国自然热点科研 | 细胞铜死亡与癌症治疗
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">背景介绍</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">自2022年麻省理工学院和哈佛大学Broad<span style="color: black;">科研</span>所的Peter Tsvetkov和Todd R. Golub团队在《Science》上<span style="color: black;">发布</span>论文“Copper induces cell death by targeting lipoylated TCA cycle proteins”后,一种由铜<span style="color: black;">导致</span>的细胞死亡新形式—铜死亡<span style="color: black;">逐步</span><span style="color: black;">作为</span><span style="color: black;">专家</span>的<span style="color: black;">科研</span>热点。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">铜 (Copper, Cu) <span style="color: black;">做为</span>一种必需的微量营养素,在促进代谢和维持<span style="color: black;">各样</span>基本生物学功能中发挥<span style="color: black;">要紧</span><span style="color: black;">功效</span>。人<span style="color: black;">身体</span>铜的稳态受到严格调控,铜稳态失衡会<span style="color: black;">引起</span>代谢<span style="color: black;">反常</span>并对细胞产生毒性<span style="color: black;">功效</span>。铜死亡是一种新<span style="color: black;">发掘</span>的由细胞内过量铜<span style="color: black;">导致</span>的程序性细胞死亡形式,不同于其他已知的细胞死亡途径(如细胞凋亡、坏死、焦亡和铁死亡),在癌症治疗中<span style="color: black;">表示</span>出巨大的<span style="color: black;">潜能</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">铜代谢过程</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">生物体系中的铜<span style="color: black;">一般</span>以Cu+和Cu2+两种氧化态存在,铜的生物学功能与其在氧化形式和还原形式之间循环的能力密切<span style="color: black;">关联</span>。铜<span style="color: black;">重点</span>可从器官肉类和贝类等<span style="color: black;">食品</span>中<span style="color: black;">得到</span>,成年人<span style="color: black;">举荐</span>的铜摄入量为0.8~2.4 mg/d用以维持全身铜稳态。然而,过量或不足的铜水平会<span style="color: black;">引起</span>细胞毒性和病理改变。<span style="color: black;">因此呢</span>,<span style="color: black;">必要</span>将系统铜水平保持在<span style="color: black;">必定</span>的范围内。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">膳食中铜的吸收<span style="color: black;">重点</span><span style="color: black;">出现</span>在十二指肠和小肠,肠上皮细胞对铜的吸收依赖于铜转运体1 (Cu transport protein 1, CTR1),前列腺六段跨膜上皮抗原可<span style="color: black;">做为</span>铜还原酶维持铜的还原状态,促进CTR1依赖的铜摄取。<span style="color: black;">经过</span>ATP7A介导,铜被转运进入血液,并与铜伴侣蛋白(铜蓝蛋白、血清白蛋白、组氨酸等)结合。铜<span style="color: black;">经过</span>门静脉系统被运送到肝脏(肝脏是铜稳态的中央<span style="color: black;">掌控</span>系统,<span style="color: black;">亦</span>是铜储存和铜排泄的<span style="color: black;">重点</span>器官),由金属硫蛋白1和2螯合以储存在肝细胞中。<span style="color: black;">经过</span>ATP7B介导,铜被释放到血液中,再次与可溶性伴侣蛋白结合,并被运输到特定的组织和器官。到达其靶组织后,铜催化<span style="color: black;">各样</span>生理过程中的反应,<span style="color: black;">包含</span>线粒体能量产生、酪氨酸和神经递质代谢、氧化还原稳态和细胞外基质重塑等。过量的铜<span style="color: black;">经过</span>胆汁排泄(内源性铜消除的<span style="color: black;">重点</span>形式)或<span style="color: black;">做为</span>未吸收的金属离子从粪便中排出。<strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">因此呢</span>,<span style="color: black;">身体</span>铜的状态受肠道吸收、肝脏储存和胆汁排泄动态调节。</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="//q7.itc.cn/images01/20240321/0ae5141c36114a11ac66d280e3b99aa5.png" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"><span style="color: black;">图1 正常生理状态下的铜稳态</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">在细胞质中,<span style="color: black;">经过</span>铜伴侣蛋白协调<span style="color: black;">功效</span>,<strong style="color: blue;">铜<span style="color: black;">重点</span><span style="color: black;">经过</span>五种途径调控其分布并发挥生物功能:</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">a. 以谷胱甘肽 (glutathione, GSH) 为载体,铜被传递给金属硫蛋白;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">b. 抗氧化剂1铜伴侣蛋白在反式高尔基体网络中将铜转运到ATP7A和ATP7B,调节铜稳态;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">c. 