柳叶刀最新颁布!中国最平常的20种肿瘤及最平常的23个致癌原由
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">吸烟的<span style="color: black;">害处</span>众所周知,可谓是健康的<span style="color: black;">第1</span>杀手。可是,你<span style="color: black;">晓得</span>吗,生活中某些不健康习惯<span style="color: black;">导致</span>的<span style="color: black;">害处</span>,<span style="color: black;">亦</span>不亚于吸烟!</p>
<div style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><img src="https://pic2.zhimg.com/80/v2-8fa4d206b4f82e4953c3577ace12b6c9_720w.webp" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></div>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">日前,国家癌症中心/中国医学科学院肿瘤医院赫捷院士和陈万青教授牵头<span style="color: black;">发布</span>在《柳叶刀——<span style="color: black;">全世界</span>健康》上的重磅论文,专门针对中国人群,分析了23种<span style="color: black;">重点</span>致癌<span style="color: black;">危害</span><span style="color: black;">引起</span>的不同癌种在我国的发病比例。更牛的是,还分析了在全国各省市自治区因<span style="color: black;">各样</span>致癌<span style="color: black;">危害</span><span style="color: black;">引起</span>的患癌比例,给<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>敲响了警钟!面对身边这些隐形杀手,<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>该<span style="color: black;">怎样</span>积极应对,逐一击破呢?</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">中国癌<span style="color: black;">平常</span>的23个致癌<span style="color: black;">原因</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">行径</span><span style="color: black;">原因</span>4种和<span style="color: black;">关联</span>癌症部位</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">吸烟:口腔、咽(C00–C14);食道(C15);胃(C16);结肠直肠(C18–C20,C26 0);肝(C22);胰腺(C25);喉(C32);肺、支气管、气管(C33–C34);子宫颈(C53);肾脏、肾盂、输尿管(C64–C66);膀胱(C67);急性髓性白血病(C92 0,C924–C925,C94 0,C94 2)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">二手烟:肺、支气管、气管(C33–C34;仅在从不吸烟者中)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">饮酒:口腔、咽(C00–C14);食管(C15仅鳞状细胞癌);结肠直肠(C18–C20,C26 0);肝(C22);喉(C32);女性乳房(C50)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">缺乏<span style="color: black;">熬炼</span>:结肠,不<span style="color: black;">包含</span>直肠(C18,C26 0);女性乳房(C50绝经前癌症仅与剧烈活动负<span style="color: black;">关联</span>,绝经后癌症与所有类型的体力活动负<span style="color: black;">关联</span>);子宫体(C54–C55)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">膳食</span><span style="color: black;">原因</span>7种</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">摄入不足</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">果蔬</span>:口腔、咽、喉(C00–C14、C32);肺、支气管、气管(C33-C34)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">蔬菜:口腔、咽、喉(C00–C14、C32)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">膳食纤维:结肠直肠(C18–C20,C26 0)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">钙:结肠直肠(C18–C20,C26 0)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">摄入<span style="color: black;">太多</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">红肉:结肠直肠(C18–C20,C26 0)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">加工肉类制品:结肠直肠(C18–C20,C26 0);胃(C16 1-C16 6;仅非贲门)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">腌菜:胃(C16)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">代谢<span style="color: black;">原因</span>2种</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">体重超标:食管(C15仅腺癌);胃(C16 0;仅贲门);结肠直肠(C18–C20,C26 0);肝(C22);胆囊(C23);胰腺(C25);女性乳房(C50仅绝经后癌症);子宫体(C54–C55);卵巢(C56);肾脏、肾盂(C64–C65);甲状腺(C73)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">糖尿病:结肠直肠(C18–C20,C26 0);胆囊(C23–C24);胰腺(C25);肝(C22);女性乳房(C50);子宫体(C54–C55)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">环境<span style="color: black;">原因</span>2种</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">PM 2.5 污染:肺、支气管、气管(C33–C34)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">紫外线辐射:皮肤黑色素瘤(C43)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">感染<span style="color: black;">原因</span>8种</p>1种细菌:幽门螺旋杆菌—胃(C16 1-C16 6;仅非贲门)6种病毒:<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">乙肝病毒(HBV):肝脏(C22)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">丙肝病毒(HCV):肝(C22);非霍奇金淋巴瘤(C82–C85,C96 