《癌症·真相》丨膳食平衡、健康才是王道
<div style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><img src="https://pic3.zhimg.com/80/v2-b3cd9b1241bef18175d5b71b02ee3316_720w.webp" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></div>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">【九吉读书笔记】</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">♥<span style="color: black;">大众</span>谈癌色变,<span style="color: black;">重点</span>是<span style="color: black;">由于</span>对它完全不<span style="color: black;">认识</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">♥癌症和肿瘤这两个词经常通用,<span style="color: black;">通常</span><span style="color: black;">状况</span>下<span style="color: black;">亦</span>确实没太大问题。<span style="color: black;">必定</span>要纠结的话,这两个词还是有<span style="color: black;">有些</span>区别的。肿瘤的属性是“固体”,而癌症的属性是“恶性”,<span style="color: black;">因此</span>恶性固体肿瘤<span style="color: black;">便是</span>癌症,血液癌症不是肿瘤,良性肿瘤不是癌症</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">♥用数学公式来<span style="color: black;">暗示</span>更简单直观:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">癌症=恶性肿瘤+血癌</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">肿瘤=良性肿瘤+恶性肿瘤</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">良性癌症=不存在</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">这俩在英文中<span style="color: black;">亦</span>是有区别的,肿瘤的英文是tumor<span style="color: black;">或</span>tumour,而癌症的英文是cancer</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">cancer<span style="color: black;">做为</span>癌症名字<span style="color: black;">源自</span>于公元前400<span style="color: black;">数年</span>的希腊传奇<span style="color: black;">大夫</span>,号<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>西医之父的希波克拉底(Hippocrates)。言归正传,某天希波克拉底在观察一例恶性肿瘤的时候<span style="color: black;">发掘</span>肿瘤中伸出了<span style="color: black;">非常多</span>条大血管,看着就像螃蟹的腿<span style="color: black;">同样</span>,于是他就用希腊词里的螃蟹“caricinos”来<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>呼这种<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>,到英文里面<span style="color: black;">便是</span>cancer。<span style="color: black;">因此</span>,癌症说起来<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">能够</span>叫大螃蟹病。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">♥<span style="color: black;">引起</span>癌症最<span style="color: black;">要紧</span>的<span style="color: black;">原因</span>是什么?基因?污染?<span style="color: black;">膳食</span>?抽烟?都不是,和癌症<span style="color: black;">出现</span>率最<span style="color: black;">关联</span>的<span style="color: black;">原因</span>是年龄!2013年中国<span style="color: black;">第1</span>次<span style="color: black;">发布</span>了《肿瘤年报》,从下图<span style="color: black;">能够</span>清晰地看出两点:<span style="color: black;">第1</span>,<span style="color: black;">没</span>论男女,癌症发病率从40岁以后<span style="color: black;">便是</span>指数增长;第二,老年男性比女性得癌症概率高,<span style="color: black;">重点</span><span style="color: black;">原由</span>是<span style="color: black;">海量</span>男性会得前列腺癌。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">从患病年龄来看,绝大<span style="color: black;">都数</span><span style="color: black;">大众</span>熟悉的癌症:肺癌、肝癌、胃癌、结/直肠癌等,都属于老年病!小孩<span style="color: black;">亦</span>可能得癌症,但<span style="color: black;">她们</span>的癌症类型很特殊,和成人的完全不同。<span style="color: black;">例如</span>儿童可能得白血病,但几乎没见过小孩得原发肺癌、直肠癌。<span style="color: black;">因此呢</span>,随着人类平均寿命的<span style="color: black;">增多</span>,得癌症的概率越来越高是必然的,<span style="color: black;">没</span>论<span style="color: black;">怎样</span><span style="color: black;">掌控</span>环境污染、食品安全都<span style="color: black;">不可</span>逆转。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">♥除了年龄,还有其他<span style="color: black;">原因</span>与癌症发病<span style="color: black;">相关</span>系吗?肯定有的。癌症<span style="color: black;">出现</span>的<span style="color: black;">基本</span><span style="color: black;">原由</span>是基因突变。<span style="color: black;">每一个</span>人<span style="color: black;">身体</span>大概有两万多个基因,已知真正和癌症有直接关系的大概有一百来个,这些致癌基因中突变一个<span style="color: black;">或</span>几个,癌症<span style="color: black;">出现</span>的概率就会大大<span style="color: black;">加强</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">♥<span style="color: black;">为么</span>老人比<span style="color: black;">青年</span>人容易得癌症?</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">人活每一天都<span style="color: black;">伴同</span>着<span style="color: black;">海量</span>的细胞更新,岁数越大,细胞<span style="color: black;">必须</span>分裂的次数就越多,a数值变大;<span style="color: black;">同期</span>岁数越大,免疫系统越弱,对癌细胞清除能力减弱,d数值变大。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">♥<span style="color: black;">为么</span>乙肝<span style="color: black;">病人</span>容易得肝癌、抽烟容易得肺癌?</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">人体器官受到<span style="color: black;">损害</span>后<span style="color: black;">必须</span>修复,而组织修复都<span style="color: black;">必须</span>靠细胞分裂完成。器官<span style="color: black;">长时间</span>慢性<span style="color: black;">损害</span>,会<span style="color: black;">引起</span>组织反复修复,细胞分裂次数a变大,就容易诱发癌症。慢性乙肝病毒携带者虽然<span style="color: black;">非常多</span><span style="color: black;">无</span>急性症状,但乙肝病毒会缓慢、<span style="color: black;">长时间</span>地<span style="color: black;">损伤</span>肝细胞,<span style="color: black;">引起</span>反复的肝细胞“死亡—分裂”循环,<span style="color: black;">因此呢</span>乙肝病毒携带者容易患肝癌。类似的道理,抽烟或空气污染<span style="color: black;">损害</span>肺部细胞,<span style="color: black;">因此呢</span><span style="color: black;">长时间</span>抽烟或重度雾霾容易患肺癌;暴晒<span style="color: black;">损害</span>皮肤细胞,<span style="color: black;">因此呢</span>经常晒伤皮肤容易患皮肤癌;吃刺激性或受污染的<span style="color: black;">食品</span><span style="color: black;">损害</span>消化道表皮细胞,<span style="color: black;">因此呢</span><span style="color: black;">长时间</span>吃过辣、过烫或污染<span style="color: black;">食品</span>会<span style="color: black;">增多</span>食管癌、胃癌、大肠癌、直肠癌的<span style="color: black;">出现</span>,等等。