u1jodi1q 发表于 2024-8-4 10:02:10

区块链加密经济的道理在哪里?

<img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/ockBglTNBdS9rC4emNpjSg98ibBQpiaVCzrz9HmibYc5hQYpDet4GobbBSkUd8eiam5MreHOCURf7TNtPOVRT9TV8Q/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&amp;tp=webp&amp;wxfrom=5&amp;wx_lazy=1&amp;wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;">
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">本文旨在以清晰、简单的概念解释加密经济。 <span style="color: black;">文案</span>将从三个层面切入,从比特币切入,<span style="color: black;">科研</span>加密经济的设计;<span style="color: black;">而后</span>,探究加密经济学<span style="color: black;">怎样</span>与经济理论<span style="color: black;">关联</span>联;最后,对比三个<span style="color: black;">区别</span>方向的加密经济设计和<span style="color: black;">科研</span>。在文中<span style="color: black;">海量</span>引经据典,这些资料<span style="color: black;">亦</span>非常有营养,值得再拜读一遍。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">源自</span>:NervosNetwork</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">几个月前, 一个硅谷非常有名的 VC——帕克·汤普森发推特说「加密经济的概念很愚蠢。拜托,这可是经济学,任何把自己发明的词加在经济学前面都是故弄玄虚。」</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">加密经济这个词的确很容易混淆。 人们<span style="color: black;">常常</span>搞不清楚它到底是什么意思。这个词本身就有误导的意思,<span style="color: black;">由于</span>它听着像是<span style="color: black;">全部</span>经济学的平行「加密」版本。这是不准确的,<span style="color: black;">因此</span>帕克的嘲讽不无道理。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">简单<span style="color: black;">来讲</span>,加密经济是结合经济激励和<span style="color: black;">秘码</span>学去设计新的系统、应用程序和网络。</span><span style="color: black;"> 加密经济<span style="color: black;">详细</span><span style="color: black;">来讲</span><span style="color: black;">指的是</span>构建事物,<span style="color: black;">况且</span>与机制设计(一个关于数学和经济理论的<span style="color: black;">行业</span>)有<span style="color: black;">非常多</span><span style="color: black;">类似</span>之处。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">加密经济不是经济学的一个分支,而是一个将经济激励和经济理论<span style="color: black;">思虑</span>在内的应用<span style="color: black;">秘码</span>学<span style="color: black;">行业</span>。比特币、以太坊、Zcash 和其他所有的公有链都是加密经济的产物。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">由于</span>加密经济,区块链才妙趣横生、与众<span style="color: black;">区别</span>。</span></strong><span style="color: black;">中本聪的白皮书让<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>认识到,巧妙结合<span style="color: black;">秘码</span>学、网络理论、计算机科学和经济激励,<span style="color: black;">咱们</span><span style="color: black;">能够</span>创造出多种新技术。<span style="color: black;">非常多</span>事情,凭这些学科单打独斗是<span style="color: black;">没法</span>实现的,但新的加密经济体系<span style="color: black;">能够</span>。区块链正是这种新的应用科学的产物之一。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;">什么是加密经济?以比特币为例</strong></span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">比特币是加密经济的产物。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">比特币的创新之处在于,它<span style="color: black;">准许</span>互不相识的个体就比特币区块链的状态达成<span style="color: black;">靠谱</span>共识。这是<span style="color: black;">经过</span>经济激励和基本加密工具的结合实现的。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">比特币的设计<span style="color: black;">重点</span>是经济激励和经济处罚。</span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">首要</span>,用经济激励吸引矿工来参与到网络中。</span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">由于</span>矿工贡献了<span style="color: black;">她们</span>的硬件<span style="color: black;">设备</span>和电力资源,一旦生成的新的区块,矿工们就会得到大量的比特币奖励。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">其次,经济成本或经济处罚是比特币安全模型的一部分。</span><span style="color: black;">攻击比特币区块链最典型的<span style="color: black;">办法</span>是<span style="color: black;">掌控</span>大部分网络的哈希算力— 即<span style="color: black;">所说</span>的 51% 攻击 — 这<span style="color: black;">准许</span>攻击者稳稳地审查交易(<span style="color: black;">例如</span>拒绝处理某个用户的所有交易),<span style="color: black;">乃至</span>改变链上过去的所有状态。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">然则</span>,想要<span style="color: black;">得到</span>哈希算力的<span style="color: black;">掌控</span>权,<span style="color: black;">必须</span>耗费<span style="color: black;">海量</span>的硬件和电力资源。</span><span style="color: black;">比特币的协议故意把挖矿设计得很难,这就<span style="color: black;">寓意</span>着,想要<span style="color: black;">得到</span>这个网络的<span style="color: black;">掌控</span>权极其昂贵——这个代价<span style="color: black;">乃至</span>远远高于攻击这个网络可能<span style="color: black;">得到</span>的利润。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">截止</span> 2017 年11 月 16 日,想要实现比特币 51% 攻击的耗费,其硬件成本约为 31.4 亿美元,<span style="color: black;">每日</span>用电量为 560 万美元。</span></p><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/ockBglTNBdS9rC4emNpjSg98ibBQpiaVCzhYIk8pQy8ibwam84zrOU5PqAh4jO5KjBEjVXj4x4ssx61e3F8QTHpIg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&amp;tp=webp&amp;wxfrom=5&amp;wx_lazy=1&amp;wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;">