3)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">人乳头状瘤病毒(HPV):口腔(C02–C06);口咽、扁桃体和舌根(C01、C09–C10);肛门(C21);子宫颈(C53);外阴(C51);阴道(C52);阴茎(C60)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">EB病毒(EBV):鼻咽(C11),霍奇金淋巴瘤(C81)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV):肛门(C21);卡波西肉瘤(C46);子宫颈(C53);霍奇金淋巴瘤(C81);非霍奇金淋巴瘤(C82–C85,C96 3)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">人类疱疹病毒 8 型(HHV - 8)</p>2种寄生虫:华支睾吸虫(肝吸虫)—胆管癌(C22 1)<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">各省市各致癌<span style="color: black;">原因</span><span style="color: black;">引起</span>患癌<span style="color: black;">危害</span>比例</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">由 23 种可避免的<span style="color: black;">引起</span>癌症<span style="color: black;">原因</span>所占比例排名,从高到低,前五分别是黑龙江、广东、吉林、湖北、内蒙古;比例最低的五个是甘肃、云南、新疆、西藏和上海,其中上海<span style="color: black;">仅有</span> 35.2% 的癌症死亡,是全国最低。</p>
<div style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><img src="https://pic4.zhimg.com/80/v2-3fbd0b046f0ec67390ffbd39dbeb6a1b_720w.webp" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></div>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">而在20岁及以上成人中,中国每年有103.6万人死于23种<span style="color: black;">重点</span>致癌<span style="color: black;">原因</span><span style="color: black;">导致</span>的<span style="color: black;">各样</span>癌症,占<span style="color: black;">所有</span>20岁及以上癌症死亡人数(约为229万人)的45.2%。<span style="color: black;">然则</span>,只要防控好这23种致癌<span style="color: black;">原因</span>,这103.6万人是<span style="color: black;">能够</span>避免死亡的。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">做到这七点,击破23大隐形杀手!</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">科研</span><span style="color: black;">显示</span>,这些致癌<span style="color: black;">危害</span>是<span style="color: black;">能够</span>避免的,这<span style="color: black;">寓意</span>着将近103.6万例可预防的癌症。<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>该<span style="color: black;">怎样</span>做呢?</p>
<div style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><img src="https://pic2.zhimg.com/80/v2-14492236d51492bf8f658eb17d70ff65_720w.webp" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></div>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">1、戒烟是头等大事!</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">显然,关于吸烟的最佳预防癌症策略是永远不吸烟。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">全国有6个省市自治区的女性最大<span style="color: black;">危害</span>是吸烟,<span style="color: black;">包含</span>黑龙江、吉林、辽宁、天津、内蒙古、安徽。<span style="color: black;">始终</span><span style="color: black;">败兴</span>,东北的女性肺癌发病率都比较高,这和她们吸烟率高密切<span style="color: black;">关联</span>。在贵州和云南,男性吸烟的比例占到了62.1%和61.4%,而这两个省<span style="color: black;">亦</span>恰好是财政收入对烟草行业依赖比例最高的省份。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">针对</span>现有的吸烟者<span style="color: black;">来讲</span>,“降低<span style="color: black;">危害</span>的程度取决于您吸烟的年数以及戒烟前抽取的香烟数量。<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>吸烟不到五年(<span style="color: black;">每日</span>不超过一包),癌症<span style="color: black;">危害</span>较低,只要你戒烟,你就会降低<span style="color: black;">危害</span>,<span style="color: black;">得到</span>健康的好处。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">吸烟者经常反驳:“我<span style="color: black;">晓得</span>从不吸烟的人,仍然会得肺癌。我<span style="color: black;">为何</span>要戒烟呢?”然而,科学现实是,吸烟越少,<span style="color: black;">病患</span>肺癌的机会越少。<span style="color: black;">倘若</span><span style="color: black;">大众</span>采取低<span style="color: black;">危害</span>群体的生活习惯,尤其是戒烟,<span style="color: black;">能够</span>避免大约80%到90%的肺癌死亡。1991年<span style="color: black;">败兴</span>,美国癌症死亡率降低了26%,其中一半以上归因于吸烟率的下降。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">意见</span>:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">▍① 戒烟对任何年龄<span style="color: black;">周期</span>的人都有益。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">▍② 吸烟<span style="color: black;">引起</span>人均寿命缩短十年以上。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">▍③ <span style="color: black;">倘若</span>40岁以前戒烟,<span style="color: black;">能够</span>夺回9年寿命。