f9yx0du 发表于 2024-6-17 14:29:12

赵长林教授:晚期肠癌术后半年复发和多处转移发人深醒,预防、筛查与早诊早治才是上策

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    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">作者:赵长林教授</strong></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">本文为作者授权医脉通<span style="color: black;">颁布</span>,未经授权请勿转载。</strong></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">引言</strong></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">一个转移性结肠癌病例发人深省。面对<span style="color: black;">日前</span>中国结直肠癌发病率和死亡率高,<span style="color: black;">存活</span>率低:“两高一低”,社会和家庭双重负重的<span style="color: black;">状况</span>,<span style="color: black;">意见</span>将癌症预防关口前移至社区,将癌症防治工作重心下沉到基层,从社区居民科学防癌健康教育和结直肠癌筛查与早诊早治科普教育入手,将传统“治癌”理念转变到“防癌和早诊早治”,推进结直肠癌筛查与早诊早治体系<span style="color: black;">创立</span>和规范管理,<span style="color: black;">选取</span>科学可行的结直肠癌筛查与早诊早治<span style="color: black;">办法</span>和流程,实施确定高危地区和高危人群、规范筛查与早诊早治、强化质控和全程管理策略。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">一</strong></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">典型病例 发人深省</span></strong></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">今年正月十五刚过,接到一位会诊<span style="color: black;">病人</span>。男,77岁。既往健康,从未做过体检。<span style="color: black;">没</span>家族结直肠癌病史。大学本科,内科<span style="color: black;">大夫</span>。每年都陪同妻子去医院体检,而<span style="color: black;">病人</span><span style="color: black;">始终</span>认为自己身体很健康,<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">没</span><span style="color: black;">疾患</span>症状,患癌前从未做过体检,<span style="color: black;">亦</span>不大关注肿瘤筛查。2021年6月<span style="color: black;">起始</span><span style="color: black;">显现</span>排便困难症状,在家人劝说下在某三甲医院<span style="color: black;">检测</span>时确诊为降结肠癌晚期,接受了腹腔镜手术。手术后病理报告为结肠低分化腺癌,部分黏液腺癌,肿瘤穿透肠壁浆膜层(脏层腹膜),侵犯神经,未见脉管癌栓,有4枚区域淋巴结转移,肠系膜内有5个癌结节。免疫组化提示错配修复完整(pMMR)。基因检测KRAS和BRAF均为突变型。术后因<span style="color: black;">不可</span>耐受不良反应而中止辅助化疗。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">不幸的是术后约6个月(2022年1月)肿瘤复发,<span style="color: black;">重点</span>表现为恶心、呕吐、<span style="color: black;">摄食</span>困难,上腹部胀痛不适等上消化道梗阻症状。血肿瘤标志物癌胚抗原(CEA)<span style="color: black;">反常</span>高值。外院腹部+盆腔<span style="color: black;">加强</span>CT、胸部CT报告:腹腔转移瘤和肺转移瘤不除外。我<span style="color: black;">思虑</span><span style="color: black;">病人</span>可能已<span style="color: black;">出现</span>肝脏和肺转移瘤、腹膜后转移瘤、腹腔和盆腔淋巴结转移瘤,并发上消化道不全梗阻,<span style="color: black;">意见</span><span style="color: black;">病人</span>做PET/CT,<span style="color: black;">必须</span>时加做PET/MRI。PET/CT和PET/MRI结果<span style="color: black;">表示</span>,肝多发转移瘤,胃小弯侧、胰头<span style="color: black;">周边</span>、腹主动脉<span style="color: black;">周边</span>、腹膜后、左侧髂血管走行区及上中腹部肠系膜内见多枚转移淋巴结,<span style="color: black;">很强</span>短径约2.9cm。肝外胆道和十二指肠与空肠<span style="color: black;">初始</span>部有不全梗阻(腹腔和腹膜后转移瘤侵及和压迫)。两肺多发转移瘤,纵膈淋巴结转移,上腔静脉内有癌栓,十二胸椎椎体转移,胃潴留。在外院接受支持治疗后上消化道不全梗阻症状不见缓解,<span style="color: black;">病人</span>只同意上消化道和肝外胆道部位支架置入的局部姑息治疗,拒绝与肿瘤<span style="color: black;">关联</span>的全身治疗。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">病人</span>本身是资深的内科<span style="color: black;">大夫</span>,却不<span style="color: black;">注意</span>体检,<span style="color: black;">亦</span>不关注结直肠癌筛查与早诊早治,当<span style="color: black;">发掘</span>时已确诊为结肠癌晚期,外科手术后仅半年就<span style="color: black;">出现</span>了肿瘤复发和多处转移,并<span style="color: black;">显现</span>上消化道和肝外胆道不全梗阻,即使接受了上消化道和肝外胆道梗阻部位支架置入的局部姑息治疗和最佳全身支持治疗,预判<span style="color: black;">存活</span>期<span style="color: black;">亦</span>不会延长多少时间。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">类似这种晚期或转移性结直肠癌的典型病例,即使在<span style="color: black;">大夫</span>中,<span style="color: black;">乃至</span>在肿瘤科专家或<span style="color: black;">大夫</span>中<span style="color: black;">亦</span>屡见不鲜,真是令人深思,发人深省!