犊牛蛔虫病的活体症状 犊牛蛔虫病的检疫、诊断及其防治!
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<h1 style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;">内容摘要:犊牛蛔虫病<span style="color: black;">亦</span>叫做新蛔虫病,是<span style="color: black;">因为</span>小肠内寄生有牛新蛔虫而<span style="color: black;">导致</span>,<span style="color: black;">一般</span>是<span style="color: black;">少于</span>6月龄的犊牛容易<span style="color: black;">出现</span>,<span style="color: black;">重点</span>症状是消化<span style="color: black;">错乱</span>,<span style="color: black;">导致</span>腹泻、腹痛、贫血、机体消瘦以及肺脏病变等,<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>感染<span style="color: black;">海量</span>虫体还可能<span style="color: black;">引起</span>死亡。下面<span style="color: black;">详细</span>来<span style="color: black;">认识</span>一下:犊牛蛔虫病的活体症状 犊牛蛔虫病的检疫、诊断及其防治。</h1>
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<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">1、病因分析</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">犊牛小肠内寄生的成虫会在该处产卵,并经由粪便排到体外,当外界环境适宜时,7~9天之后就会<span style="color: black;">生长</span>变成幼虫,并在13~15天之后于卵壳内<span style="color: black;">出现</span><span style="color: black;">第1</span>次蜕变,<span style="color: black;">生长</span>为第二期幼虫,<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">便是</span>感染性虫卵。在母牛采食饲草、舔食异物<span style="color: black;">或</span>饮水时就能够吞入这种虫卵,并在进入小肠后逸出幼虫,接着穿过肠壁,移行到肝脏、肾脏、肺脏等器官<span style="color: black;">出现</span>第二次蜕变,<span style="color: black;">生长</span>为第三期幼虫,并在这些器官中停留。当母牛妊娠大约8.5个月时,幼虫就能够移行到子宫,并进入胎盘羊水,<span style="color: black;">出现</span>第三次蜕变后变成第四期幼虫,且容易被胎牛吞人而侵入其肠中继续<span style="color: black;">生长</span>。当犊牛产出后,幼虫会在小肠内进行第四次蜕变,25~31天之后即<span style="color: black;">生长</span>为成虫。成虫<span style="color: black;">通常</span>可在肠内<span style="color: black;">存活</span>2~5个月,之后<span style="color: black;">逐步</span>被排到体外而变成传染源。<span style="color: black;">另一</span>,妊娠母牛<span style="color: black;">身体</span>的幼虫还可经由胎盘移动到胎儿的肝脏和肺脏,接着进入小肠内继续<span style="color: black;">生长</span>,<span style="color: black;">引起</span>生前感染,从而在犊牛产出时小肠内<span style="color: black;">已然</span>寄生有成虫。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">幼虫<span style="color: black;">重点</span>是在<span style="color: black;">身体</span>移行时对机体产生<span style="color: black;">损害</span>,严重时能够<span style="color: black;">引起</span>肺水肿、肝脏脂肪变性等。成虫寄生在肠内,会对肠黏膜产生不良刺激,<span style="color: black;">导致</span><span style="color: black;">流血</span>、溃疡,从而ILIJ现继发感染,<span style="color: black;">从而</span><span style="color: black;">出现</span>肠炎,且虫体分泌的毒素还会<span style="color: black;">引起</span>机体<span style="color: black;">出现</span>过敏、阵发性痉挛等,致死率在22%<span style="color: black;">上下</span>,还能够<span style="color: black;">引起</span>胆管、胰管被阻塞。当寄生<span style="color: black;">太多</span>虫体时,有时会在小肠内缠绕成团而<span style="color: black;">导致</span>阻塞,严重时可能<span style="color: black;">出现</span>肠穿孔。</p>
