(Ⅶ区)。Ⅵ区为最<span style="color: black;">平常</span>转移部位,随后依次为颈Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅱ、Ⅴ区,Ⅰ区淋巴结转移少见(<3%)。甲状腺乳头状癌以多区淋巴结转移多见,仅单区淋巴结转移少见。少见的淋巴结转移还有咽后和咽旁淋巴结转移。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">颈部淋巴结转移的分期,<span style="color: black;">按照</span>有<span style="color: black;">没</span>淋巴结转移可分为N0和N1。N0为<span style="color: black;">没</span>颈部淋巴结转移证据,颈部有淋巴结转移为N1。其中N1又分为N1a:转移至Ⅵ、Ⅶ区(<span style="color: black;">包含</span>气管旁、气管前、喉前或上纵隔)淋巴结,<span style="color: black;">能够</span>为单侧或双侧;N1b为单侧、双侧或对侧的侧颈部淋巴结(<span style="color: black;">包含</span>Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ区)转移。</p>
<div style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><img src="https://pic3.zhimg.com/80/v2-58f21c5fa0fe0314a0ff9555e3b99f8a_720w.webp" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></div>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"> 甲状腺乳头状癌以外科治疗为主,在处理原发灶的<span style="color: black;">同期</span>,需行区域淋巴结的清扫。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">中央区淋巴结的清扫(Ⅵ区):<span style="color: black;">针对</span>cN1a应清扫患侧的中央区淋巴结。如为单侧病变,中央区淋巴结清扫范围应<span style="color: black;">包含</span>患侧的气管食管沟及气管前。喉前区<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">做为</span>中央区淋巴结的一部分,但喉前区淋巴结转移并不多见,可<span style="color: black;">按照</span><span style="color: black;">病人</span>术中<span style="color: black;">状况</span>个体化处理。<span style="color: black;">针对</span>cN0的<span style="color: black;">病人</span>,存在高危<span style="color: black;">原因</span>(如T3-T4病变、多癌灶、颈部有放射暴露史)可行中央区淋巴结清扫,<span style="color: black;">针对</span>cN0不存在高危<span style="color: black;">原因</span>的<span style="color: black;">病人</span>可<span style="color: black;">按照</span>术中<span style="color: black;">状况</span><span style="color: black;">详细</span>化处理。中央区清扫的范围:下界为<span style="color: black;">没</span>名动脉的上缘,上界为舌骨水平,外侧界为颈总动脉的外侧缘,内侧界为气管的另<span style="color: black;">一边</span>边缘,清扫该区域内的所有淋巴脂肪组织,<span style="color: black;">重视</span><span style="color: black;">守护</span>后返神经及甲状旁腺。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">侧颈部淋巴结清扫(Ⅰ-Ⅴ区):侧颈部淋巴结清扫<span style="color: black;">意见</span>性治疗性淋巴结清扫,即术前<span style="color: black;">评定</span>或术中冰冻证实为N1b时行侧颈部淋巴结清扫。<span style="color: black;">意见</span>清扫的范围是Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、ⅤB区,最小范围是ⅡA、Ⅲ、Ⅳ区,Ⅰ区不常规清扫。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">术后应<span style="color: black;">定时</span>行颈部超声<span style="color: black;">检测</span>,<span style="color: black;">评定</span>甲状腺床和中央区、侧颈部淋巴结<span style="color: black;">状况</span>,可于术后3-6个月复查。<span style="color: black;">针对</span>可疑的颈部淋巴结,可行超声引导下穿刺活检和(或)穿刺针冲洗液的甲状腺球蛋白检测。<span style="color: black;">针对</span><span style="color: black;">知道</span>颈部淋巴结癌转移的<span style="color: black;">病人</span>,可<span style="color: black;">选取</span>的治疗<span style="color: black;">方法</span>依次为:手术切除(<span style="color: black;">针对</span>可能<span style="color: black;">经过</span>手术治愈者首选手术治疗)、I131治疗(病灶<span style="color: black;">能够</span>摄碘者)、外放射治疗、TSH<span style="color: black;">控制</span>治疗<span style="color: black;">状况</span>下观察(肿瘤<span style="color: black;">没</span><span style="color: black;">发展</span>或<span style="color: black;">发展</span>缓慢,并且<span style="color: black;">没</span>症状、<span style="color: black;">没</span><span style="color: black;">要紧</span>区域如中枢神经系统受累者),<span style="color: black;">最后</span>的治疗<span style="color: black;">方法</span>需结合<span style="color: black;">病人</span>的<span style="color: black;">通常</span><span style="color: black;">状况</span>、合并<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>和既往对治疗的反应来进行确定。</p>
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