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">内蒙古的比特大陆矿场 (Photo: Stefan Chow)</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">倘若</span><span style="color: black;">无</span>这些精心设计的经济激励<span style="color: black;">办法</span>,比特币将<span style="color: black;">没法</span>运作。<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>挖矿成本<span style="color: black;">不足</span>高,<span style="color: black;">那样</span> 51% 攻击很容易<span style="color: black;">出现</span>。当然,<span style="color: black;">倘若</span><span style="color: black;">无</span>挖矿激励,<span style="color: black;">那样</span>就<span style="color: black;">无</span>人愿意购买硬件并支付<span style="color: black;">巨额</span>的电费来为比特币网络做贡献。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">比特币<span style="color: black;">亦</span>依赖于加密协议。 公钥私钥<span style="color: black;">秘码</span><span style="color: black;">能够</span>让用户安全地独家<span style="color: black;">持有</span>比特币<span style="color: black;">掌控</span>权。哈希函数用于“链接”比特币区块链中的<span style="color: black;">每一个</span>块,证明事件<span style="color: black;">出现</span>的<span style="color: black;">次序</span>和过去数据的完整性。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">像<span style="color: black;">这般</span>的加密协议为<span style="color: black;">咱们</span><span style="color: black;">供给</span>了基本的工具,用于构建像比特币<span style="color: black;">这般</span>安全、<span style="color: black;">靠谱</span>的系统。<span style="color: black;">倘若</span><span style="color: black;">无</span>公钥-私钥<span style="color: black;">这般</span>的基本<span style="color: black;">设备</span>,<span style="color: black;">咱们</span><span style="color: black;">没法</span>向用户<span style="color: black;">保准</span><span style="color: black;">她们</span><span style="color: black;">能够</span>独立地<span style="color: black;">掌控</span>比特币。<span style="color: black;">倘若</span><span style="color: black;">无</span>哈希函数,节点将<span style="color: black;">没法</span><span style="color: black;">保准</span>比特币交易历史的完整性。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">倘若</span><span style="color: black;">无</span>像哈希函数或公钥私钥<span style="color: black;">秘码</span><span style="color: black;">这般</span>的加密协议的强制性,<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>就<span style="color: black;">无</span>可用于奖励矿工的安全记账单位,就<span style="color: black;">不可</span><span style="color: black;">保准</span>账户的历史记录是真实的且完全由正当所有者<span style="color: black;">掌控</span>。</span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">倘若</span><span style="color: black;">无</span>恰当的经济激励来奖励矿工,<span style="color: black;">那样</span>这个账户就<span style="color: black;">无</span>市场价值,<span style="color: black;">由于</span><span style="color: black;">无</span>人能<span style="color: black;">保准</span>这个系统<span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">连续</span>运作。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">从这个<span style="color: black;">方向</span>来讲,设计比特币不仅<span style="color: black;">必须</span>理解<span style="color: black;">秘码</span>学,还<span style="color: black;">必须</span>理解经济激励<span style="color: black;">怎样</span>影响加密系统的安全属性和功能。加密经济是很奇怪且违背常理的。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">咱们</span>大<span style="color: black;">都数</span>人不会习惯将钱视为设计或工程问题,<span style="color: black;">亦</span>不习惯经济激励设计<span style="color: black;">做为</span>新技术的重要<span style="color: black;">构成</span>部分。<span style="color: black;">实质</span>上,加密经济会<span style="color: black;">需求</span><span style="color: black;">咱们</span><span style="color: black;">思虑</span>经济方面的信息安全问题。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">区块链行业最<span style="color: black;">平常</span>的错误之一,<span style="color: black;">便是</span>仅<span style="color: black;">经过</span>计算机科学或应用<span style="color: black;">秘码</span>学视角来看区块链。</span><span style="color: black;">人们总是倾向于优先<span style="color: black;">思虑</span>自己最<span style="color: black;">熟练</span>的事物,而<span style="color: black;">针对</span>认知之外的专业知识没<span style="color: black;">那样</span><span style="color: black;">注重</span>。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">在区块链技术中,这<span style="color: black;">引起</span>许多人臆测或抽象经济激励的关键<span style="color: black;">功效</span>。这<span style="color: black;">亦</span>是一个<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>经常会看到某些毫无<span style="color: black;">道理</span>的短语的<span style="color: black;">原由</span>,如「区块链是去信任化的」,「比特币<span style="color: black;">便是</span>基于数学的技术」或「区块链是不可变的」。