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">♥<span style="color: black;">大众</span>谈癌色变,<span style="color: black;">重点</span>的<span style="color: black;">原由</span><span style="color: black;">便是</span>患癌症后死亡率很高,<span style="color: black;">然则</span>要说清楚癌症到底是怎么让<span style="color: black;">病人</span>死亡的,可能<span style="color: black;">非常多</span>人都说不上来了。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">首要</span>说肿瘤的严重性和肿瘤<span style="color: black;">体积</span>并<span style="color: black;">无</span><span style="color: black;">关联</span>性</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">♥良性肿瘤和恶性肿瘤的区别是什么?是看肿瘤<span style="color: black;">可否</span>转移。良性肿瘤不转移,属于“钉子户”,<span style="color: black;">因此</span>只要手术切除肿瘤本身就算治好了。而恶性肿瘤不论<span style="color: black;">体积</span>,都<span style="color: black;">已然</span><span style="color: black;">出现</span>了转移,可能在血液系统里,可能在淋巴系统里,<span style="color: black;">亦</span>可能<span style="color: black;">已然</span>到了身体的其他器官。恶性肿瘤的转移并不是肿瘤长到<span style="color: black;">必定</span><span style="color: black;">体积</span>才<span style="color: black;">出现</span>,而是可能在肿瘤很小还检测不到的时候就<span style="color: black;">出现</span>了转移,这<span style="color: black;">便是</span><span style="color: black;">为何</span><span style="color: black;">非常多</span>癌症<span style="color: black;">病人</span>刚确诊就<span style="color: black;">发掘</span><span style="color: black;">已然</span>扩散到了全身。<span style="color: black;">非常多</span>癌症(<span style="color: black;">例如</span>乳腺癌)转移<span style="color: black;">通常</span><span style="color: black;">首要</span>到达淋巴结,<span style="color: black;">而后</span>才顺着淋巴系统到达其他系统,<span style="color: black;">因此</span>临床上对肿瘤<span style="color: black;">病人</span>常常进行肿瘤<span style="color: black;">周边</span>的淋巴结穿刺<span style="color: black;">检测</span>,<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>淋巴结里面<span style="color: black;">无</span>肿瘤细胞,说明肿瘤很可能还<span style="color: black;">无</span>转移,<span style="color: black;">病人</span><span style="color: black;">危害</span>较小,<span style="color: black;">通常</span>化疗和放疗以后就能<span style="color: black;">掌控</span>住<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">♥那癌症到底是怎么致命的呢?这个问题并<span style="color: black;">无</span>确定答案,<span style="color: black;">每一个</span><span style="color: black;">病人</span>个体<span style="color: black;">状况</span>都不同,<span style="color: black;">最后</span><span style="color: black;">导致</span>死亡的<span style="color: black;">原由</span><span style="color: black;">亦</span>不同。<span style="color: black;">然则</span>大致说起来<span style="color: black;">常常</span>和器官衰竭<span style="color: black;">相关</span>,或是某一器官衰竭,或是系统性衰竭。肿瘤,不论<span style="color: black;">可否</span>恶性、<span style="color: black;">可否</span>转移,过度生长都可能会压迫<span style="color: black;">重要</span>器官<span style="color: black;">引起</span>死亡,<span style="color: black;">例如</span><span style="color: black;">脑肿瘤</span>压迫<span style="color: black;">要紧</span>神经<span style="color: black;">引起</span>死亡;肺癌生长填充肺部空间,<span style="color: black;">引起</span>肺部氧气交换能力大大降低,最后功能衰竭死亡;白血病细胞挤压正常红细胞和免疫细胞<span style="color: black;">存活</span>空间,<span style="color: black;">导致</span>系统性缺氧,<span style="color: black;">显现</span>免疫缺陷死亡。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">♥恶性肿瘤之<span style="color: black;">因此</span>比良性肿瘤危险,<span style="color: black;">便是</span><span style="color: black;">由于</span>它<span style="color: black;">已然</span>转移。肿瘤转移后危险性大大<span style="color: black;">增多</span>,一方面是一个肿瘤转移就<span style="color: black;">成为了</span>N个肿瘤,<span style="color: black;">害处</span>自然就大;另一方面是<span style="color: black;">由于</span>肿瘤<span style="color: black;">爱好</span>转移的<span style="color: black;">地区</span><span style="color: black;">常常</span>是功能非常<span style="color: black;">要紧</span>的<span style="color: black;">地区</span>,最<span style="color: black;">平常</span>的转移是脑转移、肺转移、骨转移和肝转移。这4个<span style="color: black;">地区</span>还有一个<span style="color: black;">一起</span>特点:<span style="color: black;">因为</span>器官的<span style="color: black;">要紧</span>性,手术<span style="color: black;">常常</span>很保守,很难完全去除肿瘤。<span style="color: black;">因此</span>乳腺癌<span style="color: black;">发掘</span>得早<span style="color: black;">通常</span>没事,手术摘除乳腺<span style="color: black;">或</span>乳房就好了,<span style="color: black;">病人</span><span style="color: black;">能够</span>正常、健康地生活几十年。<span style="color: black;">然则</span><span style="color: black;">倘若</span>乳腺癌转移到了双肺<span style="color: black;">或</span>脑部,就很难根治了,<span style="color: black;">由于</span><span style="color: black;">大夫</span><span style="color: black;">不可</span>把肺部<span style="color: black;">或</span>大脑<span style="color: black;">所有</span>摘除。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">♥癌症致死有时候并不是某一个器官衰竭<span style="color: black;">导致</span>的,而是<span style="color: black;">因为</span>系统性衰竭。有<span style="color: black;">非常多</span>癌症,<span style="color: black;">因为</span><span style="color: black;">此刻</span>还不清楚的<span style="color: black;">原由</span>,会<span style="color: black;">引起</span><span style="color: black;">病人</span>体重<span style="color: black;">快速</span>下降,肌肉和脂肪都<span style="color: black;">快速</span>丢失,<span style="color: black;">没</span>论<span style="color: black;">病人</span>吃多少东西,输多少蛋白质都没用,这个现象叫“恶病质”(cachexia)。恶病质<span style="color: black;">此刻</span><span style="color: black;">没</span>药可治,是不可逆的。<span style="color: black;">因为</span>肌肉和脂肪对<span style="color: black;">全部</span>机体的能量供应、内分泌调节至关<span style="color: black;">要紧</span>,<span style="color: black;">显现</span>恶病质的癌症<span style="color: black;">病人</span><span style="color: black;">火速</span>会<span style="color: black;">显现</span>系统性衰竭而死亡。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">♥在<span style="color: black;">非常多</span>人心目中,癌症和艾滋病是最恐怖的两种<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>。<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>你问我,癌症和艾滋病哪个会先被<span style="color: black;">解决</span>?我的答案肯定是艾滋病。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">癌症<span style="color: black;">为么</span><span style="color: black;">那样</span>难治?