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">2、限酒,任何饮酒都有害</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">酒精是一类致癌物,每18个癌症里面就有1个和喝酒<span style="color: black;">关联</span>。有充分证据<span style="color: black;">显示</span>酒精会<span style="color: black;">上升</span>口咽、喉、食管(鳞)、胃、肝、结直肠、乳腺<span style="color: black;">出现</span>癌症的<span style="color: black;">危害</span>,还有部分<span style="color: black;">科研</span><span style="color: black;">表示</span>酒精还可能<span style="color: black;">引起</span>肺癌、胰腺癌和皮肤癌。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">西藏、内蒙古皆以喝酒豪爽著<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>,饮酒<span style="color: black;">引起</span>癌症比例排名第<span style="color: black;">1、</span>二位;宁夏比例全国最低,<span style="color: black;">仅有</span>9%,巧的<span style="color: black;">亦</span>是回族不喝酒。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">《中国居民膳食指南》(2016)<span style="color: black;">意见</span>,男性一天饮用酒精量不超过25克,女性不超过15克,否则即为饮酒过量。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">25克酒精量是什么概念?大概换算下,记住:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">▍白酒:每次不要超过1两</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">▍啤酒:每次不要超过一瓶</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">▍红酒:每次限制在一红酒杯<span style="color: black;">上下</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">3、<span style="color: black;">掌控</span>体重</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">肥壮</span>不仅会<span style="color: black;">增多</span>患心脏病、糖尿病、骨质和关节<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>的<span style="color: black;">危害</span>,还会<span style="color: black;">增多</span>患癌症的<span style="color: black;">危害</span>。<span style="color: black;">这儿</span>尤其要<span style="color: black;">说到</span>胰腺癌,它不仅和<span style="color: black;">肥壮</span><span style="color: black;">相关</span>,还跟糖尿病<span style="color: black;">相关</span>。胰腺癌整体在发达地区发病率更高,北京女性中,有 6.7% 和糖尿病<span style="color: black;">关联</span>,是全国最高的地区;而山西、江西和广西的比例都要低<span style="color: black;">非常多</span>,<span style="color: black;">例如</span>江西<span style="color: black;">仅有</span> 1.5% 的女性胰腺癌和糖尿病<span style="color: black;">相关</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">仔细</span>:<span style="color: black;">各样</span>癌症与<span style="color: black;">肥壮</span>的关系↓↓↓</p>
<div style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><img src="https://pic3.zhimg.com/80/v2-3d4e7f00ef55a80aaea0bd9f8546a51e_720w.webp" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></div>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">照片</span><span style="color: black;">源自</span>:梅斯医学</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">体重最保持在标准BMI(身体质量指数)内,即18.5~23.9。</p>
<div style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><img src="https://pic2.zhimg.com/80/v2-2574b068ed8252cc255ca7c1ec506761_720w.webp" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></div>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">另外</span>,男性腰围要<span style="color: black;">掌控</span>在90厘米以内;女性腰围<span style="color: black;">不该</span>该超过80厘米。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">4、健康<span style="color: black;">膳食</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">培根、火腿、香肠、热狗都被世界卫生组织列为<span style="color: black;">第1</span>组致癌物。食用加工过的肉类会<span style="color: black;">增多</span>18%的结肠直肠癌<span style="color: black;">危害</span>。红肉<span style="color: black;">亦</span>会缩短人的寿命,<span style="color: black;">增多</span>患结肠癌的<span style="color: black;">危害</span>,<span style="color: black;">尤其</span>是当肉被烤或烧烤,<span style="color: black;">乃至</span>是轻微烧伤的时候。