这些自以为是的理解都是错误的,但所有这些概念会让人们混淆,误解了用经济激励来维持必要参与者的大型网络的重要地位。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">针对</span><span style="color: black;">哪些</span>只是把比特币视为计算机科学产物的人<span style="color: black;">来讲</span>,加密经济系统感觉就像魔术<span style="color: black;">同样</span>,<span style="color: black;">由于</span>比特币<span style="color: black;">能够</span>做<span style="color: black;">有些</span>单靠计算机科学<span style="color: black;">没法</span>实现的事情。其实加密经济并不神奇——它<span style="color: black;">便是</span><span style="color: black;">有些</span>跨学科的结合。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;">加密经济学<span style="color: black;">怎样</span>与经济理论<span style="color: black;">关联</span>联</strong></span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">加密经济这个名词可能会产生误导,<span style="color: black;">由于</span>它暗示了与经济学整体的比较。这<span style="color: black;">亦</span>是像帕克这些人对这个词不屑一顾的一部分<span style="color: black;">原由</span>。经济学是关于<span style="color: black;">选取</span>的<span style="color: black;">科研</span>:人和人类组织<span style="color: black;">怎样</span>应对激励</span><span style="color: black;">。加密货币和区块链技术的发明不<span style="color: black;">必须</span><span style="color: black;">科研</span>关于人类<span style="color: black;">选取</span>的新理论——<span style="color: black;">由于</span>改变的不是人类。加密经济不是宏观经济学和微观经济学理论在加密货币或代币市场上的应用。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">加密经济与机制设计最为<span style="color: black;">类似</span>,机制设计是与博弈论<span style="color: black;">关联</span>的<span style="color: black;">行业</span>。在博弈论中,<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>先看一个规定好的战略互动「游戏」<span style="color: black;">而后</span>去理解<span style="color: black;">每一个</span>玩家的最佳策略,以及<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>两个玩家都遵循这些策略的可能结果。例如,<span style="color: black;">咱们</span><span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">运用</span>博弈论来<span style="color: black;">科研</span>两家<span style="color: black;">机构</span>之间的谈判,国家之间的关系<span style="color: black;">乃至</span>是进化生物学。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">机制设计<span style="color: black;">一般</span>被<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>为反向博弈论,<span style="color: black;">由于</span><span style="color: black;">咱们</span>会从期望的结果<span style="color: black;">起始</span>,<span style="color: black;">而后</span>反推设计出一个游戏,<span style="color: black;">那样</span><span style="color: black;">倘若</span>玩家追求自己的<span style="color: black;">自己</span>利益,就会做出<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>预期的<span style="color: black;">行径</span>、产生<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>想要的结果。例如,假设<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>负责设计拍卖规则。<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>的<span style="color: black;">目的</span>是<span style="color: black;">期盼</span>投标人真正地为商品的<span style="color: black;">实质</span>价值出价。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">为了实现这一<span style="color: black;">目的</span>,<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>运用经济理论将拍卖设计为一种游戏其中任何玩家的主导策略是始终为其真实价值出价。这个问题的<span style="color: black;">处理</span><span style="color: black;">方法</span>叫做维克里拍卖,其中<span style="color: black;">每一个</span>人出价是保密的,而拍卖的获胜者(<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">便是</span>出价最高者)只需支付出价第二高的金额。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">与机制设计<span style="color: black;">同样</span>,加密经济专注于设计和创建系统。与<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>的拍卖示例<span style="color: black;">同样</span>,<span style="color: black;">咱们</span><span style="color: black;">运用</span>经济理论来设计产生某种<span style="color: black;">平衡</span>结果的“规则”或机制。 但在加密经济中,用于创建经济激励的机制是用<span style="color: black;">秘码</span>学和软件构建的<span style="color: black;">况且</span><span style="color: black;">咱们</span>设计的系统几乎都是分布式或去中心化的 。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">比特币<span style="color: black;">便是</span>这种设计的产物。中本聪<span style="color: black;">期盼</span>比特币<span style="color: black;">拥有</span>某些特性——例如,它能够就其内部状态达成共识,并且具备防止审查的能力。接着,中本聪<span style="color: black;">起始</span>设计一个能实现这些特性的系统,并假设人们在这个系统里会以理性的方式<span style="color: black;">回复</span>经济激励。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">一般</span>,加密经济用于<span style="color: black;">供给</span>分布式系统的安全<span style="color: black;">保准</span>。例如,比特币的加密经济安全<span style="color: black;">保准</span><span style="color: black;">能够</span>抵御 51% 的攻击除非某人愿意花费几十亿美元发起 51% 攻击。<span style="color: black;">或</span>,<span style="color: black;">咱们</span><span style="color: black;">能够</span>在状态通道上(这个主题<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>稍后会讨论)<span style="color: black;">得到</span>加密经济安全<span style="color: black;">保准</span>,即链下的过程几乎与链上交易<span style="color: black;">同样</span>安全和不可更改。