癌症晚期,癌细胞已然扩散,病人还能活多久?
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<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">本文观点源自“探论”,一个癌症个体化治疗的<span style="color: black;">指点</span>性理论和实践体系,一个经过维度<span style="color: black;">提高</span>的个性化治疗指南,一个可用于临床治疗<span style="color: black;">指点</span>的实时导航系统。“探论”<span style="color: black;">按照</span><span style="color: black;">每一个</span>病例本身的内在生物学规律,<span style="color: black;">尤其</span>是从抗肿瘤免疫的状态出发,追求癌症治疗的最大临床效益。“探论”创始人宗康拉教授,<span style="color: black;">离休</span>于美国斯坦福医学院外科系,师从<span style="color: black;">全世界</span>肿瘤免疫学泰斗,美国国立卫生院肿瘤<span style="color: black;">科研</span>所外科系<span style="color: black;">专家</span>Steven Rosenberg 教授,并<span style="color: black;">长时间</span>在三所美国顶级医学院(WashU,UCSF,Stanford)任教并进行肿瘤免疫方面的<span style="color: black;">科研</span>。【链接:</span><a style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">什么是“探论”?-- 探论相对主流医学的区别和<span style="color: black;">优良</span></span></a><span style="color: black;">】</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">类似的问题在知乎上经常<span style="color: black;">显现</span>,一个问题<span style="color: black;">触及</span>了三个方面,<span style="color: black;">每一个</span>方面中又都存在着太多的误区,值得认真回答(<span style="color: black;">实质</span>上<span style="color: black;">每一个</span>方面都够写一篇单独的<span style="color: black;">文案</span>了)。篇幅所限,<span style="color: black;">更加多</span>内容请参考底部的“延伸阅读”。</span></p>
<h3 style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">什么是癌症晚期</span></strong></h3>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">癌症“晚期”是什么意思?</span><span style="color: black;">怎样</span>界定?<span style="color: black;">晚期跟终末期是一个意思吗?<span style="color: black;">通常</span><span style="color: black;">大夫</span>口中的晚期指的是TNM分期上的三期<span style="color: black;">或</span>四期,<span style="color: black;">是由于</span>肿瘤的<span style="color: black;">包袱</span>和分布决定的。但</span><span style="color: black;">实质</span>上,</span><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;">肿瘤<span style="color: black;">包袱</span>本身并不是死亡的决定性<span style="color: black;">原因</span>,起决定<span style="color: black;">功效</span>的是有<span style="color: black;">无</span><span style="color: black;">由于</span>这个肿瘤<span style="color: black;">包袱</span><span style="color: black;">引起</span>了系统炎症(恶液质)。</strong></span><span style="color: black;">人类对恶液质的认识自从有了癌症就<span style="color: black;">起始</span>了,但<span style="color: black;">迄今</span>没看明白。<span style="color: black;">例如</span>说,医学界<span style="color: black;">广泛</span>是这么想的:恶液质是癌症晚期<span style="color: black;">显现</span>的综合性问题,是癌症晚期的<span style="color: black;">伴同</span>现象。<span style="color: black;">便是</span>说认为癌症<span style="color: black;">发展</span>到<span style="color: black;">必定</span>的时候就进入晚期了。到了晚期,<span style="color: black;">各样</span>问题就出来了。不进入晚期,<span style="color: black;">亦</span>不会有恶液质。但<span style="color: black;">实质</span>上不是这么回事。<span style="color: black;">倘若</span><span style="color: black;">咱们</span>把能够诱发“恶液质”的肿瘤细胞接种到小鼠皮下。10天后肿瘤长到黄豆<span style="color: black;">体积</span>的时候,宿主就会<span style="color: black;">显现</span>典型的恶液质症状,<span style="color: black;">包含</span>体重快速下降,竖毛,萎靡以至于在几天后死亡。一个黄豆<span style="color: black;">体积</span>的皮下肿瘤,<span style="color: black;">无</span>扩散,<span style="color: black;">无</span>对机体任何主脏器的<span style="color: black;">理学</span><span style="color: black;">干涉</span>,居然<span style="color: black;">能够</span>致宿主于死地,可见</span><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;">“</strong><strong style="color: blue;">恶液质”是一个独立致死(跟肿瘤<span style="color: black;">包袱</span><span style="color: black;">没</span>关)的<span style="color: black;">原由</span>。</strong><strong style="color: blue;">而</strong><strong style="color: blue;">“恶液质”的本质是一种<span style="color: black;">没</span>感染性系统炎症。