虽然红肉的致癌<span style="color: black;">危害</span>远不及吸烟的<span style="color: black;">危害</span>高,但减少红肉的摄入量,并限制食用加工肉类只会降低你患癌症的<span style="color: black;">危害</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">从中国整体来看,排<span style="color: black;">第1</span>的致癌<span style="color: black;">危害</span><span style="color: black;">原因</span>是<span style="color: black;">果蔬</span>蔬菜摄入不足,占了15.6%,它<span style="color: black;">亦</span>是全国14个省的女性<span style="color: black;">第1</span>大<span style="color: black;">危害</span><span style="color: black;">原因</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">《中国居民膳食指南》<span style="color: black;">举荐</span><span style="color: black;">每日</span>吃 300~500 克蔬菜,200~350 克<span style="color: black;">鲜嫩</span><span style="color: black;">果蔬</span>。<span style="color: black;">这儿</span>要刻意强调一下蔬菜应为“非淀粉类蔬菜”,即不以淀粉为主的蔬菜,<span style="color: black;">包含</span>各类叶菜、十字花科蔬菜(如西兰花)、秋葵、茄子等都是非淀粉类蔬菜,<span style="color: black;">然则</span>不<span style="color: black;">包含</span><span style="color: black;">马铃薯</span>、<span style="color: black;">番薯</span>、山药这类根茎类<span style="color: black;">食品</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">有<span style="color: black;">科研</span><span style="color: black;">表示</span>非淀粉类蔬菜和<span style="color: black;">果蔬</span><span style="color: black;">能够</span>降低诸多上<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>消化道肿瘤的<span style="color: black;">危害</span>,诸如口腔、鼻咽、食管、肺、胃和结直肠的肿瘤发病<span style="color: black;">危害</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">5、运动、运动、运动</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">体育<span style="color: black;">熬炼</span>不仅有助于<span style="color: black;">瘦身</span>或保持体形,<span style="color: black;">况且</span>对癌症<span style="color: black;">亦</span>有预防<span style="color: black;">功效</span>。运动似乎降低了激素水平,改善了<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>的免疫系统功能,降低了胰岛素和胰岛素样生长因子的水平,<span style="color: black;">亦</span>降低了身体脂肪。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">科研</span><span style="color: black;">显示</span>,<span style="color: black;">每日</span><span style="color: black;">最少</span>进行30-60分钟的中等到高强度体育<span style="color: black;">熬炼</span>的人患癌症的<span style="color: black;">危害</span>会降低,尤其是乳腺癌和结肠癌的<span style="color: black;">危害</span>。<span style="color: black;">另外</span>,其他几种癌症的发病率<span style="color: black;">亦</span>有所下降,<span style="color: black;">包含</span>前列腺癌、肺癌和子宫内膜癌。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">为了预防癌症,美国运动指南<span style="color: black;">意见</span>:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">▌成年人每周<span style="color: black;">最少</span>应进行150分钟中等强度有氧运动(如<span style="color: black;">慢跑</span>);</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">▌或75分钟高强度运动(如慢跑);</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">▌或等量的两种运动组合。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">6、远离11种病原体</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">咱们</span>上文<span style="color: black;">说到</span>了中国<span style="color: black;">平常</span>的8种感染致癌<span style="color: black;">原因</span>,<span style="color: black;">针对</span><span style="color: black;">通常</span>生活中<span style="color: black;">平常</span>的感染,<span style="color: black;">咱们</span><span style="color: black;">意见</span>:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">▍① 宫颈癌——HPV人体乳头状瘤病毒</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">途径:性传播途径、密切接触、间接接触(感染者的衣物、生活用品、用具等)、医源性感染、母婴传播。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">预防:接种HPV疫苗、<span style="color: black;">重视</span>个人卫生、<span style="color: black;">重视</span>性生活卫生。有过性<span style="color: black;">行径</span>的女性,最好每年做一次筛查。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">提醒:感染HPV<span style="color: black;">初期</span><span style="color: black;">没</span><span style="color: black;">显著</span>症状,<span style="color: black;">导致</span>宫颈病变后,可能<span style="color: black;">显现</span>性生活接触性<span style="color: black;">流血</span>、白带<span style="color: black;">增加</span>有异味、经期延长<span style="color: black;">大姨妈</span>量<span style="color: black;">增加</span>等,要<span style="color: black;">即时</span><span style="color: black;">看病</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">▍② 胃癌——幽门螺旋杆菌</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">途径:口腔唾液、粪便经手、<span style="color: black;">食品</span>接触口</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">预防:餐前要洗手,<span style="color: black;">尽可能</span>不要喂送<span style="color: black;">食品</span>,尤其不要口口喂养幼儿。