链条链轮和钻井泵
<span style="color: black;">现代钻机广泛采用套筒滚子链传动。采用链条并车传动的钻机俗<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>链条钻机。</span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">1、</span>石油钻机链传动的<span style="color: black;">重点</span>特点</span><span style="color: black;">(1)功率大、排数多;</span><span style="color: black;">(2)链速高、速度变化范围宽</span><span style="color: black;">(3)负荷变化幅度大,冲击严重;</span><span style="color: black;">(4)运转工况<span style="color: black;">繁杂</span>;</span><span style="color: black;">(5)中心距<span style="color: black;">体积</span>受到结构限制,且不可调</span><span style="color: black;">节。</span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">以上</span>只是链传动中的几个<span style="color: black;">重点</span><span style="color: black;">原因</span>,基于<span style="color: black;">以上</span><span style="color: black;">重点</span>特点,<span style="color: black;">通常</span>标准链条<span style="color: black;">不可</span>满足钻机链传动的<span style="color: black;">需求</span>,<span style="color: black;">必要</span>采用特制石油专用链条。</span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">2、</span>结构与技术规范</span><span style="color: black;">1.结构<span style="color: black;">构成</span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">滚子链有单排和多排之分,并按链板厚度<span style="color: black;">区别</span>又分为基本和加重两个系列。</span></span><p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/sz_mmbiz_png/7GzmHPliaV2upicxMcRzWGxZEgnUpvWBwZriaP2ibmySOd3JftlPicdMu69NArkaaK1m2n3ric0FET8cGMMw8vricNSlg/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">如图</span> <span style="color: black;">3-9所示,滚子链的基本零件是外链板、内链板、销轴、滚子、套<span style="color: black;">筒</span>和止琐件。由这些零件<span style="color: black;">构成</span>外链节和内链节,若干链节形成闭环,接头处采用连接链节或组合式过渡链节。外链节由两个外链板、两根销轴和中链板<span style="color: black;">构成</span>,内链节由两个内链板、两个套<span style="color: black;">筒</span>和两个滚子<span style="color: black;">构成</span>。</span></span><span style="color: black;">当传递大功率时,采用多排链,有几个单排链用长销轴横穿连接。</span><span style="color: black;">2.技术规范</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/sz_mmbiz_png/7GzmHPliaV2upicxMcRzWGxZEgnUpvWBwZ6shndAPF01jiaKzBMm3K4ZFQ1eSSdfOctgxP63KgXNeKAGefbMANrSw/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">按照</span>行业标准SY/T5595-1997规定(见表3-4),石油钻机用滚子链条<span style="color: black;">暗示</span><span style="color: black;">办法</span>如图3-10 所示。</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/sz_mmbiz_png/7GzmHPliaV2upicxMcRzWGxZEgnUpvWBwZdJM1F1iauTOc3ANh5FHBF9KddSDR0wL1wJ12cYgFbOg7s3cw9ibwicDhQ/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p><span style="color: black;">例:160H-6<span style="color: black;">暗示</span>节距为50.8mm,带滚子的加重链条,排数为6排。</span><span style="color: black;">钻井泵</span><span style="color: black;">钻井泵是钻井液循环系统中的关键设备,<span style="color: black;">通常</span>用于在高压下向井底<span style="color: black;">传送</span>高粘度、大相对密度和含沙量较高的钻井液,以便冷却钻头和携带岩屑等,<span style="color: black;">同期</span><span style="color: black;">亦</span>是井底动力钻具的动力</span><span style="color: black;">液。</span><span style="color: black;">钻井泵属于往复泵中的一种,其<span style="color: black;">功效</span>原理与<span style="color: black;">通常</span>往复泵完全相同。</span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">1、</span>往复泵的结构和工作原理</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/sz_mmbiz_png/7GzmHPliaV2upicxMcRzWGxZEgnUpvWBwZf8rS6VlFx5cU2DJkiblofeE7dcKlyPIcbUA3AR636kGibUfxSqCWCCxQ/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">图</span> <span style="color: black;">3-11是卧式单杠单<span style="color: black;">功效</span>往复泵的示意图。