难道平常都不知晓癌症防治“肠”识吗?难道偏要等到<span style="color: black;">显现</span>晚期症状才去医院就诊吗?难道结直肠癌就<span style="color: black;">不可</span><span style="color: black;">初期</span><span style="color: black;">发掘</span>,早诊早治吗?</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">二</strong></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">预防、筛查与早诊早治才是上策</span></strong></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">结直肠癌筛查与早诊早治是降低发病率和</strong><strong style="color: blue;">死亡率的有效途径</strong></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">中国结直肠癌正以每年7.4%的速度快速攀升,<span style="color: black;">日前</span>已<span style="color: black;">提升</span>至恶性肿瘤发病率第二位,其中<span style="color: black;">青年</span>人发病比例<span style="color: black;">增多</span>,已<span style="color: black;">作为</span><span style="color: black;">全世界</span>结直肠癌年新发病例最多的国家。中国结直肠癌死亡率<span style="color: black;">也</span>在逐年<span style="color: black;">提升</span>,而<span style="color: black;">存活</span>率却<span style="color: black;">显著</span><span style="color: black;">小于</span>欧美发达国家,呈现“两高一低”的严峻态势。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">中国<span style="color: black;">初期</span>结直肠癌确诊率仅为10~15%。<span style="color: black;">初期</span>结直肠癌确诊率低的<span style="color: black;">重点</span><span style="color: black;">原由</span>:<span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;">①</strong></span>中国未<span style="color: black;">创立</span>结直肠癌筛查与早诊早治体制和制度;<span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;">②</strong></span>中国<span style="color: black;">大概</span>1.2亿人是结直肠癌高危人群,但对结直肠癌高危人群所做的科学防癌科普宣传和健康教育远远<span style="color: black;">不足</span>,约64%的结直肠癌<span style="color: black;">病人</span><span style="color: black;">生病</span>前完全不<span style="color: black;">认识</span>结直肠癌的高危<span style="color: black;">原因</span>;<span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;">③</strong></span>社区居民对结直肠癌筛查与早诊早治知晓率低,结直肠癌<span style="color: black;">病人</span>对结直肠癌筛查与早诊早治的知晓率仅有15%(知晓率标准≥80%);<span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;">④</strong></span>对结直肠癌高<span style="color: black;">危害</span>地区的社会性筛查与早诊早治和对非高<span style="color: black;">危害</span>地区的机会性筛查与早诊早治工作严重滞后,约97%的结直肠癌<span style="color: black;">病人</span>确诊前未做过肠镜筛查;<span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;">⑤</strong></span><span style="color: black;">初期</span>结直肠癌和癌前病变检出率低,漏诊率高。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">中国结直肠癌<span style="color: black;">病人</span>平均5年<span style="color: black;">存活</span>率仅为36.9%。平均5年<span style="color: black;">存活</span>率<span style="color: black;">长时间</span><span style="color: black;">不可</span><span style="color: black;">加强</span>的<span style="color: black;">重点</span><span style="color: black;">原由</span>:<strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">①</span></strong>约85%的结直肠癌<span style="color: black;">病人</span>就诊不<span style="color: black;">即时</span>,确诊时已晚期,<span style="color: black;">错失</span>了最佳的治疗<span style="color: black;">机会</span>;<span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;">②</strong></span><span style="color: black;">大概</span>44%的结直肠癌<span style="color: black;">病人</span>确诊时<span style="color: black;">已然</span><span style="color: black;">显现</span>肝、肺等部位的转移;<span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;">③</strong></span><span style="color: black;">按照</span>《福布斯中文网》数据<span style="color: black;">表示</span>,近20年来中国的年度门诊恶性肿瘤误诊率高达40%以上,结直肠癌和癌前病变误诊率高。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">结直肠癌筛查与早诊早治策略是<span style="color: black;">加强</span><span style="color: black;">初期</span>结直肠癌和癌前病变检出率、<span style="color: black;">初期</span>确诊率和<span style="color: black;">长时间</span><span style="color: black;">存活</span>率,降低结直肠癌发病率和死亡率的有效途径,势在必行。