<span style="color: black;">能够</span>分餐制或公筷,且餐具经常消毒。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">提醒:<span style="color: black;">倘若</span><span style="color: black;">显现</span>口臭、泛酸、胃痛等症状的<span style="color: black;">病人</span>,应做胃镜和hp感染筛查。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">▍③ 肝癌——乙肝和丙肝病毒、肝吸虫</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">途径:血液传播、母婴传播、性传播、生吃淡水鱼虾等</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">预防:接种乙肝丙肝疫苗;在<span style="color: black;">捐血</span>或输血时去正规医疗<span style="color: black;">公司</span>;做好婚检孕检;少吃生的淡水鱼虾。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">提醒:慢性乙肝、丙肝<span style="color: black;">病人</span>可能<span style="color: black;">显现</span>乏力、食欲不振、消化不良等症状,切不可轻视。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">▍④ 鼻咽癌——EB病毒</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">途径:唾液传播</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">预防:接种EB疫苗,<span style="color: black;">重视</span>避免口对口传播和喷嚏飞沫传播。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">7、进行癌症筛查</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">针对</span>大<span style="color: black;">都数</span>癌症<span style="color: black;">来讲</span>,<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>能及早<span style="color: black;">发掘</span>并治疗,存活就会更大。要<span style="color: black;">定时</span>进行以下癌症筛查:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">乳腺癌筛查、宫颈癌筛查、结肠直肠癌筛查、丙型肝炎病毒筛查、艾滋病毒筛查、肺癌筛查、<span style="color: black;">肥壮</span>等。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">针对</span>大<span style="color: black;">都数</span>癌症<span style="color: black;">来讲</span>,<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>能及早<span style="color: black;">发掘</span>并治疗,存活率会大大<span style="color: black;">加强</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">因此</span>体检时<span style="color: black;">必定</span>要<span style="color: black;">注意</span>这6大可预防的癌症筛查:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">乳腺癌</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">乳腺癌是女性发病率<span style="color: black;">第1</span>位的肿瘤,以下人群<span style="color: black;">必须</span><span style="color: black;">定时</span>接受筛查:</p>1、<span style="color: black;">无</span>高危<span style="color: black;">原因</span>的女性,应该从40岁起,接受每年1次的筛查;2、有以下高危<span style="color: black;">原因</span>的女性应该从25岁<span style="color: black;">起始</span>接受每年一次的筛查:①<span style="color: black;">大姨妈</span>初潮年龄<span style="color: black;">少于</span>12岁;②一级亲属在50岁之前患乳腺癌;③两个以上一级<span style="color: black;">或</span>二级亲属在50岁以后患乳腺癌<span style="color: black;">或</span>卵巢癌;④既往有乳腺导管或小叶不典型增生或小叶原位癌的<span style="color: black;">病人</span>;⑤既往行胸部放疗者。<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">筛查项目:首选乳腺<span style="color: black;">彩超</span><span style="color: black;">或</span>乳腺钼靶。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">肺癌</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">肺癌在男性<span style="color: black;">其中</span>发病率排<span style="color: black;">第1</span>位,女性中排第二位。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">意见</span>40岁以上、有以下一项高危<span style="color: black;">原因</span>的人群,每年接受一次筛查:</p>1、吸烟≥20包年,<span style="color: black;">包含</span>戒烟时间不足15年者;2、被动吸烟者;3、职业暴露史(石棉、铀、铍等);4、恶性肿瘤病史或家族肺癌史;5、慢性阻塞性肺病或弥漫性纤维化肺病史。<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">肺癌的高发年龄为45~65岁,<span style="color: black;">针对</span>非高危人群,<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">能够</span>在这个年龄段进行每年一次筛查。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">筛查项目:肺部低剂量螺旋CT。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">肝癌</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">我国是肝癌高发国家,全世界一半以上的肝癌都<span style="color: black;">出现</span>在中国。