在我看来有3个<span style="color: black;">重点</span><span style="color: black;">原由</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">第1</span>个<span style="color: black;">原由</span>是癌症是“内源性<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>”,癌细胞来自<span style="color: black;">病人</span>自己,是<span style="color: black;">病人</span>身体的一部分。对待“外源性<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>”,<span style="color: black;">例如</span>细菌感染,<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>有抗生素,效果非常好。抗生素<span style="color: black;">为么</span>好用?<span style="color: black;">由于</span>它只对细菌有毒性,而对人体细胞<span style="color: black;">无</span><span style="color: black;">功效</span>,<span style="color: black;">因此呢</span>抗生素<span style="color: black;">能够</span>用到很高浓度,让所有细菌死光光,而<span style="color: black;">病人</span>毫发<span style="color: black;">没</span>损,全身而退。要搞定癌症就没<span style="color: black;">那样</span>简单了。癌细胞虽然是变坏了的人体细胞,但仍然是人体细胞,<span style="color: black;">因此</span>要搞定它们,几乎注定是“杀敌一千,自损八百”的勾当,这<span style="color: black;">便是</span><span style="color: black;">大众</span>常听到的“副<span style="color: black;">功效</span>”。例如,传统化疗<span style="color: black;">药品</span>能够杀死快速生长的细胞,对癌细胞当然<span style="color: black;">特别有</span>用,<span style="color: black;">然则</span>很可惜,<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>身体中有<span style="color: black;">非常多</span>正常细胞<span style="color: black;">亦</span>是在快速生长的,<span style="color: black;">例如</span>头皮下的毛囊细胞。毛囊细胞对头<span style="color: black;">出现</span>长至关<span style="color: black;">要紧</span>,化疗<span style="color: black;">药品</span>杀死癌细胞的<span style="color: black;">同期</span>,<span style="color: black;">亦</span>杀死了毛囊细胞,这是<span style="color: black;">为何</span>化疗的<span style="color: black;">病人</span>头发都会掉光。负责造血和维持免疫系统的造血干细胞<span style="color: black;">亦</span>会被杀死,<span style="color: black;">因此呢</span>化疗<span style="color: black;">病人</span>的免疫系统会非常弱,极容易感染。消化道上皮细胞<span style="color: black;">亦</span>会被杀死,于是<span style="color: black;">病人</span>严重拉肚子、<span style="color: black;">无</span>食欲,等等。正<span style="color: black;">由于</span>这些严重副<span style="color: black;">功效</span>,化疗<span style="color: black;">药品</span><span style="color: black;">不可</span><span style="color: black;">海量</span><span style="color: black;">运用</span>,浓度<span style="color: black;">必要</span>严格<span style="color: black;">掌控</span>,<span style="color: black;">况且</span><span style="color: black;">不可</span><span style="color: black;">连续</span><span style="color: black;">运用</span>,<span style="color: black;">必要</span>一个疗程一个疗程来。<span style="color: black;">大夫</span>其实每时每刻都在治好癌症和维持<span style="color: black;">病人</span>基本生命之间<span style="color: black;">持续</span>权衡,<span style="color: black;">乃至</span>妥协。<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>化疗<span style="color: black;">药品</span><span style="color: black;">亦</span>能像抗生素<span style="color: black;">同样</span>大剂量<span style="color: black;">连续</span><span style="color: black;">运用</span>,癌症早就被治好了。这是我<span style="color: black;">为何</span>觉得艾滋病会比癌症先被<span style="color: black;">解决</span>的<span style="color: black;">重点</span><span style="color: black;">原由</span>,毕竟艾滋病<span style="color: black;">是由于</span>艾滋病病毒<span style="color: black;">导致</span>的“外源性<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>”,理论上<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>可能找到只杀死艾滋病病毒而不影响人体细胞的<span style="color: black;">药品</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">第二个<span style="color: black;">原由</span>是癌症不是单一<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>,而是几千几万种<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>的组合。世界上<span style="color: black;">无</span>完全相同的两片树叶,世界上<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">无</span>两个完全相同的癌症。<span style="color: black;">例如</span>肺癌,在中国和美国都是癌症<span style="color: black;">第1</span>杀手。中国<span style="color: black;">此刻</span>每年新增近60万肺癌<span style="color: black;">病人</span>,美国<span style="color: black;">亦</span>有16万。常有人问我:美国有什么新的治肺癌的药吗?我说:有是有,<span style="color: black;">然则</span>只对很少部分<span style="color: black;">病人</span>有用。<span style="color: black;">例如</span>诺华最新的肺癌<span style="color: black;">药品</span>Ceritinib<span style="color: black;">近期</span>被FDA<span style="color: black;">准许</span>,它对3%~5%的肺癌<span style="color: black;">病人</span>有很好的效果。但<span style="color: black;">为何</span>花了10年<span style="color: black;">科研</span>出的新药只对很少的<span style="color: black;">病人</span>有效呢?简单<span style="color: black;">根据</span>病理学<span style="color: black;">归类</span>,肺癌可分为小细胞肺癌和非小细胞肺癌。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">那<span style="color: black;">是否</span>肺癌就这两种呢?不是的。<span style="color: black;">咱们</span><span style="color: black;">晓得</span>,癌症是<span style="color: black;">因为</span>基因突变<span style="color: black;">导致</span>的,<span style="color: black;">近期</span>一项系统性基因测序<span style="color: black;">科研</span><span style="color: black;">显示</span>,肺癌<span style="color: black;">病人</span>平均每人突变数目接近5000个!<span style="color: black;">每一个</span>人突变的组合都不同,<span style="color: black;">每一个</span><span style="color: black;">病人</span>的基因组都是特异的。中国这近60万肺癌<span style="color: black;">病人</span>,其实更像60万种不同的<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>。当然,这不是说<span style="color: black;">咱们</span><span style="color: black;">必须</span>60万种不同的治疗肺癌的药。这几千个突变里面,绝大<span style="color: black;">都数</span>对癌细胞生长不起<span style="color: black;">功效</span>,<span style="color: black;">仅有</span>几个突变是<span style="color: black;">重要</span>的,只要抓住了这几个<span style="color: black;">重要</span>基因,<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>就有可能<span style="color: black;">研发</span>比较有效的<span style="color: black;">药品</span>。<span style="color: black;">然则</span><span style="color: black;">没</span>论<span style="color: black;">怎样</span>,制药<span style="color: black;">机构</span><span style="color: black;">研发</span>的抗癌新药,即使是灵丹妙药,<span style="color: black;">亦</span>不可能治好所有的肺癌<span style="color: black;">病人</span>。