</strong></span><span style="color: black;">机体一旦进入系统炎症,就可能<span style="color: black;">引起</span>病患凝血<span style="color: black;">反常</span>、代谢<span style="color: black;">反常</span>、免疫崩溃<span style="color: black;">从而</span>全身器官衰竭<span style="color: black;">最后</span>死亡。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">另一个与恶液质致死过程<span style="color: black;">类似</span>,<span style="color: black;">然则</span>却又是基于过继免疫过激的临床现象,<span style="color: black;">咱们</span><span style="color: black;">叫作</span>作免疫过激,</span><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;">是<span style="color: black;">由于</span>本质上这个现象是过继免疫攻击肿瘤所<span style="color: black;">引起</span>的一系列免疫对宿主的<span style="color: black;">损伤</span>,<span style="color: black;">包含</span>致死</strong>。</span><span style="color: black;">最典型的临床表现<span style="color: black;">便是</span><span style="color: black;">有些</span>真正的四期病例,有些原发灶不算大,转移灶非常多,有些肝脏的肝癌<span style="color: black;">或</span>胆管癌不<span style="color: black;">必定</span>有转移灶,<span style="color: black;">然则</span>原发灶<span style="color: black;">很强</span>。这些病例<span style="color: black;">发掘</span>的时候<span style="color: black;">无</span>症状,<span style="color: black;">而后</span><span style="color: black;">忽然</span><span style="color: black;">起始</span>有了症状,随之<span style="color: black;">快速</span>恶化,<span style="color: black;">病人</span>在一两个月内就从正<span style="color: black;">一般人</span>衰竭到死亡。<span style="color: black;">伴同</span>着严重的症状,<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>看不到肿瘤病灶的<span style="color: black;">发展</span>。<span style="color: black;">不仅</span><span style="color: black;">无</span><span style="color: black;">发展</span>,可能肿标<span style="color: black;">或</span>影像上还会<span style="color: black;">显现</span>肿瘤的应答。<span style="color: black;">然则</span><span style="color: black;">病人</span>仍然会在短期死亡。死亡的直接<span style="color: black;">原由</span><span style="color: black;">亦</span>是多器官的衰竭和凝血<span style="color: black;">反常</span>。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">因此呢</span>在探论看来,只关注肿瘤<span style="color: black;">包袱</span>和分布的TNM晚期并不是真正的晚期,而<span style="color: black;">处在</span>恶液质(系统炎症)<span style="color: black;">或</span>免疫过激<span style="color: black;">周期</span>的终末期,在<span style="color: black;">日前</span>的医疗<span style="color: black;">前提</span>下几乎<span style="color: black;">没</span>力回天,才是真正的晚期。</span></p>
<h3 style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">癌细胞<span style="color: black;">已然</span>扩散<span style="color: black;">便是</span>晚期吗?</span></strong></h3>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">不是!</span></strong></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">此刻</span>的观点认为,</span><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">肿瘤在发展的很<span style="color: black;">初期</span>,在临床上能够看到之前就<span style="color: black;">起始</span>了扩散转移的过程,</span></strong><span style="color: black;">理论上<span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">出现</span>于肿瘤形成独立血供之后的任何时刻。</span><span style="color: black;">只要这些癌细胞存在,转移灶<span style="color: black;">显现</span>的可能就存在。<span style="color: black;">因此</span><span style="color: black;">此刻</span>的临床上再<span style="color: black;">亦</span>不敢提一个C(cure, 治愈)了,只能提两个C(clinical cure, 临床治愈)。仔细想想:既然原发灶早就扩散了,而手术只能切除原发灶,<span style="color: black;">那样</span><span style="color: black;">为何</span>手术拿掉了原发灶之后,有些病人就“治愈”了呢?<span style="color: black;">她们</span>身<span style="color: black;">身体</span>转移的癌细胞<span style="color: black;">为何</span>不会致命?医学界从来不予解释(<span style="color: black;">由于</span>解释不了)。<span style="color: black;">大夫</span>们的态度总是让人觉得<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>今天不做手术,明天有可能就扩散了。。。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">这儿</span>的奥秘就在于一个<span style="color: black;">重要</span>的概念:转移灶。