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">政府高度<span style="color: black;">注意</span>和<span style="color: black;">起步</span>癌症综合防控战略</strong></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">面对中国结直肠癌“两高一低”,社会和家庭双重负重的<span style="color: black;">状况</span>,怎么办?2019年8月国务院在颁发和组织实施《“健康中国2030”规划纲要》中强调要强化癌症筛查和<span style="color: black;">初期</span><span style="color: black;">发掘</span>,针对高发地区重点癌症开展早诊早治工作,推动癌症等慢性病的机会性筛查,逐步将符合<span style="color: black;">前提</span>的癌症等重大慢性病早诊早治适宜技术纳入诊疗常规。制定癌症防治原则,<strong style="color: blue;">要从“以病人为中心”和“以治疗为中心”<span style="color: black;">逐步</span>向“以健康为中心”和“以预防为中心”转移</strong>,使有限的卫生资源从<span style="color: black;">重点</span>用于中晚期病人的治疗,逐步转移到预防和筛查与早诊早治方面上来。实施“确立高危、规范筛查、早诊早治、全程管理”的结直肠癌筛查与早诊早治策略。<strong style="color: blue;">辽宁省在“十四五”卫生与健康发展规划中规定:<span style="color: black;">加强</span>癌症等重大慢性<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>的<span style="color: black;">初期</span>筛查率和规范管理率。积极鼓励<span style="color: black;">创立</span>癌症等<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>高危人群筛查及早诊早治体系,遏制癌症等重大慢性<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>过早死亡率,加强预防和<span style="color: black;">干涉</span><span style="color: black;">办法</span>。</strong></span></p><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/AtTmw2081Jg4qoms4JOPuSTQ09gCJcwZt1JphiajqO05LjMn973Eu5a3r6sKryr2vR2ns6dNjjN132WuyVfTMeA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&amp;tp=webp&amp;wxfrom=5&amp;wx_lazy=1&amp;wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;">
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">图1 辽宁省“十四五”卫生与健康发展规划:</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">创立</span>癌症高危人群筛查及早诊早治体系</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">为了规范中国结直肠癌筛查与早诊早治,2020年国家癌症中心结直肠癌筛查与早诊早治指南制定专家组,推出《中国直肠癌筛查与早诊早治指南(2020,北京)》。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">结直肠癌综合防控,一级预防是<span style="color: black;">重要</span></strong></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">越来越多的证据<span style="color: black;">显示</span>,高达90%的结直肠癌<span style="color: black;">出现</span><span style="color: black;">危害</span><span style="color: black;">是由于</span><span style="color: black;">膳食</span>和环境等<span style="color: black;">原因</span><span style="color: black;">导致</span>,超过50%的结直肠癌<span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">经过</span>健康<span style="color: black;">膳食</span>和健康的生活方式及改变环境等<span style="color: black;">原因</span>来预防或降低<span style="color: black;">出现</span><span style="color: black;">危害</span>。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">中国自古就有“消未起之患,治未病之疾”的理念,防患于未然要比<span style="color: black;">疾患</span><span style="color: black;">出现</span>后的治疗更为<span style="color: black;">要紧</span>。<span style="color: black;">因此呢</span>,<strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">首要</span>应该从社区居民的科学防癌健康教育和结直肠癌科学防治的科普教育入手,<span style="color: black;">创立</span>“个人防癌、家庭防癌、社区防癌”的一级预防体系,使科学防癌知识和结直肠癌筛查与早诊早治的知晓率达到80%以上。</strong>深入社区进行科学防癌健康教育和结直肠癌筛查与早诊早治科普教育。</span></p><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/AtTmw2081Jg4qoms4JOPuSTQ09gCJcwZAD4AEqbO3On4t9p52XtyYyJUVJSflnfGWA5RUwc8YoJj1icqb92ibbhg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&amp;tp=webp&amp;wxfrom=5&amp;wx_lazy=1&amp;wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;">