回到刚才的问题,<span style="color: black;">为何</span>诺华的新药Ceritinib只对3%~5%的肺癌<span style="color: black;">病人</span>有效?<span style="color: black;">由于</span>Ceritinib针对的是突变的ALK基因,而<span style="color: black;">仅有</span>3%~5%的肺癌<span style="color: black;">病人</span>才有ALK基因突变,对<span style="color: black;">无</span>ALK基因突变的肺癌<span style="color: black;">病人</span>,这个<span style="color: black;">药品</span>是完全<span style="color: black;">没</span>效的。Ceritinib<span style="color: black;">日前</span>正准备在中国做临床实验,期待在不久的将来,中国的ALK突变肺癌<span style="color: black;">病人</span>能用上这个药。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">由于</span>癌症的多样性,药厂几乎注定每次只能针对很少的<span style="color: black;">病人</span><span style="color: black;">开发</span><span style="color: black;">药品</span>,每一个新药的<span style="color: black;">研发</span>成本是多少呢?10年+20亿美金!<span style="color: black;">这般</span>大的时间、金钱投入,<span style="color: black;">引起</span><span style="color: black;">咱们</span><span style="color: black;">发展</span>缓慢,要<span style="color: black;">解决</span>所有的癌症,即使不是遥遥<span style="color: black;">没</span>期,<span style="color: black;">亦</span>是任重道远。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">第三个<span style="color: black;">原由</span>是癌症<span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">火速</span>产生抗药性。这点是癌症和艾滋病共有的、让<span style="color: black;">大众</span>头疼的<span style="color: black;">地区</span>,<span style="color: black;">亦</span>是<span style="color: black;">日前</span>为止<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>还<span style="color: black;">无</span><span style="color: black;">解决</span>艾滋病的<span style="color: black;">基本</span><span style="color: black;">原由</span>。<span style="color: black;">大众</span>可能都听说过超级细菌。在抗生素<span style="color: black;">显现</span>之前,金黄色葡萄球菌感染是致命的,它<span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">导致</span>败血症。<span style="color: black;">然则</span>人类<span style="color: black;">发掘</span>青霉素以后,金黄色葡萄球菌就不<span style="color: black;">那样</span>可怕了。然而生物的进化<span style="color: black;">没</span>比神奇,<span style="color: black;">因为</span><span style="color: black;">咱们</span><span style="color: black;">乱用</span>青霉素,在它杀死99.999999%细菌的<span style="color: black;">同期</span>,某一个细菌<span style="color: black;">忽然</span>产生了新的基因突变,进化出了抗药性,它们<span style="color: black;">再也不</span>怕青霉素,变得非常危险。于是人类又<span style="color: black;">奋斗</span>找到了更强的抗生素,<span style="color: black;">例如</span>万古霉素。<span style="color: black;">然则</span><span style="color: black;">此刻</span><span style="color: black;">已然</span><span style="color: black;">显现</span>了<span style="color: black;">同期</span>抗青霉素和万古霉素的金黄色葡萄球菌,这<span style="color: black;">便是</span>超级细菌。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">生物进化是一把双刃剑。自然赐予<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>这种能力,让<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>能适应不同的环境,<span style="color: black;">然则</span>癌细胞不仅<span style="color: black;">保存</span>了基本进化能力,<span style="color: black;">况且</span>更强,针对<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>给它的<span style="color: black;">药品</span>,癌细胞<span style="color: black;">持续</span>变化,想方设法躲避<span style="color: black;">药品</span>而存活下来。Ceritinib在临床实验的时候,就<span style="color: black;">发掘</span>有<span style="color: black;">非常多</span>癌细胞在治疗几个月以后就丢弃了突变的ALK基因,而产生新的突变来<span style="color: black;">帮忙</span>癌症生长,这么快的进化速度,不禁让我感叹自然界面前人类的渺小。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">♥<span style="color: black;">一般</span><span style="color: black;">来讲</span>,癌症是一种老年病,随着年龄<span style="color: black;">增多</span>,<span style="color: black;">各样</span>癌症的发病率都直线<span style="color: black;">提升</span>。<span style="color: black;">然则</span>凡事都有例外,生活中<span style="color: black;">咱们</span><span style="color: black;">亦</span>听说过不少<span style="color: black;">青年</span>人、小孩<span style="color: black;">乃至</span>婴儿患癌症,尤其是白血病的故事,这是<span style="color: black;">为何</span>?</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">癌症<span style="color: black;">是由于</span>基因突变<span style="color: black;">导致</span>的,后天<span style="color: black;">原因</span><span style="color: black;">引起</span>突变<span style="color: black;">必须</span>时间<span style="color: black;">累积</span>,正<span style="color: black;">一般人</span>在短短几年内是不可能由于后天<span style="color: black;">原因</span><span style="color: black;">引起</span>癌症的。<span style="color: black;">能够</span>肯定,婴儿<span style="color: black;">或</span>儿童患癌症必然有先天<span style="color: black;">原因</span>存在,<span style="color: black;">她们</span>在出生的时候就<span style="color: black;">已然</span>携带了基因突变。儿童基因突变有两个<span style="color: black;">源自</span>:从父母那里遗传了致癌基因,<span style="color: black;">或</span>是在怀孕的过程中<span style="color: black;">由于</span>种种<span style="color: black;">原由</span><span style="color: black;">引起</span>胎儿产生了突变。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">♥癌症是儿童的<span style="color: black;">第1</span>杀手,<span style="color: black;">此刻</span>全世界大概有50万儿童<span style="color: black;">身患</span><span style="color: black;">各样</span>癌症。儿童癌症中最<span style="color: black;">平常</span>的是白血病,占了近40%,这是<span style="color: black;">咱们</span><span style="color: black;">为何</span>老是听到儿童得了白血病<span style="color: black;">必须</span>骨髓捐赠的故事的<span style="color: black;">原由</span>。其次是神经系统肿瘤,<span style="color: black;">而后</span>是骨瘤和<span style="color: black;">各样</span>软组织肿瘤。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">和成人癌症<span style="color: black;">同样</span>,治疗儿童癌症常采用的办法<span style="color: black;">亦</span>是“手术+化疗+放疗”。好<span style="color: black;">信息</span>是儿童癌症的治疗效果比成人癌症好<span style="color: black;">非常多</span>,即使不<span style="color: black;">思虑</span>骨髓移植治愈白血病,很高比例的儿童癌症<span style="color: black;">病人</span><span style="color: black;">亦</span>能够被化疗和放疗治愈。