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">值得<span style="color: black;">重视</span>的是,机制设计并非万能仙丹。<span style="color: black;">咱们</span><span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">经过</span>经济激励来引导人们的<span style="color: black;">行径</span>,但<span style="color: black;">咱们</span><span style="color: black;">不可</span>完全依赖<span style="color: black;">这般</span>的经济激励。正如 Nick Szabo 指出的那样,<span style="color: black;">最后</span><span style="color: black;">咱们</span>在猜测的是人们<span style="color: black;">将来</span>的心理状态,并对<span style="color: black;">她们</span><span style="color: black;">怎样</span>应对某些激励<span style="color: black;">办法</span>做出假设。加密经济系统的安全<span style="color: black;">保证</span>在<span style="color: black;">必定</span>程度上取决于这种假设的强度,即人们到底会对经济激励作出<span style="color: black;">怎么样</span>的反应。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;">加密经济的三种例子</strong></span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">日前</span><span style="color: black;">最少</span>有三种<span style="color: black;">区别</span>的系统被<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>为“加密经济”。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">例 1: 共识协议</span></strong></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">区块链不必依赖于中心化的权威<span style="color: black;">公司</span>就能形成可信的共识——这<span style="color: black;">便是</span>加密经济设计的产物。<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>之前讨论的比特币的<span style="color: black;">处理</span><span style="color: black;">方法</span>,被<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>为“工作量证明”共识,<span style="color: black;">由于</span>矿工<span style="color: black;">必要</span>以硬件和电力的形式证明他的工作,以便参与到网络中并<span style="color: black;">得到</span>采矿奖励。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">改进工作量证明系统并设计替代<span style="color: black;">方法</span>是加密经济<span style="color: black;">科研</span>和设计的重要方向。以太坊<span style="color: black;">日前</span>的工作量证明共识机制对原始设计做了许多变化和改进,实现了更快的出块时间并且更能够阻止可能由 ASIC 产生的挖矿中心化。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">在不久的将来,以太坊预计会转移到名为 Casper 的「POS」共识协议上。这是工作量证明的替代<span style="color: black;">方法</span>,不<span style="color: black;">必须</span><span style="color: black;">一般</span><span style="color: black;">道理</span>上的「挖矿」:<span style="color: black;">亦</span>就不<span style="color: black;">必须</span>专门的挖矿硬件或巨额的电力支出。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">请记住,<span style="color: black;">需求</span>矿工购买硬件和用电的<span style="color: black;">重点</span><span style="color: black;">原由</span>是要给矿工带来<span style="color: black;">必定</span>成本,这是一种<span style="color: black;">加强</span> 51% 攻击累积成本的<span style="color: black;">办法</span>,<span style="color: black;">由于</span>这种<span style="color: black;">状况</span>下的攻击代价太大了。</span><span style="color: black;">POS 系统<span style="color: black;">背面</span>的理念是<span style="color: black;">运用</span>加密货币的存储来创造相同的<span style="color: black;">控制</span><span style="color: black;">原因</span>,而不是硬件和电力等现实世界的投资。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">为了在 POS 系统中进行挖掘,你<span style="color: black;">必要</span>提交<span style="color: black;">必定</span>数量的以太币<span style="color: black;">做为</span>写入智能合约的押金。就像工作量证明<span style="color: black;">同样</span>,这会<span style="color: black;">增多</span> 51% 攻击的成本——攻击者为了完成攻击网络将不得不提交<span style="color: black;">海量</span>的以太币,并且一旦被<span style="color: black;">发掘</span>这些以太币将永远<span style="color: black;">没法</span>取回。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">Casper 由 Vlad Zamfir,Vitalik Buterin 以及以太坊基金会的其他人设计。您<span style="color: black;">能够</span>在 Zamfir 的这一系列<span style="color: black;">文案</span>中阅读<span style="color: black;">更加多</span>关于 Casper 设计的历史信息或听他在<span style="color: black;">近期</span>的播客中的发言。Buterin在这个链接里<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">发布</span>过一篇关于Casper设计理念的长文,以及在GitHub这个链接里面有<span style="color: black;">非常多</span>有用的关于以太坊的<span style="color: black;">平常</span>问题解答。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">例 2: 加密经济应用的设计</span></strong></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">一旦<span style="color: black;">咱们</span><span style="color: black;">处理</span>了区块链共识的<span style="color: black;">基本</span>问题,<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>就能构建区块链上的应用程序,就像现有以太坊之上的应用程序<span style="color: black;">同样</span>。