<span style="color: black;">意见</span>以下人群,从40岁起<span style="color: black;">起始</span>接受每年一次的筛查:</p>1、<span style="color: black;">拥有</span>乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)和/ 或丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)感染;2、<span style="color: black;">长时间</span>酗酒 ;3、非酒精脂肪性肝炎;4、<span style="color: black;">长时间</span>食用被黄曲霉毒素污染<span style="color: black;">食品</span>;5、<span style="color: black;">各样</span><span style="color: black;">原由</span><span style="color: black;">导致</span>的肝硬化、以及有肝癌家族史等的人群。<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">筛查项目:血清甲胎蛋白(AFP)和肝脏超声<span style="color: black;">检测</span>是<span style="color: black;">初期</span>筛查的<span style="color: black;">重点</span>手段。<span style="color: black;">意见</span>高危人群每隔6个月进行<span style="color: black;">最少</span>一次<span style="color: black;">检测</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">结直肠癌</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">大肠癌是<span style="color: black;">平常</span>的消化道恶性肿瘤,80%以上的大肠癌<span style="color: black;">是由于</span>息肉恶变而来的。<span style="color: black;">初期</span><span style="color: black;">发掘</span>结肠息肉,<span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">明显</span>降低大肠癌的发病率,<span style="color: black;">加强</span><span style="color: black;">存活</span>率。以下人群<span style="color: black;">必须</span>接受大肠癌的筛查:</p>1、45岁以上<span style="color: black;">无</span>任何症状的人群;2、粪便潜血<span style="color: black;">实验</span>阳性;3、既往有结肠腺瘤性息肉、溃疡性结肠炎、克罗恩病等癌前病变;4、40岁以上有以下症状,大于2周的腹泻、便秘、便血<span style="color: black;">或</span>大便变细。<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">筛查项目:结肠镜<span style="color: black;">检测</span>。<span style="color: black;">倘若</span><span style="color: black;">无</span><span style="color: black;">发掘</span>问题,<span style="color: black;">能够</span>5~10年后再次接受肠镜<span style="color: black;">检测</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">胃癌</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">我国是胃癌高发国家,与不良<span style="color: black;">膳食</span>习惯、幽门螺杆菌感染有密切关系。<span style="color: black;">意见</span>年龄≥40岁,且符合下列任意一条者,<span style="color: black;">做为</span>胃癌筛查对象人群:</p>1、胃癌高发地区人群;2、幽门螺杆菌感染者;3、既往<span style="color: black;">身患</span>慢性萎缩性胃炎、胃溃疡、胃息肉、手术后残胃、肥厚性胃炎、恶性贫血等胃的癌前<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>;4、胃癌<span style="color: black;">病人</span>一级亲属;5、存在胃癌其他<span style="color: black;">危害</span><span style="color: black;">原因</span>(如摄入高盐、腌制<span style="color: black;">膳食</span>、吸烟、重度饮酒等)。<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">筛查项目:首选胃镜,不仅<span style="color: black;">能够</span>确诊,<span style="color: black;">针对</span>早期病变,还<span style="color: black;">能够</span>做治疗。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">食道癌</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">我国<span style="color: black;">亦</span>是食管癌高发国家,<span style="color: black;">针对</span>普通人群,<span style="color: black;">意见</span>从55岁<span style="color: black;">起始</span>筛查。<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>存在以下任何一个高危<span style="color: black;">原因</span>者,<span style="color: black;">意见</span>从40岁起<span style="color: black;">起始</span>筛查:</p>1、<span style="color: black;">长时间</span>居住于食管鳞癌高发区;2、一级亲属有食管鳞癌病史;3、既往有食管病变史(食管上皮内瘤变);4、<span style="color: black;">自己</span>有癌症史;5、<span style="color: black;">长时间</span>吸烟史;6、<span style="color: black;">长时间</span>饮酒史;7、有不良<span style="color: black;">膳食</span>习惯如<span style="color: black;">摄食</span>快、热烫<span style="color: black;">膳食</span>、高盐<span style="color: black;">膳食</span>、<span style="color: black;">摄食</span>腌菜者。<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">筛查项目:首选胃镜<span style="color: black;">检测</span>。<span style="color: black;">仅有</span>胃镜<span style="color: black;">才可</span>够清晰地观察病变,<span style="color: black;">知道</span>诊断。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">关联</span>参考资料:Wanqing Chen, PhD,Changfa Xia, MPH et al.Disparities by province, age, and sex in site-specific cancer burden attributable to 23 potentially modifiable risk factors in China: a comparative risk assessment</p>
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