这其中的<span style="color: black;">原由</span>是<span style="color: black;">繁杂</span>的,<span style="color: black;">第1</span>,和成人癌细胞动则有上千个基因突变不同,儿童癌症的基因突变<span style="color: black;">常常</span>很少,<span style="color: black;">通常</span><span style="color: black;">仅有</span>几个,<span style="color: black;">因此呢</span>癌症产生抗药性的可能性较低;第二,和传统想法不同,对儿童癌症<span style="color: black;">病人</span><span style="color: black;">运用</span>的化疗和放疗的剂量按体形比例<span style="color: black;">来讲</span><span style="color: black;">常常</span>超过了成年人,这是<span style="color: black;">因为</span>儿童组织修复能力比较强,能够忍受<span style="color: black;">更加多</span>的化疗和放疗带来的副<span style="color: black;">功效</span>。这两点是儿童癌症的治疗成功率远远高于成人癌症的<span style="color: black;">要紧</span><span style="color: black;">原由</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">不幸的是,治愈癌症<span style="color: black;">常常</span>只是这些儿童艰难生活的<span style="color: black;">起始</span>。凡事都有两面性,高剂量化疗、放疗在治愈癌症的<span style="color: black;">同期</span>,会给儿童带来<span style="color: black;">各样</span>各样<span style="color: black;">长时间</span>且严重的副<span style="color: black;">功效</span>。比<span style="color: black;">很强</span>的问题是“二次癌症”。高剂量化疗和放疗<span style="color: black;">药品</span><span style="color: black;">能够</span>杀死癌细胞,但它们本身<span style="color: black;">亦</span>会<span style="color: black;">导致</span>新的基因突变,<span style="color: black;">因此</span>部分儿童癌症<span style="color: black;">病人</span>在被治愈后<span style="color: black;">非常多</span>年,会<span style="color: black;">显现</span>白血病等和<span style="color: black;">第1</span>次癌症毫<span style="color: black;">没</span>关系的“二次癌症”。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">♥可惜,相<span style="color: black;">针对</span><span style="color: black;">咱们</span>对成人癌症的投入,对儿童癌症的<span style="color: black;">科研</span>远远落后。<span style="color: black;">基本</span><span style="color: black;">原由</span>是<span style="color: black;">因为</span>儿童癌症数量较少,这<span style="color: black;">引起</span>能被用于<span style="color: black;">科研</span>的样本不足,<span style="color: black;">非常多</span><span style="color: black;">大夫</span>和<span style="color: black;">科研</span>者<span style="color: black;">一生</span><span style="color: black;">亦</span>见不到几个新的<span style="color: black;">病人</span>,<span style="color: black;">引起</span>对儿童癌症<span style="color: black;">认识</span><span style="color: black;">不足</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">♥脐带血之<span style="color: black;">因此</span>受到<span style="color: black;">专家</span>和<span style="color: black;">大夫</span><span style="color: black;">注意</span>,是<span style="color: black;">由于</span>它确实非常有用。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">脐带血和骨髓<span style="color: black;">同样</span>,含有<span style="color: black;">海量</span>的造血干细胞,<span style="color: black;">因此呢</span><span style="color: black;">能够</span>被用于造血干细胞移植,在临床上<span style="color: black;">能够</span>根治白血病、地中海贫血症等<span style="color: black;">非常多</span>严重的<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>。<span style="color: black;">况且</span>,和骨髓移植相比,脐带血有两个巨大<span style="color: black;">优良</span>:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">1.脐带血天然存在,<span style="color: black;">没</span>论你用还是<span style="color: black;">不消</span>,它都在那里。获取脐带血<span style="color: black;">没</span>须单独手术,比找志愿者捐赠骨髓实在要简单太多了。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">2.脐带血配型成功的概率远高于骨髓配型。骨髓里的干细胞配型是8位的,移植成功<span style="color: black;">一般</span><span style="color: black;">必须</span>8/8完美配型(8个位点完全符合),而对脐带血<span style="color: black;">来讲</span>,干细胞配型是6位的,只<span style="color: black;">必须</span>5/6配型(6个位点<span style="color: black;">仅有</span>5个符合)。科学<span style="color: black;">科研</span><span style="color: black;">显示</span>5/6配型不完美脐带血和8/8完美配型骨髓移植在治疗儿童白血病上成功率几乎<span style="color: black;">同样</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">♥权威的美国血液与骨髓移植学会专门<span style="color: black;">颁布</span>过“脐带血<span style="color: black;">运用</span>指南”,里面清楚地<span style="color: black;">显示</span>了科学界和医学界的主流态度:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">1.<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>鼓励和提倡所有人尽可能捐献脐带血给公共脐带血库。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">2.<span style="color: black;">按照</span><span style="color: black;">科研</span>,在小孩出生后20年内<span style="color: black;">必须</span>用到自己脐带血的概率极低,仅为0.0005%~0.04%,<span style="color: black;">因此呢</span><span style="color: black;">咱们</span>不<span style="color: black;">举荐</span>健康家庭<span style="color: black;">保留</span>私人脐带血。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">3.<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>新生儿有兄弟姐妹<span style="color: black;">身患</span>重大<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>,<span style="color: black;">必须</span>干细胞移植,<span style="color: black;">或</span>新生儿的父母一方<span style="color: black;">身患</span>重大<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>,<span style="color: black;">必须</span>干细胞移植,且基因检测<span style="color: black;">显示</span>婴儿和患病父母配型一致,在<span style="color: black;">以上</span>两种<span style="color: black;">状况</span>下,<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>鼓励私人<span style="color: black;">保留</span>脐带血。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">简单地说<span style="color: black;">便是</span><span style="color: black;">大众</span>应该都把脐带血免费捐给公共脐带血库,除非家里<span style="color: black;">已然</span>有<span style="color: black;">病人</span>,<span style="color: black;">否则</span>就不要花私人脐带血库这个冤枉钱</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">♥到<span style="color: black;">日前</span>为止,虽然<span style="color: black;">已然</span>有几百万人私人存储了自己的脐带血,真正<span style="color: black;">运用</span>到自己脐带血的人真<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>得上凤毛麟角。<span style="color: black;">按照</span>2008年对世界上13个大型私人脐带血库的调查,虽然它们<span style="color: black;">保留</span>着大概500000份脐带血,<span style="color: black;">然则</span>真正被调用过的<span style="color: black;">仅有</span>99例,这其中还有<span style="color: black;">非常多</span>并<span style="color: black;">无</span><span style="color: black;">最后</span>进行移植!<span style="color: black;">因此呢</span>,能用到自己脐带血的可能性极,几万块钱的价格买这个“保险”,性价比太低了。