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">图2 社区科学防癌健康教育和结直肠癌筛查与早诊早治科普教育</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">预防结直肠癌,在<span style="color: black;">平常</span>生活中应该怎么做?结直肠癌并不是在一天或<span style="color: black;">短期</span>内就能长出来的,<span style="color: black;">通常</span>要<span style="color: black;">经过</span>结直肠息肉、腺瘤,经历5~10年的时间,从<span style="color: black;">发展</span>期腺瘤到癌前病变再发展到癌。<span style="color: black;">因此呢</span>,<span style="color: black;">能够</span>说结直肠癌是完全<span style="color: black;">能够</span>预防的。<span style="color: black;">那样</span><span style="color: black;">怎样</span>预防结直肠癌呢?<strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">首要</span>应该在<span style="color: black;">平常</span>生活环境中,从自己身边看得见、摸得着、做得到的事情做起。</strong></span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">(1)<span style="color: black;">长时间</span>熬夜,不规律作息,频繁改变生活和<span style="color: black;">睡觉</span>节奏,可<span style="color: black;">引起</span>昼夜节律<span style="color: black;">错乱</span>,即生物钟<span style="color: black;">错乱</span>是致癌<span style="color: black;">原因</span>。</span></strong><span style="color: black;">自觉<span style="color: black;">爱惜</span><span style="color: black;">自己</span>的生物钟可预防癌症。<span style="color: black;">因此呢</span>,要养成良好的生活方式,<span style="color: black;">调节</span>生活习惯,不要<span style="color: black;">长时间</span>熬夜,生活作息应有规律,<span style="color: black;">加强</span><span style="color: black;">睡觉</span>质量,保持充沛的体力和正常的机体免疫力。在偶尔<span style="color: black;">必须</span>熬夜时,应尽可能地控烟控酒,<span style="color: black;">这般</span><span style="color: black;">能够</span>减少熬夜对健康带来的<span style="color: black;">消极</span>影响。<span style="color: black;">每日</span><span style="color: black;">按时</span>如厕,<span style="color: black;">亦</span>可<span style="color: black;">按照</span>个人排便习惯<span style="color: black;">自动</span><span style="color: black;">调节</span>,避免久坐不动,<span style="color: black;">恰当</span>运动,可降低结直肠癌<span style="color: black;">出现</span><span style="color: black;">危害</span>。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">(2)膳食结构不<span style="color: black;">恰当</span>、<span style="color: black;">膳食</span>不健康,三餐不规律是致癌<span style="color: black;">原因</span>。</span></strong><span style="color: black;">俗话说:“病从口入”,这句话说的很贴切。在<span style="color: black;">平常</span>生活中,<span style="color: black;">膳食</span><span style="color: black;">亦</span>是一门学问,<span style="color: black;">不但</span>只是吃饱吃好的问题,还要<span style="color: black;">重视</span><span style="color: black;">膳食</span>结构<span style="color: black;">恰当</span>,讲究健康<span style="color: black;">膳食</span>,养成良好的<span style="color: black;">膳食</span>习惯。<span style="color: black;">那样</span>,怎么吃<span style="color: black;">才可</span>降低结直肠癌发病<span style="color: black;">危害</span>?</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">①</span><span style="color: black;">许多随机病例对照<span style="color: black;">科研</span>和前瞻性队列<span style="color: black;">科研</span><span style="color: black;">发掘</span>,谷物纤维和全谷物纤维对肠道有<span style="color: black;">守护</span><span style="color: black;">功效</span>。世界癌症<span style="color: black;">科研</span>基金会对43项“关于纤维对人肠道<span style="color: black;">守护</span><span style="color: black;">功效</span>”的随机对照<span style="color: black;">实验</span>和队列<span style="color: black;">科研</span>结果进行汇总,<span style="color: black;">发掘</span><span style="color: black;">倘若</span><span style="color: black;">每日</span>摄入10g纤维,结直肠癌<span style="color: black;">出现</span><span style="color: black;">危害</span>可降低10%。高纤维<span style="color: black;">干涉</span><span style="color: black;">科研</span><span style="color: black;">表示</span>,摄入高纤维<span style="color: black;">膳食</span>可预防结肠上皮<span style="color: black;">出现</span><span style="color: black;">初期</span>癌前病变,<span style="color: black;">长时间</span>低纤维<span style="color: black;">膳食</span>与结直肠癌<span style="color: black;">危害</span><span style="color: black;">相关</span>,为<span style="color: black;">恰当</span>摄入纤维可降低结直肠癌<span style="color: black;">出现</span><span style="color: black;">危害</span><span style="color: black;">供给</span>了令人信服的证据。