从图中可见,它由驱动部分(动力端)和水力部分(液力端)两大部分<span style="color: black;">构成</span>。工作时,动力机<span style="color: black;">经过</span>皮带、传动轴、齿轮等传动部件带动主轴及固定其上的曲柄旋转。当曲柄从水平位置自左向右逆时针旋转时,活塞向动力端(图中右方)移动,液缸内压力<span style="color: black;">逐步</span>减小并形成真空,吸入池中的液体在液面压力的作用下,顶开吸入阀进入液缸,直到活塞移动到右止点。这个工作过程<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>为泵的吸入过程。曲柄完<span style="color: black;">成为了</span><span style="color: black;">以上</span>的吸入过程后继续沿逆时针方向旋转,<span style="color: black;">此时</span>活塞<span style="color: black;">起始</span>向液力端(图中左方)运动,液缸内液体受挤压,压力<span style="color: black;">上升</span>,吸入阀关闭,排出阀被顶开,液体进入排出管,直至活塞运动到左止点。这个工作过程<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>作泵的排出过程。随着动力机连续<span style="color: black;">持续</span>地运转,往复泵<span style="color: black;">持续</span>重复吸入和排出过程,将吸入池中的液体源源<span style="color: black;">持续</span>地经排出管送向井底。</span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">活塞在液缸中移动的距离,<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>作活塞的冲程长度</span><span style="color: black;">:活塞每分钟往复运动的次数<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>作泵的冲次。</span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">2、</span>钻井泵的<span style="color: black;">归类</span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">钻井泵的种类较多,<span style="color: black;">归类</span><span style="color: black;">办法</span><span style="color: black;">亦</span>不<span style="color: black;">同样</span>,归纳起来大致可按以下特点<span style="color: black;">归类</span></span><span style="color: black;">:</span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">(1)按液缸数目分,有双缸泵、三缸泵等。</span></span><span style="color: black;">(2)按一个活塞在液缸中往复一次吸入或排出液体的次数分,吸液或排液一次的,<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>为单<span style="color: black;">功效</span>泵;两次的<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>为双<span style="color: black;">功效</span>泵。</span><span style="color: black;">(3)按液缸的<span style="color: black;">部署</span>方式及相互位置分,有卧式泵、立式泵、V型泵和星形泵等。</span><span style="color: black;">(4)按活塞式样分,有活<span style="color: black;">塞</span>泵、柱塞泵等。</span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">因为</span>钻井泵<span style="color: black;">传送</span>的液体<span style="color: black;">一般</span>是钻井液,故习惯上又<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>之为泥浆泵。</span><span style="color: black;">我国用于石油和天然气钻井的国产钻井泵已逐步系列标准化,如</span><span style="color: black;">NB</span><span style="color: black;">₁</span><span style="color: black;">-470,</span><span style="color: black;">NB</span><span style="color: black;">⁸</span><span style="color: black;">-600,3NB-1000,3NB-1300,3NB-1600等。</span><span style="color: black;">其中NB<span style="color: black;">暗示</span>“泥<span style="color: black;">浆泵</span>”、NB前面的数字<span style="color: black;">暗示</span>泵的液缸数,无数字则为双缸泵;NB的下标<span style="color: black;">暗示</span>设计序号,后面的数据<span style="color: black;">暗示</span>泵的额定输入功率(马力)。</span><span style="color: black;">有的钻井泵为了<span style="color: black;">暗示</span>其设计制造单位、适用区域或性能方面的某些特点,在统一代号的前后还标以适当的符号,如SL3NB-1300A等,其中SL则是汉语拼音“胜利”的字头,A<span style="color: black;">暗示</span>改型设计。</span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">国外的钻井泵<span style="color: black;">通常</span><span style="color: black;">拥有</span><span style="color: black;">区别</span>的代号,<span style="color: black;">都数</span>按制造厂家编排的系列而定,但代号后面或前面的一组数字则<span style="color: black;">一般</span><span style="color: black;">暗示</span>该泵的额定输入功率</span><span style="color: black;">(马力)或其倍数。