你说:我<span style="color: black;">便是</span>有钱,<span style="color: black;">便是</span>这么任性,几万块毛毛雨,性价比低<span style="color: black;">亦</span>非要买,你管得着吗?当然管不了</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">♥1.私人脐带血库如此不<span style="color: black;">可靠</span>,<span style="color: black;">为何</span>有这么多宣传?</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">由于</span>太<span style="color: black;">挣钱</span>!</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">公共脐带血库如此有用,<span style="color: black;">为何</span><span style="color: black;">无</span>听到<span style="color: black;">更加多</span>宣传?</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">由于</span>不<span style="color: black;">挣钱</span>!</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">2.所有的新生儿父母,请把脐带血<span style="color: black;">没</span>偿捐给公共脐带血库(<span style="color: black;">期盼</span>公共脐带血库能好好<span style="color: black;">保留</span>)。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">3.<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>婴儿父母和兄弟姐妹都健康,<span style="color: black;">无</span>必要花钱私人存储脐带血。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">4.<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>家人(尤其是婴儿的姐姐或哥哥)<span style="color: black;">已然</span><span style="color: black;">生病</span>+适合干细胞移植+配型成功,那应该<span style="color: black;">思虑</span><span style="color: black;">运用</span>并存储自家婴儿脐带血。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">5.社会在发展,科技在进步。我<span style="color: black;">没</span>法预测<span style="color: black;">将来</span>,<span style="color: black;">亦</span>许以后脐带血会有<span style="color: black;">更加多</span>的<span style="color: black;">实质</span><span style="color: black;">功效</span>。我的目的是告诉<span style="color: black;">大众</span>事实,<span style="color: black;">倘若</span><span style="color: black;">大众</span><span style="color: black;">晓得</span>后还非要存脐带血我并不阻拦,但请<span style="color: black;">必定</span>要好好查查<span style="color: black;">机构</span>的资质,最好能亲眼<span style="color: black;">瞧瞧</span><span style="color: black;">她们</span>进行细胞分离和存储的地点和<span style="color: black;">前提</span>,华丽的<span style="color: black;">宣传</span>和办公室什么用都<span style="color: black;">无</span>。要<span style="color: black;">否则</span>很可能你宝宝的脐带血早就没法用了,你还在傻乎乎地交着“保管费”呢。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">♥癌症治疗最大的困难:抗药性</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">♥人类和癌症做斗争中所面临的最残酷的现实和挑战:抗药性和变异性。<span style="color: black;">非常多</span>的抗癌<span style="color: black;">药品</span>在一<span style="color: black;">起始</span>都对<span style="color: black;">病人</span>有很不错的效果,但对延长<span style="color: black;">病人</span>寿命却没什么突破,<span style="color: black;">便是</span><span style="color: black;">由于</span>复发很难<span style="color: black;">掌控</span>。<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>对癌症的治疗之<span style="color: black;">因此</span>效果有限,很大程度上是<span style="color: black;">由于</span><span style="color: black;">咱们</span>还不完全理解癌症<span style="color: black;">怎样</span>产生抗药性,<span style="color: black;">不睬</span>解<span style="color: black;">为何</span>产生抗药性的癌症进化得越来越快,<span style="color: black;">不睬</span>解抗药性的种类是有限的还是<span style="color: black;">没</span>限的,等等。过去几十年,人类在和癌症的对抗中取得了很大成果,肯定不是完全失败,<span style="color: black;">然则</span><span style="color: black;">因为</span>生物学<span style="color: black;">基本</span>知识的匮乏,<span style="color: black;">日前</span>的<span style="color: black;">非常多</span><span style="color: black;">科研</span>还很初级。就像<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>想制造火箭,<span style="color: black;">然则</span><span style="color: black;">此刻</span>却还<span style="color: black;">无</span>相对论。生物学和医学都<span style="color: black;">必须</span><span style="color: black;">更加多</span>的突破,这<span style="color: black;">必须</span>各个学科的专家协同作战,<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>离<span style="color: black;">最后</span><span style="color: black;">解决</span>癌症还有很长的路要走。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">♥放疗,杀敌一千,自损X百</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">♥放疗的本质是一团高能粒子直接轰击肿瘤细胞,它会直接破坏细胞的DNA,<span style="color: black;">或</span><span style="color: black;">经过</span>电离产生自由基,从而<span style="color: black;">导致</span>肿瘤细胞死亡。<span style="color: black;">然则</span>,<span style="color: black;">这般</span>的攻击对癌细胞和正常细胞是<span style="color: black;">没</span>差别的,<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>实在<span style="color: black;">不可</span>指望长度是一个细胞的十亿分之一的一团粒子,能区分出癌变细胞和正常细胞。这说的还是体积<span style="color: black;">巨大</span>的质子,<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>是常用的光子则<span style="color: black;">基本</span><span style="color: black;">无</span>真正的体积。<span style="color: black;">因此</span>,放疗会对肿瘤细胞和<span style="color: black;">自己</span>的健康细胞<span style="color: black;">导致</span><span style="color: black;">没</span>差别杀伤。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">♥从<span style="color: black;">理学</span>学的<span style="color: black;">方向</span><span style="color: black;">来讲</span>,质子治疗的<span style="color: black;">优良</span>是显而易见的,简单地说,质子或重离子治疗的时候,“自损×百”的×要比<span style="color: black;">通常</span>放疗的×小不少。<span style="color: black;">因此</span>质子治疗被<span style="color: black;">举荐</span>用于治疗<span style="color: black;">周边</span>有<span style="color: black;">要紧</span>、<span style="color: black;">敏锐</span>器官的肿瘤,<span style="color: black;">或</span>更<span style="color: black;">必须</span>避免正常器官<span style="color: black;">损害</span>的儿童癌症。虽然质子(或重离子)更准、更快、更健康,<span style="color: black;">然则</span>,<span style="color: black;">亦</span>更贵!很贵!相当贵!</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">♥“免疫疗法”在理论上有巨大<span style="color: black;">优良</span>:①它不<span style="color: black;">损害</span>反而<span style="color: black;">加强</span>免疫系统;②免疫系统被激活后理论上<span style="color: black;">能够</span>治疗多种癌症,<span style="color: black;">因此呢</span>对<span style="color: black;">更加多</span><span style="color: black;">病人</span>会有效;③免疫系统的强大<span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">控制</span>癌细胞进化出抗药性,降低癌症复发率。