底层区块链为<span style="color: black;">咱们</span><span style="color: black;">供给</span>了:(1)可用于创建经济激励和经济<span style="color: black;">处罚</span>的价值单元;(2)一个工具包:<span style="color: black;">经过</span>这个工具包<span style="color: black;">咱们</span><span style="color: black;">能够</span>用智能合约代码的形式设计<span style="color: black;">要求</span><span style="color: black;">规律</span>。「<span style="color: black;">咱们</span><span style="color: black;">运用</span>这些工具构建的应用程序<span style="color: black;">亦</span>是加密经济设计的<span style="color: black;">制品</span>」。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">例如,预测市场 Augur <span style="color: black;">必须</span>加密经济机制<span style="color: black;">才可</span>运行。<span style="color: black;">运用</span>其原生代币 REP,Augur 创建了一个激励系统,奖励用户向应用程序报告“真相” ,<span style="color: black;">而后</span>用于结算预测市场中的赌注。这是一种创新,它让去中心化预测市场<span style="color: black;">作为</span>可能。另一个预测市场 Gnosis <span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">运用</span>了类似的<span style="color: black;">办法</span>,但<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">准许</span>用户指定其他机制来确定真实结果(<span style="color: black;">一般</span><span style="color: black;">叫作</span>为“预言机”)。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">加密经济<span style="color: black;">亦</span>适用于设计代币<span style="color: black;">营销</span>模式或 ICO。例如,Gnosis <span style="color: black;">运用</span>「荷兰式拍卖」 <span style="color: black;">做为</span>其代币拍卖的模型,理论上这将促进更公平的分配(一个有多种混合结果)的实验。<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>之前<span style="color: black;">说到</span>,机制设计应用的<span style="color: black;">行业</span>之一是拍卖设计,代币<span style="color: black;">营销</span>则为<span style="color: black;">咱们</span><span style="color: black;">供给</span>了应用加密经济中某些理论的新机会。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">这些问题与构建底层共识协议的问题是<span style="color: black;">区别</span>的,但它们有<span style="color: black;">非常多</span><span style="color: black;">类似</span>之处,两者都<span style="color: black;">能够</span>被视为加密经济学。构建这些应用程序<span style="color: black;">必须</span>理解经济激励<span style="color: black;">怎样</span>塑造用户的<span style="color: black;">行径</span>,以及精心设计能<span style="color: black;">靠谱</span>地产生特定结果的经济机制。<span style="color: black;">同期</span>,还<span style="color: black;">需求</span><span style="color: black;">认识</span>构建应用程序的底层区块链的功能和相应限制。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">许多区块链应用程序不<span style="color: black;">必定</span>是加密经济学的产物;例如,Status 和 MetaMask 等应用程序——<span style="color: black;">准许</span>用户与以太坊区块链交互的钱包或平台。除了<span style="color: black;">哪些</span><span style="color: black;">已然</span><span style="color: black;">作为</span>底层区块链一部分的加密经济机制之外,这些机制并不<span style="color: black;">触及</span>任何其他的加密经济机制。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">例 3: 状态通道</span></strong></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">加密经济还<span style="color: black;">包含</span>设计个人之间更小的互动交集的实践。其中最值得<span style="color: black;">重视</span>的是状态通道。状态通道不是应用程序,而是一种<span style="color: black;">特别有</span>价值的能更<span style="color: black;">有效</span><span style="color: black;">运用</span>大<span style="color: black;">都数</span>区块链应用程序的技术。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">区块链应用的一个<span style="color: black;">基本</span>限制是区块链太过昂贵。发送交易<span style="color: black;">必须</span><span style="color: black;">花费</span>,<span style="color: black;">况且</span>和其他的计算相比,<span style="color: black;">运用</span>以太坊运行智能合约代码相当昂贵。状态通道<span style="color: black;">背面</span>的理念是:<span style="color: black;">经过</span><span style="color: black;">运用</span>加密经济设计,<span style="color: black;">咱们</span><span style="color: black;">能够</span>将<span style="color: black;">非常多</span>流程线下化,不仅能让区块链更<span style="color: black;">有效</span>,<span style="color: black;">同期</span>仍能<span style="color: black;">保存</span>区块链的可信化特征。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">想象一下,爱丽丝和鲍勃<span style="color: black;">期盼</span>交换<span style="color: black;">海量</span>的小额加密货币。正常<span style="color: black;">来讲</span>,<span style="color: black;">她们</span>会将交易发送到区块链,但这很低效——它<span style="color: black;">必须</span>支付交易<span style="color: black;">花费</span>并等待新区块的确认。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">相反,想象一下 Alice 和 Bob 约定了某些可提交给区块链但<span style="color: black;">实质</span>并未提交的交易。<span style="color: black;">她们</span>以自己想要的速度来回传递这些交易——在这种<span style="color: black;">状况</span>下<span style="color: black;">无</span>任何<span style="color: black;">花费</span>,<span style="color: black;">由于</span><span style="color: black;">实质</span>上并<span style="color: black;">无</span>任何东西攻击区块链。每次更新都“胜过”上一次,维持着各方之间的平衡。