在<span style="color: black;">非常多</span>人脑子里,肿瘤细胞扩散与生成转移灶是等义的。然而并不是!</strong></span><span style="color: black;">肿瘤扩散多半是以单个<span style="color: black;">或</span>几个肿瘤细胞为单位<span style="color: black;">出现</span>的。而大<span style="color: black;">都数</span>扩散到身体其他部位的肿瘤细胞<span style="color: black;">亦</span>应该是以单个<span style="color: black;">或</span>几个细胞<span style="color: black;">长时间</span>存活的。这些细胞有分裂的能力,能够依靠末端血管扩散出来的氧气和养分从一个变成两个,<span style="color: black;">乃至</span>多个。但不<span style="color: black;">必定</span>有促成血管生成的能力。当细胞数多到<span style="color: black;">处在</span>细胞团内部的细胞得不到充分养分和氧气的时候,内部的细胞就会死掉,<span style="color: black;">全部</span>细胞团就会垮塌回到几个细胞的状态,再次<span style="color: black;">起始</span>一个繁殖,生长,缺氧(养),死亡,垮塌的循环。这个状态的肿瘤细胞虽然有可能<span style="color: black;">没</span>限期地活下去,但对宿主并<span style="color: black;">无</span><span style="color: black;">害处</span>, 除非有一天它们形成<span style="color: black;">自己</span>的血管系统,长成一个病灶。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">世界最权威的《新英格兰医学杂志》曾刊登过一篇<span style="color: black;">文案</span>,讲的是一系列“痊愈”的肿瘤病人后来<span style="color: black;">因为</span>其他<span style="color: black;">原由</span>(车祸)死后贡献器官<span style="color: black;">引起</span>受体<span style="color: black;">身体</span><span style="color: black;">显现</span>癌症<span style="color: black;">最后</span>死亡的观察。其中一个<span style="color: black;">女性</span>,19年前诊断出黑色素癌<span style="color: black;">初期</span>,手术治疗后19年<span style="color: black;">没</span>复发转移。后<span style="color: black;">因为</span>车祸死亡后肾脏移植到一个受体,<span style="color: black;">引起</span>黑色素癌在移植的肾脏复发,<span style="color: black;">引起</span>新的宿主死亡。从这个病例,<span style="color: black;">咱们</span><span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">这般</span>问:癌症在原来那个<span style="color: black;">女性</span>身<span style="color: black;">身体</span>治愈了吗?应该说治愈了,<span style="color: black;">由于</span>19年都<span style="color: black;">无</span>问题。但肯定是<span style="color: black;">无</span>真正治愈,<span style="color: black;">由于</span>到了新的受体就复发了。这个事实说明癌症细胞早就转移了(黑色素肿瘤的原发灶是在皮肤,最后却存在于肾脏)。</span></p>
<h3 style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">癌症晚期能活多久?</span></strong></h3>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">“我这个病大概还能活多久”?这是<span style="color: black;">每一个</span><span style="color: black;">病人</span>心里<span style="color: black;">皆想</span><span style="color: black;">晓得</span>的棘手的<span style="color: black;">困难</span>。这个问题好回答<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">欠好</span>回答。好回答是<span style="color: black;">由于</span><span style="color: black;">按照</span>国内外的大规模数据,<span style="color: black;">能够</span>推测平均能活多久。但这个平均值放到<span style="color: black;">详细</span>某个人身上<span style="color: black;">常常</span>就不灵了。</span><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;">肿瘤的恶性程度确定之后,共存免疫的强弱是影响一个病例预后的最<span style="color: black;">重要</span><span style="color: black;">原因</span>。</strong></span><span style="color: black;">探论的实践一再告诉<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>,<span style="color: black;">一样</span>的减负治疗<span style="color: black;">没</span>法在所有的<span style="color: black;">病人</span>身上应答一致,<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">便是</span>说,</span><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">引起</span>癌症是个性化<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>的<span style="color: black;">基本</span><span style="color: black;">原由</span>,<span style="color: black;">便是</span><span style="color: black;">每一个</span>病例<span style="color: black;">暗地里</span>存在着的变化多端的共存免疫状态。