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">②</span><span style="color: black;">国际癌症<span style="color: black;">科研</span><span style="color: black;">公司</span>将红肉列为“可能的人类致癌物”(2A类),将加工肉类列为“对人类致癌物”(1类)。人类摄入的红肉在胃液环境中可内源性的<span style="color: black;">自动</span>合成<span style="color: black;">必定</span>数量的致癌物N-亚硝基类化合物,<span style="color: black;">倘若</span><span style="color: black;">长时间</span><span style="color: black;">功效</span>于结肠上皮细胞会<span style="color: black;">增多</span>结直肠癌<span style="color: black;">出现</span><span style="color: black;">危害</span>。加工肉类脂肪含量高于红肉,可刺激胆汁分泌<span style="color: black;">增加</span>,胆汁被肠道菌群修饰为<span style="color: black;">拥有</span>致癌<span style="color: black;">功效</span>的二级胆酸。这种致癌物常年<span style="color: black;">功效</span>于结肠上皮细胞可使有丝分裂<span style="color: black;">加强</span>,<span style="color: black;">增多</span>结直肠癌<span style="color: black;">出现</span><span style="color: black;">危害</span>。世界癌症<span style="color: black;">科研</span>基金在系统综述和荟萃分析(19项病例随机对照<span style="color: black;">科研</span>、7项前瞻性观察<span style="color: black;">科研</span>)结果中<span style="color: black;">发掘</span>,人类每摄入100g红肉和加工肉类,分别<span style="color: black;">增多</span>结直肠癌相对发病<span style="color: black;">危害</span>12%和16%。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">③</span><span style="color: black;">世界癌症<span style="color: black;">科研</span>基金2018年的更新回顾了14项乳制品和结直肠癌的<span style="color: black;">关联</span><span style="color: black;">科研</span>。剂量反应荟萃分析(14859例)<span style="color: black;">表示</span>,人类<span style="color: black;">每日</span>摄入400g乳制品,结直肠癌<span style="color: black;">危害</span>降低13%。<span style="color: black;">因此呢</span>得出结论,食用乳制品可能预防结直肠癌,这一结论得到了高质量证据的支持。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">④</span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">针对</span>膳食钙,世界癌症<span style="color: black;">科研</span>基金2018年的更新回顾了20项膳食钙和结直肠癌的<span style="color: black;">关联</span><span style="color: black;">科研</span>。10项<span style="color: black;">科研</span>的汇总分析结果<span style="color: black;">表示</span>两者之间呈<span style="color: black;">明显</span>的负<span style="color: black;">关联</span>。13项被纳入剂量反应荟萃分析的<span style="color: black;">科研</span>(11519例病例)<span style="color: black;">表示</span>,人类<span style="color: black;">每日</span>摄入200mg膳食钙,结直肠癌<span style="color: black;">危害</span>降低6%。证据一致<span style="color: black;">显示</span>膳食钙与结直肠癌<span style="color: black;">危害</span>呈负<span style="color: black;">关联</span>。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">(3)<span style="color: black;">乱用</span>抗生素可干扰人肠道菌群正常生理功能,<span style="color: black;">导致</span>肠道菌群失调,<span style="color: black;">引起</span>机体<span style="color: black;">出现</span>炎症反应和人体免疫机能低下及二级胆酸<span style="color: black;">增加</span>。</span></strong><span style="color: black;">已知二级胆酸是公认的致癌物,常年<span style="color: black;">功效</span>于结肠上皮细胞可使其有丝分裂<span style="color: black;">加强</span>,可<span style="color: black;">增多</span>结直肠癌<span style="color: black;">出现</span><span style="color: black;">危害</span>。<span style="color: black;">因此呢</span>,应<span style="color: black;">恰当</span><span style="color: black;">运用</span>抗生素。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">结直肠癌筛查与早诊早治,筛查应先行</strong></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">初筛确定高危人群,精筛早诊癌前病变和<span style="color: black;">初期</span>结直肠癌</strong></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">(1)初筛<span style="color: black;">办法</span>:</strong></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">①采用电子版结直肠癌高危问卷调查和亚太地区筛查评分(APCS评分系统)。