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">当 Alice 和 Bob 完成小额交易时,<span style="color: black;">她们</span><span style="color: black;">经过</span>向区块链提交<span style="color: black;">最后</span>状态(即<span style="color: black;">近期</span>签署的交易)来“关闭”该通道,<span style="color: black;">她们</span>之间的这些无限数量的交易只<span style="color: black;">必须</span>支付单笔交易<span style="color: black;">花费</span>。<span style="color: black;">她们</span><span style="color: black;">能够</span>信任这个过程,<span style="color: black;">由于</span> Alice 和 Bob 都<span style="color: black;">晓得</span><span style="color: black;">她们</span>之间传递的<span style="color: black;">每一个</span>更新都会被发送到区块链。<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>通道设计得当,就<span style="color: black;">无</span>办法作<span style="color: black;">坏处</span>——<span style="color: black;">例如</span>,<span style="color: black;">经过</span>尝试提交先前的更新,就<span style="color: black;">好似</span>它是最新的<span style="color: black;">同样</span>——<span style="color: black;">由于</span>区块链总是<span style="color: black;">能够</span>使用的。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">出于说明目的,你<span style="color: black;">能够</span>把这种方式类比为:<span style="color: black;">咱们</span><span style="color: black;">怎样</span>与其他可信<span style="color: black;">源自</span>(如法律系统)进行交互。当双方<span style="color: black;">签定</span>合<span style="color: black;">同期</span>,大<span style="color: black;">都数</span>时候<span style="color: black;">她们</span>不<span style="color: black;">必须</span>对簿公堂、<span style="color: black;">需求</span>法官解释合同并执行合同。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">只要合同设计得当,双方都会<span style="color: black;">根据</span>承诺实施动作,<span style="color: black;">她们</span><span style="color: black;">基本</span>不<span style="color: black;">必须</span>跟法院打交道。任何一方都<span style="color: black;">能够</span>去法院并<span style="color: black;">需求</span>合同执行的这一事实足以使合同生效。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">这种技术不仅对支付环节有用,<span style="color: black;">针对</span>以太坊的任何状态的更新都是有用的——<span style="color: black;">因此呢</span>更通用的术语是“状态通道”,而不是狭隘的概念“支付通道”。<span style="color: black;">咱们</span><span style="color: black;">不仅</span><span style="color: black;">能够</span>反复发送支付信息,还<span style="color: black;">能够</span>反复更新智能合约。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">倘若</span>有<span style="color: black;">必须</span>的话,<span style="color: black;">咱们</span><span style="color: black;">乃至</span><span style="color: black;">能够</span>发送<span style="color: black;">全部</span>以太坊智能合约,它们将被发送到区块链并<span style="color: black;">根据</span>合约执行。其实这些程序永远不必执行<span style="color: black;">运用</span>。<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>所<span style="color: black;">必须</span>的只是一个足够高的<span style="color: black;">保准</span>,<span style="color: black;">便是</span>它们必要时是绝对<span style="color: black;">能够</span>执行的。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">将来,大<span style="color: black;">都数</span>区块链应用程序都将以某种形式<span style="color: black;">运用</span>状态通道。想要改进较少的链上操作几乎总是很苛刻,但今天在链上完成的许多事情<span style="color: black;">能够</span>转移到状态通道上,<span style="color: black;">同期</span>仍然有足够高的可用性<span style="color: black;">保准</span>。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">上面的描述略过了许多关于状态通道<span style="color: black;">怎样</span>运作的重要细节和细微差别。想要<span style="color: black;">认识</span>更<span style="color: black;">仔细</span>的描述,Ledger Labs 在去年夏天制作的一个实现模型中演示了其基本概念。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">Liam Horne 和 Jeff Coleman <span style="color: black;">近期</span>宣布,<span style="color: black;">她们</span>在 L4和 Vitalik Buterin 的支持下,在旗下的 Counterfactual <span style="color: black;">研发</span>通用的状态通道。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;">加密经济学<span style="color: black;">怎样</span>与经济理论<span style="color: black;">关联</span>联</strong></span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">用加密经济的<span style="color: black;">方向</span>思考区块链发展空间是<span style="color: black;">特别有</span><span style="color: black;">帮忙</span>的。 一旦你理解了这个想法,这有助于理清<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>行业中的许多争议和争论。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">例如,中心化管理且不<span style="color: black;">运用</span>工作量证明的「许可」区块链自首次提出<span style="color: black;">败兴</span><span style="color: black;">始终</span>备受争议。这个<span style="color: black;">行业</span><span style="color: black;">一般</span>被<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>为「分布式账本技术」,专注于财务和企业用例。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">许多区块链技术的支持者不<span style="color: black;">爱好</span>这种许可链——这种区块链可能只是字面<span style="color: black;">道理</span>上的区块链,但总有些感觉不对劲。它们似乎排斥许多人认同的区块链技术该有的重点:能够在不依赖中心化<span style="color: black;">公司</span>或传统金融体系的<span style="color: black;">状况</span>下达成共识。