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">♥质子治疗的<span style="color: black;">重点</span><span style="color: black;">优良</span>在于:相对普通放疗,<span style="color: black;">精细</span>度更高,治疗毒性、副<span style="color: black;">功效</span>更小,在部分肿瘤<span style="color: black;">病人</span>中可能<span style="color: black;">提高</span>肿瘤<span style="color: black;">掌控</span>。但光靠它并<span style="color: black;">不可</span>治愈肿瘤。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">♥质子治疗<span style="color: black;">便是</span>一个字,贵!</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">有<span style="color: black;">报告</span>说上海质子重离子医院的一个疗程治疗<span style="color: black;">花费</span>为27.8万元人民币,美国的质子治疗<span style="color: black;">花费</span>为11万~14万美元(70万~90万人民币),在日本和欧洲稍便宜。质子治疗相比普通放疗贵<span style="color: black;">非常多</span>,<span style="color: black;">原由</span><span style="color: black;">重点</span><span style="color: black;">源自</span>于建设成本。安装质子及重离子射线的巨大加速器及其他传送发射<span style="color: black;">安装</span>动辄<span style="color: black;">必须</span>10多亿的成本,还不<span style="color: black;">包含</span>中心基建及后期<span style="color: black;">守护</span>成本。<span style="color: black;">将来</span><span style="color: black;">更加多</span>质子中心<span style="color: black;">创立</span>后,建设成本可能会下降,治疗<span style="color: black;">花费</span>可能会降低,<span style="color: black;">另一</span><span style="color: black;">便是</span>等待<span style="color: black;">将来</span>医疗保险改革了</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">♥质子治疗适合<span style="color: black;">哪些</span>因年纪大、身体弱,或<span style="color: black;">因为</span>合并<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>,或肿瘤位置靠近<span style="color: black;">要紧</span>脏器(<span style="color: black;">例如</span>头颈部癌症、腹膜后癌症)等手术困难的<span style="color: black;">病人</span>。质子治疗<span style="color: black;">亦</span>很适合儿童中枢神经系统肿瘤的治疗,尤其是<span style="color: black;">没</span>法手术切除的中枢神经系统的肿瘤。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">♥质子治疗<span style="color: black;">重点</span>针对局限性病变,并非适合所有肿瘤<span style="color: black;">病人</span>。<span style="color: black;">日前</span>上海质子重离子医院暂不适合收治的<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>举例:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">晚期肿瘤<span style="color: black;">病人</span>(多发转移、肿瘤终末期<span style="color: black;">病人</span>等);</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">血液系统肿瘤(白血病、多发性骨髓瘤等);</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">同一部位肿瘤已接受过2次及以上放射治疗的<span style="color: black;">病人</span>;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">已进行放射性粒子<span style="color: black;">移植</span>治疗的<span style="color: black;">病人</span>;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">日前</span>空腔脏器肿瘤(食管癌、胃癌、结/直肠癌等)暂不进行质子重离子治疗;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">没</span>法较<span style="color: black;">长期</span>保持俯卧或仰卧等体位的<span style="color: black;">病人</span>;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">病理未确诊的<span style="color: black;">病人</span>;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">14岁以下儿童肿瘤<span style="color: black;">病人</span>(儿童癌症<span style="color: black;">非常多</span>适合质子治疗,但<span style="color: black;">日前</span>上海还暂不接收,<span style="color: black;">重点</span><span style="color: black;">由于</span>儿童<span style="color: black;">病人</span>的质子放疗<span style="color: black;">触及</span>的计划以及<span style="color: black;">麻木</span>更加<span style="color: black;">繁杂</span>,国内暂<span style="color: black;">没</span>经验,<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>儿童<span style="color: black;">病人</span>有这个需求,<span style="color: black;">日前</span>只能求助于海外)。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">综上所述,质子治疗并非“治癌神器”,而是一种放疗技术的革新和进步,确实对<span style="color: black;">有些</span>肿瘤<span style="color: black;">病人</span>的治疗<span style="color: black;">拥有</span>比较好的效果,能够降低副<span style="color: black;">功效</span>,<span style="color: black;">然则</span>否适合质子治疗<span style="color: black;">必须</span>结合<span style="color: black;">病人</span>个人的<span style="color: black;">状况</span>,由专业人士<span style="color: black;">供给</span><span style="color: black;">意见</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">♥中国文化讲究阴阳平衡,这点用在生物学<span style="color: black;">尤其</span>有道理。生物体的所有系统都是一个<span style="color: black;">经过</span><span style="color: black;">繁杂</span>正反馈和负反馈形成的平衡。<span style="color: black;">非常多</span>正信号和副信号<span style="color: black;">一块</span><span style="color: black;">功效</span>,来<span style="color: black;">保准</span>免疫系统处在理想的活性水平。免疫系统能<span style="color: black;">帮忙</span>人体对抗细菌、病毒,<span style="color: black;">然则</span>过犹不及,<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>被过度激活,就会<span style="color: black;">起始</span>攻击<span style="color: black;">自己</span>细胞,产生<span style="color: black;">劫难</span>性后果。<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>把免疫系统比作一辆汽车,激活正信号<span style="color: black;">便是</span>油门,<span style="color: black;">控制</span>负信号就像刹车,开车<span style="color: black;">无</span>刹车后果肯定是悲剧的。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">癌细胞为了避免被免疫系统清除,<span style="color: black;">通常</span>都高度<span style="color: black;">起步</span>负信号以<span style="color: black;">控制</span>免疫反应<span style="color: black;">经过</span>免疫检验点,相当于<span style="color: black;">始终</span>把刹车踩到底,可能还<span style="color: black;">同期</span>拉起了手刹,<span style="color: black;">起步</span>电子刹车,给轮胎垫压了几个砖头,这种<span style="color: black;">状况</span><span style="color: black;">落车</span>子肯定一动不动,所<span style="color: black;">以避免</span>疫系统对癌细胞<span style="color: black;">常常</span>毫<span style="color: black;">没</span>反应、视而不见。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">♥是药三分毒,和任何<span style="color: black;">药品</span><span style="color: black;">同样</span>,“免疫检验点<span style="color: black;">控制</span>剂”<span style="color: black;">亦</span>是有副<span style="color: black;">功效</span>的,虽然<span style="color: black;">广泛</span>比传统化疗和靶向治疗要轻</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">♥<span style="color: black;">没</span>论男女,<span style="color: black;">没</span>论中美,肺癌都是癌症中当仁不让的<span style="color: black;">第1</span>杀手。