铜被传递到细胞核,其中的Sp1锌指结构<span style="color: black;">做为</span>铜传感器调节CTR1的表达;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">d. 超氧化物歧化酶铜伴侣蛋白将铜转运到超氧化物歧化酶1,以清除自由基;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">e. 细胞色素C氧化酶铜伴侣蛋白将铜从细胞质运输到线粒体,参与氧化磷酸化和线粒体功能的维持。当铜的稳态失调时,就会<span style="color: black;">出现</span>严重的<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>,如门克斯病和威尔逊病。<span style="color: black;">另外</span>,铜缺乏<span style="color: black;">亦</span>存在于阿尔茨海默病、帕金森病、非酒精性脂肪肝、糖尿病和<span style="color: black;">肥壮</span>等<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>中。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">铜水平与癌症的关系</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">科研</span><span style="color: black;">显示</span>,乳腺癌、肺癌、胃癌、甲状腺癌和前列腺癌等癌症<span style="color: black;">病人</span>肿瘤部位和血清中的铜水平<span style="color: black;">显著</span><span style="color: black;">上升</span>。铜<span style="color: black;">经过</span>结合和激活多个信号通路中的<span style="color: black;">重要</span>分子影响肿瘤<span style="color: black;">出现</span>、血管生成、肿瘤复发和转移。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="//q8.itc.cn/images01/20240321/b6af8c7698364620857420cb06d7023d.png" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"><span style="color: black;">图2 铜水平与癌症的关系</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">铜<span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">功效</span>于受体酪氨酸激酶<span style="color: black;">关联</span>信号通路、磷酸肌醇-3-激酶信号通路和丝裂原活化蛋白激酶信号通路来促进细胞的生长和增殖。<span style="color: black;">另外</span>,铜<span style="color: black;">做为</span>一种“开关”血管生成信使,<span style="color: black;">能够</span>激活肿瘤坏死因子等血管生成因子,刺激血管内皮细胞增殖,稳定缺氧诱导因子-1,促进炎性新生血管的形成。铜还<span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">经过</span>激活与转移<span style="color: black;">关联</span>的酶和信号级联,促进肿瘤细胞的侵袭和迁移。<span style="color: black;">另外</span>,铜还<span style="color: black;">能够</span>调节磷酸二酯酶3B调节肿瘤代谢。<span style="color: black;">因此呢</span>,铜<span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">做为</span>抗肿瘤治疗的<span style="color: black;">重要</span>靶点。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">铜离子检测在胃癌治疗中的应用</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">2023年10月20日,上海市<span style="color: black;">第1</span>人民医院黄陈教授和范广建教授团队在Nature Communications杂志上<span style="color: black;">发布</span>了题为“Lactylation of METTL16 promotes cuproptosis via m6A-modification on FDX1 mRNA in gastric cancer”的<span style="color: black;">科研</span>论文。<span style="color: black;">科研</span>揭示了METTL16调控胃癌细胞铜死亡的分子机制,阐明乳酰化修饰及m6A修饰在胃癌<span style="color: black;">发展</span>中的<span style="color: black;">要紧</span><span style="color: black;">道理</span>,为胃癌的治疗<span style="color: black;">供给</span>新的靶标和策略。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="//q7.itc.cn/images01/20240321/5a7af9a431b64650aa95d70907645fbe.png" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"><span style="color: black;">图3 胃癌组织中铜含量较高,与肿瘤<span style="color: black;">发展</span><span style="color: black;">相关</span>。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">a.胃癌组织中铜的浓度(绿点)(n=48)<span style="color: black;">显著</span>高于邻近正常组织(橙点)(n=48),(紫色字体为铜浓度均值,P<0.01)。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">b. III期胃癌<span style="color: black;">病人</span>的相对铜含量高于I期和II期胃癌<span style="color: black;">病人</span>(P<0.05)。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">铜离子检测试剂盒操作<span style="color: black;">过程</span></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">1、</span>试剂盒组分</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="//q8.itc.cn/images01/20240321/2914cf6351c14242b17e850f2022e686.png" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">二、操作<span style="color: black;">过程</span>:</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">1、材料和试剂:</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">自备材料:酶标仪、蒸馏水、移液器与枪头、离心机、计时器、湿冰等。