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">区分这两种区块链的简单<span style="color: black;">办法</span>是:区分<span style="color: black;">运用</span>加密经济的区块链和不<span style="color: black;">运用</span>加密经济的区块链。 简单的分布式账本、不依赖于加密经济学设计来产生共识或<span style="color: black;">调节</span>激励的区块链技术对某些应用可能是有用的。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">但它们与<span style="color: black;">运用</span><span style="color: black;">秘码</span>学和经济激励来产生以前不存在的共识为目的的区块链<span style="color: black;">区别</span>,<span style="color: black;">例如</span>比特币和以太坊。这是两种<span style="color: black;">区别</span>的技术,区分它们的最<span style="color: black;">知道</span>方式<span style="color: black;">便是</span>看它们是不是加密经济的产物。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">其次,<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>应该期望存在着<span style="color: black;">不仅</span>是字面<span style="color: black;">道理</span>上区块的链的加密经济共识协议。很显然,这种技术与<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>今天所<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>的区块链技术有<span style="color: black;">有些</span><span style="color: black;">一起</span>点,但直接将它标签化为区块链是不准确的。<span style="color: black;">一样</span>,<span style="color: black;">关联</span>的组织概念应该<span style="color: black;">指的是</span>:<span style="color: black;">这般</span>的协议<span style="color: black;">是不是</span>是加密经济的产物,而不是它<span style="color: black;">是不是</span>是区块链。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">ICO 热潮<span style="color: black;">亦</span>很关注这种区别,尽管<span style="color: black;">她们</span>中<span style="color: black;">亦</span>很少有人能理清楚。 <span style="color: black;">非常多</span>人都各自认定决定代币价值<span style="color: black;">体积</span>的最有力标志是:它<span style="color: black;">是不是</span>构<span style="color: black;">成为了</span>它所连接的应用程序的必要组件。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">更<span style="color: black;">知道</span>地说,问题在于:代币<span style="color: black;">是不是</span>是<span style="color: black;">各样</span>应用中加密经济机制的必要部分?理解持有ICO项目的机制设计是确定代币的功能和可能价值的重要工具。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">在过去几年中,<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>从仅仅<span style="color: black;">经过</span>一个应用程序(比特币)的视角思考这个新<span style="color: black;">行业</span>,转变到从底层技术(区块链)的<span style="color: black;">方向</span>去重新看待它。<span style="color: black;">此刻</span><span style="color: black;">咱们</span><span style="color: black;">必须</span>做的是再退后一步,从<span style="color: black;">处理</span>问题的统一<span style="color: black;">办法</span>来看待这个行业:加密经济。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">指引:</span></strong></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanism_design</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/658/what-can-an-attacker-with-51-of-hash-power-do</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">https://gobitcoin.io/tools/cost-51-attack/</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">https://spectrum.ieee.org/computing/networks/why-the-biggest-bitcoin-mines-are-in-china</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">https://security.stackexchange.com/questions/25741/how-can-i-explain-the-concept-of-public-and-private-keys-without-technical-jargo</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">https://medium.com/@ConsenSys/blockchain-underpinnings-hashing-7f4746cbd66b</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u6VSPD5TrP4&amp;feature=youtu.be&amp;t=6m11s</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">https://medium.com/@ntmoney/trustless-is-a-misnomer-956066661b79</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">https://bitcoin.org/en/faq#why-do-bitcoins-have-value</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">https://www.coindesk.com/blockchain-immutability-myth/</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickrey*auction#Proof*of*dominance*of*truthful*bidding</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickrey*auction#Proof*of*dominance*of*truthful*bidding</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1-2NMcrqWOvrjcDTjiYfLHc5cNNsMpzq6FodDVkfDNZE/edit#slide=id.g6eb8cd7660a986c30</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">https://medium.com/@VitalikButerin/the-meaning-of-decentralization-a0c92b76a274</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">https://gobitcoin.io/tools/cost-51-attack/</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">https://twitter.com/nickszabo4/status/882738070616809472</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">https://blog.ethereum.org/2015/09/14/on-slow-and-fast-block-times/</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">