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<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">2、活体症状</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">该病<span style="color: black;">通常</span>是3月龄以内的犊牛容易<span style="color: black;">出现</span>,尤其是3周龄时最容易<span style="color: black;">出现</span>。当犊牛感染严重时,初期精神状态较好,能够正常吮乳,排出糊状粪便,呈灰白色,且<span style="color: black;">一般</span>散发恶臭味;随着症状的加重,病犊精神沉郁,减少走动,<span style="color: black;">常常</span>卧地,食欲<span style="color: black;">衰退</span>,吮乳乏力,腹部<span style="color: black;">持续</span>膨大,有时会伴有腹痛现象,并排出硬结<span style="color: black;">或</span>水泥样粪便,<span style="color: black;">亦</span>散发恶臭味。当症状进一步加重后,病犊精神萎靡,停止采食,严重消瘦,被毛粗乱,黏膜苍H,拱背,后驱无力,走动摇晃,<span style="color: black;">没法</span>稳定站立,<span style="color: black;">常常</span><span style="color: black;">长期</span>卧地不起<span style="color: black;">或</span>垂头呆立,呼出散发有特殊腥臭味的气体;体温<span style="color: black;">通常</span>偏低,尤其是耳尖和四肢厥冷,极度衰弱<span style="color: black;">或</span>陷入<span style="color: black;">晕倒</span>状态。当寄生<span style="color: black;">海量</span>虫体时,会<span style="color: black;">引起</span>肠阻塞<span style="color: black;">或</span><span style="color: black;">出现</span>破裂,<span style="color: black;">或</span>继发<span style="color: black;">导致</span>胆道蛔虫症而<span style="color: black;">出现</span>死亡。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">3、宰后剖检</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">对病死牛进行剖检,<span style="color: black;">发掘</span>肠内容物呈淡黄色黏稠状,并含有<span style="color: black;">海量</span>虫体;<span style="color: black;">因为</span>虫体产生的机械损害,会<span style="color: black;">引起</span>肠黏膜大面积<span style="color: black;">出现</span>炎症,并散布有溃疡;有时还会<span style="color: black;">出现</span>肠管堵塞、肠破裂、肠套叠、腹膜炎以及胆管堵塞。<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>犊牛产出后才食入感染性虫卵,会进入肠管后孵化出幼虫,并钻过肠壁侵入肝脏,在移动过程中就会<span style="color: black;">引起</span>消化机能被损害,使肝组织被破坏,从而<span style="color: black;">导致</span>食欲<span style="color: black;">衰退</span>。幼虫移动到肺脏时,会停留在该处继续发育,并使肺组织被破坏,<span style="color: black;">显现</span>点状<span style="color: black;">流血</span>,并<span style="color: black;">引起</span>肺炎,从而在临床上表现出<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>困难和咳嗽,且嗜酸性白细胞<span style="color: black;">显著</span><span style="color: black;">增加</span>。</p>
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<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">4、实验室<span style="color: black;">检测</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">取病死犊牛的直肠内容物以及存活的<span style="color: black;">少于</span>5月龄患病犊牛排出的<span style="color: black;">鲜嫩</span>粪便,用于虫卵<span style="color: black;">检测</span>。<span style="color: black;">通常</span>采取饱和盐水浮集法收集虫卵,<span style="color: black;">而后</span>进行镜检。虫卵呈淡黄色,接近圆形,卵壳较厚,<span style="color: black;">拥有</span>蜂窝状外层,且表面存在多孔结构的厚蛋白膜,里面存在1个卵细胞,<span style="color: black;">体积</span>在(70~80)um×(60~70)um,阳性率<span style="color: black;">一般</span><span style="color: black;">达到</span>到60%<span style="color: black;">上下</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">5、防治<span style="color: black;">办法</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">药品</span>治疗。盐酸噻咪唑,患病犊牛<span style="color: black;">能够</span>按体重灌服12~15mg/<span style="color: black;">公斤</span>,<span style="color: black;">一般</span>2天之后就会排出虫体。<span style="color: black;">或</span><span style="color: black;">运用</span>盐酸左旋咪唑片,每头病犊口服300mg,驱虫效果<span style="color: black;">亦</span>较好。