调查对象在专人<span style="color: black;">指点</span>下,扫二维码便可在手机端<span style="color: black;">自动</span>填写,手机自动进行APCS评分和报告<span style="color: black;">危害</span>等级。准确、快捷、适用,<span style="color: black;">极重</span><span style="color: black;">地区</span>便了筛查对象和<span style="color: black;">大夫</span>及工作人员。</p><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/AtTmw2081Jg4qoms4JOPuSTQ09gCJcwZB83lOtz6T0cmUXMjXv2llLyQvyYzH1rcLTxNEvcXNRUpzFdhteibzhg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&amp;tp=webp&amp;wxfrom=5&amp;wx_lazy=1&amp;wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;">
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">图3 社区结直肠癌初筛:高危问卷调查和亚太地区筛查评分</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">②<span style="color: black;">针对</span>高危问卷调查+APCS评分初筛确定的高危人群,<span style="color: black;">举荐</span>高敏免疫定量粪便隐血检测(hs-qFIT)。粪便隐血检测是常用的结直肠癌初筛指标之一,但传统的化学法(愈创木)粪便隐血检测和胶体金法粪便隐血检测均是定性非定量的检测方法,<span style="color: black;">敏锐</span>性和特异性均较低,仅有约50%的结直肠癌和30%腺瘤隐血检测为阳性,其漏诊率为55%~62%。免疫法粪便隐血检测(FIT),<span style="color: black;">尤其</span>是高敏免疫定量粪便隐血检测是定量检测粪便中血红蛋白含量的<span style="color: black;">办法</span>,结直肠癌和腺瘤的<span style="color: black;">敏锐</span>性、特异性均<span style="color: black;">达到</span>90%以上,是一种简单、经济、<span style="color: black;">没</span>创、<span style="color: black;">有效</span>的检测<span style="color: black;">办法</span>,可<span style="color: black;">加强</span>高危人群初筛准确率和粪便隐血检测的准确性及阳性病例(癌前病变、<span style="color: black;">初期</span>结直肠癌)检出率,减少漏诊率,并能节省卫生资源。<span style="color: black;">尤其</span>适合于社区结直肠癌初筛,或机会性结直肠癌初筛。</p>
    <img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/AtTmw2081Jg4qoms4JOPuSTQ09gCJcwZ01r9G5sQkSHgacZUcv9V61gdC22rYxORVOrBcicgE47FAGfPFcPRBDQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&amp;tp=webp&amp;wxfrom=5&amp;wx_lazy=1&amp;wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;">
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">图4 结直肠癌高危人群高敏免疫定量粪便隐血检测</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">(2)精筛<span style="color: black;">办法</span>:</strong></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">对初筛确定的结直肠癌高危人群,或经高敏免疫定量粪便隐血检测可疑阳性者,如不存在结肠镜<span style="color: black;">检测</span>禁忌症应进一步做精筛。采用结肠镜<span style="color: black;">检测</span>以<span style="color: black;">知道</span>诊断,所有镜下<span style="color: black;">发掘</span>的病变应取活检或切除行病理诊断,使精筛与早诊同步完成。有结肠镜禁忌者<span style="color: black;">最少</span>需行直肠指诊。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">结直肠癌筛查与早诊早治<span style="color: black;">方法</span>和技术流程</strong></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">(1)结直肠癌筛查与早诊早治<span style="color: black;">方法</span></strong></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">对40~74岁人群采用结直肠癌高危问卷调查+初筛评分、免疫定量粪便隐血检测、结肠镜精筛癌前病变和<span style="color: black;">初期</span>结直肠癌。结肠镜<span style="color: black;">检测</span>是<span style="color: black;">日前</span>结直肠癌筛查的金标准,采用结直肠癌筛查与早诊早治<span style="color: black;">方法</span>可<span style="color: black;">初期</span><span style="color: black;">发掘</span>和<span style="color: black;">初期</span>诊断恶性结直肠息肉、高级别上皮内瘤变、癌前病变,并可进行内镜下<span style="color: black;">初期</span>治疗。</p><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/AtTmw2081Jg4qoms4JOPuSTQ09gCJcwZPMzcnffX1PZgQqYjSuk3BIMUjonMfkJQUX6chgspubv79MTWNGwcNw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&amp;tp=webp&amp;wxfrom=5&amp;wx_lazy=1&amp;wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;">