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">标准品:用蒸馏水连续两倍梯度稀释标准品(现配现用)。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">Masking Reagent:<span style="color: black;">运用</span>1mL蒸馏水溶解(现配现用)。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">Dye Reagent:<span style="color: black;">运用</span>1mL Dye Reagent Diluent溶解Dye Reagent,70℃加热助溶(现配现用)。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">2、样本处理:</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">a. 组织样本:<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>取1g组织,加入1mL Assay buffer在湿冰上匀浆,4℃,10000g离心10min,上清液转移至新离心管中,湿冰上<span style="color: black;">保留</span>待检测。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">b. 细胞/细菌样本:将细胞/细菌(5×106)收集到离心管中,离心后去掉上清液,加入1mL Assay buffer,超声处理(功率20%,超声3s,间隔10s,重复30次)后于4℃,10000g离心10min,上清液转移至新离心管中,湿冰上<span style="color: black;">保留</span>待检测。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">c. 液体样本:直接检测。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">3、上样:</strong>分别将140uL不同浓度的标准品、样品加入相应孔中,另设置空白孔加入140uL蒸馏水;每孔分别再加入40uL Reaction Buffer,10uL Masking Reagent以及10uL Dye Reagent,混合均匀,室温孵育15min。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">4、检测:</strong><span style="color: black;">运用</span>酶标仪测定605nm处的吸光度,拟合标准曲线并计算样本浓度。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">平常</span>问题解答</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">Q1:该试剂盒检测组织样本,对组织样本的处理有<span style="color: black;">需求</span>吗?</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">A1:金属螯合剂(如EDTA)会干扰此分析,在样品制备中应避免<span style="color: black;">运用</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">Q2:该试剂盒检测的是Cu+还是Cu2+还是总铜?</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">A2:试剂盒检测的是总铜。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">Q3:样品的稀释倍数有<span style="color: black;">举荐</span>吗?</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">A3:<span style="color: black;">针对</span>未知的样品,<span style="color: black;">咱们</span><span style="color: black;">意见</span>多做几个稀释梯度进行预实验,以确定合适的稀释倍数。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">Q4:试剂盒操作说明书中既有标准曲线法又有公式法,我应该<span style="color: black;">选取</span>哪种计算方式?</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">A4:两种方式任选一种就<span style="color: black;">能够</span>,公式是简便算法,<span style="color: black;">意见</span><span style="color: black;">根据</span>标曲计算,会更加准确。<span style="color: black;">必须</span><span style="color: black;">重视</span>的是,<span style="color: black;">运用</span>标准曲线法,每次实验<span style="color: black;">必要</span>重新绘制标准曲线。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">Q5:试剂盒中的Dye Reagent稀释溶解后应该<span style="color: black;">怎样</span><span style="color: black;">保留</span>?</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">A5:染料(Dye)现配现用,溶解后易氧化变质,<span style="color: black;">意见</span>分装后4℃,避光<span style="color: black;">保留</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">参考文献</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"> 史晓群, 杜希友.铜死亡机制及<span style="color: black;">关联</span>抗癌<span style="color: black;">药品</span>.生命的化学, 2024, 44(2): 225-232.</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"> Xie J, Yang Y, Gao Y, et al. Cuproptosis: mechanisms andlinks with cancers. Mol Cancer, 2023, 22(1): 46.</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"> Sun L, Zhang Y, Yang B, et al. Lactylation of METTL16 promotes cuproptosis via m6A-modification on FDX1 mRNA in gastric cancer. Nature Communications, 2023, 14(1).</p>
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