<span style="color: black;">或</span><span style="color: black;">运用</span>依维菌素片进行驱虫,按每10千克体重<span style="color: black;">吃下</span>50mg,这是一种广谱、低毒、<span style="color: black;">有效</span><span style="color: black;">药品</span>,治疗效果<span style="color: black;">亦</span>较好。<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>该药<span style="color: black;">协同</span><span style="color: black;">运用</span>驱虫净,<span style="color: black;">拥有</span>更好的治疗效果。即先<span style="color: black;">吃下</span>一种<span style="color: black;">药品</span>进行驱虫,2周之后冉<span style="color: black;">吃下</span>另一种<span style="color: black;">药品</span>进行驱虫。<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>患病犊牛<span style="color: black;">连续</span>腹泻,要<span style="color: black;">即时</span>口服补液,即在1000mL水中添加20g白糖、3.5g盐、1.5 g氯化钾、2.5g小苏打粉,混合均匀后自由饮用,<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>加用矽碳银、泻痢停,并<span style="color: black;">协同</span><span style="color: black;">运用</span>木炭末<span style="color: black;">或</span>炒糊的高梁,都<span style="color: black;">拥有</span>较好的止泻效果。<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>病犊伴有腹痛,可肌肉注射10mL添加有100万IU青霉素的50%安乃近注射液。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">预防性驱虫。犊牛蛔虫病<span style="color: black;">一般</span>是在生前<span style="color: black;">经过</span>母体胎盘感染,使其较小日龄就会<span style="color: black;">显现</span>发病,<span style="color: black;">一般</span>在30日龄<span style="color: black;">上下</span>就会由于发病而死亡。凶此最好采取<span style="color: black;">初期</span>预防性驱虫,<span style="color: black;">通常</span>在20~25日龄和60~65日龄各进行1次,能够有效<span style="color: black;">掌控</span>病情,并减少经济损失。<span style="color: black;">一般</span><span style="color: black;">选取</span><span style="color: black;">运用</span>敌百虫片,按体重<span style="color: black;">吃下</span>们~50mg/<span style="color: black;">公斤</span>,<span style="color: black;">或</span>按体重<span style="color: black;">吃下</span>8~10mg/<span style="color: black;">公斤</span>盐酸左旋咪唑片,且驱虫后适宜供给健胃剂。</p>
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<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">犊牛蛔虫病的防治</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"> 流行特点</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">本病<span style="color: black;">重点</span><span style="color: black;">出现</span>于5个月以内的犊牛。成虫在犊牛的小肠中<span style="color: black;">能够</span>寄生2~5个月,以后<span style="color: black;">逐步</span>从宿主<span style="color: black;">身体</span>排出。成年牛<span style="color: black;">仅在</span>内部器官组织中寄生有移行<span style="color: black;">周期</span>的幼虫,尚未见有成虫寄生的<span style="color: black;">报告</span>。虫卵对干燥及高温的耐受能力较差。土壤表面的虫卵,在阳光直接照射下,经4h<span style="color: black;">所有</span>死亡;在干燥的环境里,虫卵经48~72h死亡;感染期的虫卵,需有80﹪的相对湿度<span style="color: black;">才可</span>够生存。但虫卵对消毒<span style="color: black;">药品</span>的抵抗力较强,虫卵在2%的福尔马林中仍能正常<span style="color: black;">生长</span>;在29℃时,虫卵在2%克辽林或2%来苏尔溶液中可存活20h。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">症状与病理变化</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"> 犊牛出生两周后为受害最严重时期,虫体的机械性刺激<span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">损害</span>小肠黏膜,<span style="color: black;">导致</span>黏膜<span style="color: black;">流血</span>和溃疡,并继发细菌感染,从而<span style="color: black;">引起</span>肠炎。