吸烟有害健康,<span style="color: black;">重点</span>是<span style="color: black;">由于</span>吸烟会大大<span style="color: black;">增多</span>患肺癌的概率,这点毋庸置疑。90%的肺癌<span style="color: black;">病人</span>都和吸烟<span style="color: black;">相关</span>,男性吸烟患肺癌的几率是不吸烟者的23倍,女性是13倍。为了爽,吸烟者<span style="color: black;">亦</span>是蛮拼的。二手烟<span style="color: black;">亦</span>会<span style="color: black;">海量</span><span style="color: black;">增多</span>患肺癌的几率,<span style="color: black;">因此</span>我<span style="color: black;">剧烈</span>支持公共场所禁烟</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">♥为了不得肺癌,请不要吸烟!</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">♥为了一旦得了肺癌比较好治,请不要吸烟!</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">♥<span style="color: black;">每一个</span>人其实<span style="color: black;">已然</span><span style="color: black;">能够</span>做<span style="color: black;">非常多</span>事情来让自己和家人远离癌症:戒烟、戒酒、多吃<span style="color: black;">果蔬</span>蔬菜、多<span style="color: black;">熬炼</span>、少吃高盐和腌制<span style="color: black;">食品</span>等。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">♥和20年前相比,格列卫、易瑞沙等抗癌靶向<span style="color: black;">药品</span>不仅<span style="color: black;">显著</span>延长了<span style="color: black;">非常多</span>癌症<span style="color: black;">病人</span>的生命,<span style="color: black;">同期</span><span style="color: black;">因为</span>副<span style="color: black;">功效</span>小、<span style="color: black;">能够</span>口服,<span style="color: black;">极重</span>改变了<span style="color: black;">病人</span>的生活质量。癌症很难治愈,<span style="color: black;">由于</span>它<span style="color: black;">持续</span>进化,<span style="color: black;">持续</span>对靶向<span style="color: black;">药品</span>产生抗药性,<span style="color: black;">专家</span>都在很<span style="color: black;">奋斗</span>地理解这种进化,并试图找到它的弱点来<span style="color: black;">研发</span>新<span style="color: black;">药品</span>。虽然<span style="color: black;">研发</span>抗癌新药过程中有<span style="color: black;">非常多</span>挫折,但<span style="color: black;">全部</span><span style="color: black;">行业</span><span style="color: black;">显著</span>是在进步的,新的靶向<span style="color: black;">药品</span>和免疫<span style="color: black;">药品</span>都给<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>带来了很大的<span style="color: black;">期盼</span>。<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>你不幸得了癌症,请不要灰心,<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>你对<span style="color: black;">药品</span>产生了抗性,<span style="color: black;">亦</span>不要放弃,不仅<span style="color: black;">由于</span><span style="color: black;">阳光</span>的<span style="color: black;">心理</span>是<span style="color: black;">加强</span>免疫系统对抗癌症的利器,<span style="color: black;">同期</span>,<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>正在为之奋斗的下一个<span style="color: black;">药品</span><span style="color: black;">亦</span>许就能治好你!</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">♥为了不得肺癌,请不要吸烟;为了得了肺癌比较好治,请不要吸烟!</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">♥就食品安全<span style="color: black;">来讲</span>,比转基因危险得多的是农药<span style="color: black;">乱用</span>,这才是真正会致病乃至致癌的东西。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">♥抗氧化保健品在抗癌、抗衰老上的效果在科学界<span style="color: black;">始终</span>是有很大争议的。<span style="color: black;">日前</span>为止,所有的大规模双盲临床实验都证明<span style="color: black;">长时间</span>吃抗氧化保健品对健康并<span style="color: black;">无</span>任何好处。<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>吃抗氧化剂就跟喝白水<span style="color: black;">同样</span>完全没用,可能还好,但<span style="color: black;">重要</span>是有<span style="color: black;">有些</span>证<span style="color: black;">据述</span>明吃多了抗氧化保健品对身体并<span style="color: black;">欠好</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">♥在我看来,<span style="color: black;">膳食</span><span style="color: black;">平衡</span>、健康才是王道。<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>确定缺乏某些微量元素,<span style="color: black;">例如</span>铁、钙,那吃点便宜的保健品没什么问题。而对包装得非常<span style="color: black;">高挑</span>上的各类保健品,能少吃就少吃,以后谁再给你推销神奇的抗氧化保健品,请三思后拒绝。<span style="color: black;">针对</span>防癌,心情好才是真的好,免疫系统好才是真的好!好好吃碗白米饭对免疫系统的<span style="color: black;">帮忙</span>比任何神奇的抗氧化保健品都更大。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">♥绝大<span style="color: black;">都数</span>是<span style="color: black;">能够</span>预防的。感染<span style="color: black;">原因</span>中,HBV、HPV都有很好的疫苗,幽门螺杆菌<span style="color: black;">能够</span>用抗生素治疗;<span style="color: black;">膳食</span>方面,少吃高盐腌制食品,少吸烟喝酒,少吃滚烫的<span style="color: black;">食品</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">【书名】癌症·真相</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">【作者】菠萝 </p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">【出版社】清华大学出版社 2015年出版</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">【副标题】<span style="color: black;">大夫</span><span style="color: black;">亦</span>在读</p>
<h2 style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;">【读书笔记声明】再极致的总结,都会有<span style="color: black;">爱好</span>、偏差、偏见、歧义,<span style="color: black;">由于</span><span style="color: black;">每一个</span>人对文字的理解不同,不要迷在所知障中。请有时间的读者,看原作!以原<span style="color: black;">做为</span>主♥️版权归原作者所有♥️谢谢♥️感恩♥️</h2>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">【本司名】宇宙爱你</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">【本司打工妹】九吉吉祥</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">【本司口号】让<span style="color: black;">咱们</span><span style="color: black;">一块</span>爱裂苍穹♥️</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">【本司愿景】助力全宇宙中国人心灵成长♥️</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">♥️宇宙爱你♥️宇宙愿您富贵<span style="color: black;">一辈子</span>♥️圆融圆满♥️</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">♥️谢谢你♥️我爱你♥️感恩你♥️</p>
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