https://ethereum.stackexchange.com/questions/16811/is-ethereum-asic-resistant</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">https://medium.com/@Vlad_Zamfir</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">https://medium.com/@VitalikButerin</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">https://medium.com/@Vlad_Zamfir/the-history-of-casper-part-1-59233819c9a9</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9nQPcNY32JQ</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">https://medium.com/@VitalikButerin/a-proof-of-stake-design-philosophy-506585978d51</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">https://github.com/ethereum/wiki/wiki/Proof-of-Stake-FAQ</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">https://www.coindesk.com/making-sense-smart-contracts/</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">https://medium.com/@AugurProject</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">https://medium.com/u/98b26cdc56aa</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">https://vitalik.ca/general/2017/06/09/sales.html</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">https://medium.com/@status.im</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">https://medium.com/@metamask_io</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">https://medium.com/m/global-identity?redirectUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fhackernoon.com%2Fether-purchase-power-df40a38c5a2f</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">https://www.jeffcoleman.ca/state-channels/</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">https://github.com/ledgerlabs/state-channels/wiki/Counterfactual-Terminology</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">https://github.com/ledgerlabs/state-channels/wiki/Example-State-Channel</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">https://medium.com/@liamhorne</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">http://l4.ventures</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">https://medium.com/@VitalikButerin</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">https://counterfactual.com</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">https://medium.com/l4-media/generalized-state-channels-on-ethereum-de0357f5fb44</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">https://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/316sdy/to*ibm*stop*this*blockchain*nonsense*it_will/</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">https://medium.com/21-co/thoughts-on-tokens-436109aabcbe</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">https://www.coindesk.com/framework-valuing-crypto-tokens/</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">END</strong></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">长按识别二维码,关注碳链价值</strong></p><img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=1.0 encoding=UTF-8%3F%3E%3Csvg width=1px height=1px viewBox=0 0 1 1 version=1.1 xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg xmlns:xlink=http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink%3E%3Ctitle%3E%3C/title%3E%3Cg stroke=none stroke-width=1 fill=none fill-rule=evenodd fill-opacity=0%3E%3Cg transform=translate(-249.000000, -126.000000) fill=%23FFFFFF%3E%3Crect x=249 y=126 width=1 height=1%3E%3C/rect%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"><img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=1.0 encoding=UTF-8%3F%3E%3Csvg width=1px height=1px viewBox=0 0 1 1 version=1.1 xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg xmlns:xlink=http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink%3E%3Ctitle%3E%3C/title%3E%3Cg stroke=none stroke-width=1 fill=none fill-rule=evenodd fill-opacity=0%3E%3Cg transform=translate(-249.000000, -126.000000) fill=%23FFFFFF%3E%3Crect x=249 y=126 width=1 height=1%3E%3C/rect%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"><img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=1.0 encoding=UTF-8%3F%3E%3Csvg width=1px height=1px viewBox=0 0 1 1 version=1.1 xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg xmlns:xlink=http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink%3E%3Ctitle%3E%3C/title%3E%3Cg stroke=none stroke-width=1 fill=none fill-rule=evenodd fill-opacity=0%3E%3Cg transform=translate(-249.000000, -126.000000) fill=%23FFFFFF%3E%3Crect x=249 y=126 width=1 height=1%3E%3C/rect%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;">




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