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">&nbsp;<span style="color: black;">图5 结直肠癌筛查与早诊早治<span style="color: black;">方法</span></span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">(2) 结直肠癌筛查与早诊早治技术流程及随访计划</strong></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">结直肠癌筛查与早诊早治技术指标:</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">①高危人群检出率=(<span style="color: black;">实质</span>筛查人数/<span style="color: black;">发掘</span>的高危人数)×100%(检出率≥10%);</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">②癌前病变检出率=[锯齿状腺瘤+绒毛状腺瘤+腺瘤(≥1cm)+高级别上皮内瘤变]/<span style="color: black;">实质</span>结肠镜<span style="color: black;">检测</span>人数×100%;</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">③早诊率=(癌前病变+<span style="color: black;">初期</span>癌)/(癌前病变+<span style="color: black;">初期</span>癌+晚期癌+其他罕见肿瘤)×100%(早诊率≥70%);</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">④治疗率=(<span style="color: black;">实质</span>治疗例数/应治疗例数)×100%;</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">⑤随访率=(<span style="color: black;">实质</span>随访人数/应随访人数)×100%。</p><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/AtTmw2081Jg4qoms4JOPuSTQ09gCJcwZYJfRJvC1Ka9xXtb7HPmIt8DbOdqzMFw0ghgVCbXRQ7Se94eKBoRBhw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&amp;tp=webp&amp;wxfrom=5&amp;wx_lazy=1&amp;wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;">
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">图6 结直肠癌筛查与早诊早治技术流程及随访计划</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">三</strong></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">结语</span></strong></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">初期</span><span style="color: black;">发掘</span>结直肠癌和癌前病变,早诊早治效果好,<span style="color: black;">倘若</span><span style="color: black;">初期</span>结直肠癌能<span style="color: black;">初期</span><span style="color: black;">发掘</span>完全可治愈。结直肠癌筛查与早诊早治已被证实,<span style="color: black;">能够</span>降低结直肠癌56%的发病<span style="color: black;">危害</span>以及50%的死亡<span style="color: black;">危害</span>,其远期效果可降低结直肠癌发病率和死亡率。结合本文介绍的转移性结肠癌病例和结直肠癌筛查与早诊早治,可降低结直肠癌发病率和死亡率。<span style="color: black;">要紧</span><span style="color: black;">道理</span>的领悟是:<strong style="color: blue;">防癌“肠”识,全民皆知;肠癌筛查,健康“肠”在;早诊早治,健康“肠”寿;规范诊疗,“肠”治久安;肠癌防控,<span style="color: black;">一起</span>行动。</strong></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">参考文献:</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">Xia C, Dong X, Li H, et al. Cancer statistics in China and United States, 2022: profiles, trends, and determinants . Chin Med J (Engl). 2022;10.1097/CM9.0000000000002108. doi:10.1097/CM9. 00</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">00000000002108.</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">Zhang SW, Sun KX, Zheng RS, et al. Cancer incidence and mortality in China, 2015. JNCC,2021,1(1):2-11.</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">赵长林.结直肠癌肝转移转化治疗的<span style="color: black;">关联</span>问题.中华普通外科文献(电子版),2014,8(3):6-9.</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">赵长林,徐惠绵.胃癌免疫治疗的<span style="color: black;">关联</span>问题及临床应用价值.中华普通外科文献(电子版),2021,8(15):246-251.</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">Zhou E, Rifkin S. Colorectal Cancer and Diet: Risk Versus Prevention, Is Diet an Intervention? Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2021 Mar;50(1):101-111.</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">中国医学会检验医学分会.<span style="color: black;">初期</span>结直肠癌和癌前病变实验诊断技术中国专家共识.中华检验医学杂志,2021,44(5):372-380.</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">审校:Uni</span></p>
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    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">执行:<span style="color: black;">Uni</span></span></p>
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