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">症状表现为消化失调、食欲不振和腹泻,<span style="color: black;">初期</span>会<span style="color: black;">显现</span>咳嗽,有特殊的臭味,排多量黏液或血便,患畜虚弱消瘦,精神迟钝,后肢无力,站立不稳。成虫<span style="color: black;">海量</span>寄生时,会夺取<span style="color: black;">海量</span>营养,使犊牛<span style="color: black;">出现</span>消化<span style="color: black;">阻碍</span>,可<span style="color: black;">导致</span>肠阻塞或肠穿孔,<span style="color: black;">导致</span>死亡。虫体的毒素<span style="color: black;">功效</span><span style="color: black;">亦</span>可<span style="color: black;">导致</span>严重<span style="color: black;">害处</span>,如过敏、阵发性痉挛等。成虫聚集成团可<span style="color: black;">导致</span>肠道阻塞或肠穿孔。出生后的犊牛受感染时,<span style="color: black;">因为</span>幼虫的移行,可<span style="color: black;">导致</span>肠壁、肺脏、肝脏等组织的<span style="color: black;">损害</span>、点状<span style="color: black;">流血</span>、发炎,血液和组织中嗜酸性粒细胞<span style="color: black;">明显</span><span style="color: black;">增加</span>。</p>
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<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"> 诊断</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">犊牛有腹泻、排<span style="color: black;">海量</span>黏液并<span style="color: black;">拥有</span>特殊恶臭、咳嗽、消瘦及生长<span style="color: black;">生长</span>停滞等现象时,均可<span style="color: black;">做为</span>疑似蛔虫病的依据,进一步确诊可采用直接涂片法或饱和盐水漂浮法<span style="color: black;">检测</span>粪便中<span style="color: black;">有没有</span>虫卵。<span style="color: black;">亦</span>可结合症状、流行病学资料分析,进行诊断性驱虫来加以判定。死后剖检可在小肠找到虫体或在血管、肺脏找到移行期幼虫。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"> 防治</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">1.治疗</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">左旋咪唑:剂量为每千克体重4~6mg,肌肉注射;或每千克体重8mg口服。中毒可用阿托品解除;左旋咪唑还可<span style="color: black;">导致</span>肝功能变化,严重肝病患畜禁用;肌肉注射或皮下注射时,对组织有较强的刺激性,尤其是盐酸左旋咪唑;泌乳期动物禁用;休药期内服给药为3d,注射给药为28d。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">阿苯达唑:剂量为每千克体重10~15mg,口服。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">阿维菌素或伊维菌素类<span style="color: black;">药品</span>:有效<span style="color: black;">成份</span>剂量为每千克体重0.3mg,皮下注射(针剂)或口服(片剂)。用药后28d后所产生牛奶,人不得食用;牛屠宰前21d停用<span style="color: black;">药品</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">哌嗪:<span style="color: black;">亦</span>叫驱虫灵。剂量为每千克体重250mg,一次口服。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">精制敌百虫:剂量为每千克体重100mg,总量不超过10g,溶解后均匀拌入饲料内,一次喂服。<span style="color: black;">显现</span>副<span style="color: black;">功效</span>时,用阿托品解之。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">2.预防</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">应对15~30日龄的犊牛进行驱虫,许多犊牛尽管不表现临诊症状,但可能带虫,<span style="color: black;">况且</span>此时成虫数量正达到高峰。<span style="color: black;">初期</span>治疗不仅对<span style="color: black;">守护</span>犊牛健康有益,并可减少虫卵对环境的污染。还要<span style="color: black;">重视</span>保持牛舍的干燥与清洁,<span style="color: black;">每日</span><span style="color: black;">按时</span>清理粪便并堆积发酵,以杀死虫卵。将母牛和犊牛隔离饲养,减少母牛受感染的机会。</p>
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