</strong></span><span style="color: black;">肿瘤的生物学特性会<span style="color: black;">经过</span>影响肿瘤恶性程度和转移规律在<span style="color: black;">少许</span>病例中展现<span style="color: black;">重要</span>性<span style="color: black;">功效</span>,<span style="color: black;">然则</span>一旦进入到恶性肿瘤这个范畴之后,其对预后的影响就<span style="color: black;">无</span><span style="color: black;">病人</span>的共存免疫状态<span style="color: black;">那样</span><span style="color: black;">要紧</span>了。</span><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">因此呢</span>一个“晚期”病例跟另一个“晚期”病例完全<span style="color: black;">无</span>可比性,<span style="color: black;">不可</span>一概而论</strong>。</span><span style="color: black;">世界上<span style="color: black;">无</span>完全<span style="color: black;">同样</span>的两片树叶,世界上<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">无</span>两个完全<span style="color: black;">同样</span>的癌症。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;">在癌症的分期上,<span style="color: black;">日前</span>的指南是局限于TNM的二维空间,<span style="color: black;">然则</span>加入了免疫强度这个新的维度,就<span style="color: black;">能够</span>看得更准确。</strong></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">例如</span>说,一个在指南的TNM分期上是<span style="color: black;">初期</span>的病例,<span style="color: black;">倘若</span><span style="color: black;">由于</span><span style="color: black;">发掘</span>早,还<span style="color: black;">无</span>形成共存免疫,<span style="color: black;">那样</span>即便是手术了,<span style="color: black;">亦</span>会留下转移灶隐患,在术后复发转移而<span style="color: black;">引起</span><span style="color: black;">最后</span>的治疗失败,这<span style="color: black;">便是</span>一个“假<span style="color: black;">初期</span>”的<span style="color: black;">状况</span>。相反,一个<span style="color: black;">由于</span>共存免疫<span style="color: black;">创立</span>时间晚于转移灶<span style="color: black;">创立</span>,<span style="color: black;">然则</span><span style="color: black;">已然</span>形成共存免疫<span style="color: black;">同期</span>与原发灶和转移灶平衡的病例,在TNM分期是四期,而在探论的分期<span style="color: black;">便是</span>一个“假四期”,<span style="color: black;">由于</span>这个病例理论上是<span style="color: black;">能够</span>治愈的。<span style="color: black;">由于</span>一旦共存免疫<span style="color: black;">创立</span>之后就不会再有新的转移灶<span style="color: black;">显现</span>,其他之前的转移灶在免疫攻击下<span style="color: black;">欠好</span>说会有什么<span style="color: black;">结果</span>:<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>都被免疫灭活了就<span style="color: black;">成为了</span>名副其实的<span style="color: black;">初期</span>了;哪怕只剩下一个<span style="color: black;">亦</span>是主流的四期,<span style="color: black;">然则</span>探论看来还是<span style="color: black;">初期</span>,<span style="color: black;">因此</span>叫“假四期”。肺癌容易脑转,骨转,只要有其中一个在,确诊时就会被指南定义为四期。<span style="color: black;">然则</span>从免疫的<span style="color: black;">方向</span>来看,一个原发灶带一个远端转移只要是有共存免疫在,就应该是一期<span style="color: black;">或</span>二期;而一个单独的原发灶<span style="color: black;">倘若</span><span style="color: black;">无</span>共存免疫<span style="color: black;">亦</span>是四期。结果是主流的分期只以位置和多少论,一期中藏着四期,四期中藏着一期,死马<span style="color: black;">能够</span>当成活马医(本来就不是死马)。用探论分析就<span style="color: black;">无</span>这个问题,一期<span style="color: black;">便是</span>一期,四期<span style="color: black;">便是</span>四期,不存在死马当活马治。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">【延伸阅读】</span></p><a style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">癌症<span style="color: black;">病人</span>到底死于什么?-</span></a>- 揭开恶液质的本质<a style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">免疫是把双刃剑 -- 免疫过激是致死的另一大<span style="color: black;">原由</span></span></a><a style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">手术治愈癌症并不是“切干净”<span style="color: black;">那样</span>简单 -- 手术的免疫学功能</span></a><a style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">共存免疫的个体差异及其多变性决定了癌症是高度个性化的<span style="color: black;">疾患</span></span></a>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">【您还<span style="color: black;">能够</span>】</span></p>
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