</span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">日前</span>石油矿场上<span style="color: black;">运用</span>的钻井泵<span style="color: black;">重点</span>是三缸单作用和双缸双<span style="color: black;">功效</span>卧式活塞泵。</span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">3、</span>钻井泵的基本参数</span><span style="color: black;">钻井泵工作能力的<span style="color: black;">体积</span><span style="color: black;">能够</span>用其基本参数来<span style="color: black;">暗示</span>,分别是流量、压头、功率、效率、冲次和泵压。</span><span style="color: black;">(1)流量:流盘<span style="color: black;">指的是</span>在单位时间内泵<span style="color: black;">经过</span>排出管输出的液体量。流量<span style="color: black;">一般</span>以体积单位<span style="color: black;">暗示</span>,又<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>为体积流量,其单位为</span><span style="color: black;">“m</span><span style="color: black;">₃</span><span style="color: black;">/s</span><span style="color: black;">”或“</span><span style="color: black;">L/s</span><span style="color: black;">"。</span><span style="color: black;">钻井泵中的流量又分为平均流量和瞬时流量,现场上所说的流量<span style="color: black;">通常</span><span style="color: black;">指的是</span>平均流量。</span><span style="color: black;">石油矿场上又习惯把流量<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>作排量。</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"> (</span><span style="color: black;">2)压头:压头指的是单位质量的液体经泵压所<span style="color: black;">增多</span>的能量,<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">叫作</span>为扬程。</span><span style="color: black;">单位为“m液柱”。</span></p><span style="color: black;">(3)功率和效率:功率<span style="color: black;">指的是</span>泵在单位时间内所做的功。<span style="color: black;">通常</span>把在单位时间内发动机传到泵轴上的能量<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>作输入功率或主轴功率。把在单位时间内液体经过泵后<span style="color: black;">增多</span>的能量<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>作泵的有效功率。功率的单位为“kW”。</span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">泵的效率<span style="color: black;">指的是</span>有效功率与输入功率之比。</span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">(4)冲次:泵的冲次<span style="color: black;">指的是</span>在单位时间内活塞的往复次数,单位为“次/min”。</span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">(5)泵压:泵压<span style="color: black;">指的是</span>泵排出口处的液体压力,单位为“N/</span></span><span style="color: black;">m</span><span style="color: black;">₂</span><span style="color: black;">(Pa)”,“MPa”。</span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">4、</span>钻井泵的压力</span></span><span style="color: black;">—</span><span style="color: black;">流量特性</span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">钻井泵的压力</span><span style="color: black;">-流量特性曲线<span style="color: black;">暗示</span>了泵的压力与排量之间的关系。</span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">泵的排量取决于液缸的截面积、冲程长度、冲次、液缸数及流量系数。当泵的结构尺寸<span style="color: black;">必定</span>,冲次一<span style="color: black;">按时</span>,泵的排量与压力从理论上说是无关的。<span style="color: black;">实质</span>上,随着泵压的<span style="color: black;">上升</span>,钻井泵的密封处</span><span style="color: black;">(活塞与缸套之间、活塞杆与盘根之间)的失量<span style="color: black;">增多</span>,<span style="color: black;">因此</span>流量系数相应地减小。</span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;"><a style="color: black;">牙轮钻头</a></span></span><span style="color: black;"><a style="color: black;">金刚石钻头</a></span><a style="color: black;">金刚石钻头</a>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/sz_mmbiz_png/7GzmHPliaV2upicxMcRzWGxZEgnUpvWBwZzCFOsbm6903kibX22RXqxp6e2icK2YpRiaXbXOAJODBPe84rzzDhHZBHQ/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
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