2020护考重点章节,护考循环系统笔记,超齐全!
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><a style="color: black;">2020年护考</a>心功能不全病人的护理</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">1.心功能的分级:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">Ⅰ级 体力活动不受限制</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">Ⅱ级 体力活动轻度受限,<span style="color: black;">平常</span>活动<span style="color: black;">就可</span><span style="color: black;">导致</span>气急心悸</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">Ⅲ级 体力活动<span style="color: black;">显著</span>受限,稍事活动<span style="color: black;">就可</span><span style="color: black;">导致</span>气急、心悸,有轻度脏器淤血</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">Ⅳ级 体力活动重度受限,<span style="color: black;">休憩</span>状态下可有气急心悸,重度脏器淤血症状</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">口诀:“1<span style="color: black;">没</span>2轻3<span style="color: black;">显著</span>,4级不动<span style="color: black;">亦</span>困难”</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">2.<span style="color: black;">导致</span>心脏前负荷过重的<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">二尖瓣、主动脉瓣关闭不全,房间隔、室间隔<span style="color: black;">缺失</span>,动脉导管未闭</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">3.<span style="color: black;">导致</span>后负荷过重的<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">高血压、主动脉瓣狭窄、肺动脉高压、肺动脉瓣高压</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">4.诱发心力衰竭的<span style="color: black;">平常</span><span style="color: black;">原因</span>:<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>道感染</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">5.左心衰竭:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">1)劳力性<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>困难</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">2)端坐<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>:肺淤血达到<span style="color: black;">必定</span>的程度时,<span style="color: black;">病人</span><span style="color: black;">不可</span>平卧,因平卧时回心血量<span style="color: black;">增加</span>且横膈上抬,<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>更为困难。高枕卧位、半卧位<span style="color: black;">乃至</span>端坐时方可使憋气好转。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">3)夜间阵发性<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>困难:<span style="color: black;">病人</span>已入睡后<span style="color: black;">忽然</span>因憋气而惊醒,被迫采取坐位,<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>深快。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">4)急性肺水肿:是“心源性哮喘”的进一步发展,是左心衰<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>困难最严重的形式。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">体征:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(1)肺部湿性哕音</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(2)心脏体征均有心脏扩大、肺动脉瓣区第二心音亢进及舒张期奔马律。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">6.右心衰竭:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">以体静脉淤血的表现为主</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(1)消化道症状:胃肠道及肝脏淤血<span style="color: black;">导致</span>腹胀、食欲不振、恶心、呕吐。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(2)劳力性<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>困难。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><a style="color: black;">2020年护考</a>体征:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(1)水肿</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(2)颈静脉征(3)肝脏肿大。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">7.处理原则:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">a.减轻心脏<span style="color: black;">包袱</span>(<span style="color: black;">休憩</span>,<span style="color: black;">膳食</span>、吸氧、利尿)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">b.扩血管<span style="color: black;">药品</span>(扩张小静脉---硝酸甘油、扩张小动脉----ACEI)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">c.正性肌力<span style="color: black;">药品</span>------洋地黄(<span style="color: black;">运用</span>前测心率,心率<60应当停药)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">8.洋地黄应用的禁忌症:严重房室传到阻滞,肥厚心肌病,心梗24小时内</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">洋地黄中毒表现:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">1)胃肠道;食欲下降,恶心、呕吐</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">2)神经系统:黄绿视,<span style="color: black;">头昏</span>头痛</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">3)心脏:<span style="color: black;">心率</span>失常<span style="color: black;">平常</span>为室早二联律,常有室上性心动过速伴房室传导阻滞、窦性心动过缓(绿色、奥特、曼)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">9.心衰<span style="color: black;">病人</span><span style="color: black;">休憩</span>与活动:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">Ⅰ级 体力活动不受限制,避免剧烈和重体力劳动</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">Ⅱ级 适当地轻体力劳动和家务劳动</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">Ⅲ级 <span style="color: black;">平常</span>生活<span style="color: black;">能够</span>自理,严格限制<span style="color: black;">通常</span>体力劳动</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">Ⅳ级 绝对卧床<span style="color: black;">休憩</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">心率失常病人的护理</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">1.心脏正常的起搏点:窦房结</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">2.正常<span style="color: black;">状况</span>下PR间期为:0.12—0.2秒</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">3.窦性心动过速<span style="color: black;">指的是</span>心率>100次/秒,窦性心动过缓<span style="color: black;">指的是</span>心率<60次/分</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">4.频发的期前收缩<span style="color: black;">指的是</span>期前收缩>5个/分,每一个窦性心动过速后<span style="color: black;">显现</span>一个期前收缩<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>为二联律;每两个窦搏之后<span style="color: black;">显现</span>一个期前收缩<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>为三联律</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">5.房性期前收缩:P波提早<span style="color: black;">显现</span>,其形态与窦性P波不同,P-R间期大于0.12秒。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">6.室性期前收缩:QRS波群提前出现,形态宽大畸形,QRS波形>0.12秒,与前一个P波<span style="color: black;">没</span><span style="color: black;">关联</span>,T波与QRS波群主波相反,(常<span style="color: black;">选择</span><span style="color: black;">药品</span>为利多卡因)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">7.心房颤动:P波消失,代以<span style="color: black;">体积</span>不等的f波,频率为350—600,R-R间隔不规则,心室率不规则,<span style="color: black;">一般</span>在100—600次/分(首选同步电复律)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">8.心室颤动:QRS波群与T波消失,呈<span style="color: black;">没</span>规则的<span style="color: black;">浪花</span>线。(首选非同步电复律)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">9.随时猝死危险的心率失常<span style="color: black;">包含</span>:阵发性室心动过速、心室颤动、房室传导阻滞。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><a style="color: black;">2020年护考</a>急性心力衰竭病人的护理</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">1.急性左心衰表现:突发严重<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>困难,<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>频率达30—40次/分,咳<span style="color: black;">海量</span>粉红色<span style="color: black;">泡泡</span>痰(提示急性肺水肿),两肺布满湿罗音;烦躁、青紫被迫端坐位,双腿下垂</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">2.处理原则:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">1)端坐位、腿下垂</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">2)高流量吸氧(6-8L/分),加入20%--30%乙醇湿化(降低肺及气管<span style="color: black;">泡泡</span>张力,改善通气)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">3)镇静----吗啡</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">4)快速利尿-----呋塞米</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">5)扩血管----ACEI</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">6)强心剂—去乙酰毛花苷</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">7)平喘----氨茶碱</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">8)糖皮质激素----减轻肺水肿</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(端坐位、退下垂、湿化氧、打吗啡,强心、利尿、扩血管)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">3.急性左心衰氧流量:6—8L/分,输液速度<span style="color: black;">通常</span>为20—30滴/分(防止急性肺水肿的<span style="color: black;">出现</span>)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">先心病的护理</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">1.先心病<span style="color: black;">归类</span>:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">1)左向右分流型(<span style="color: black;">隐藏</span>青紫型)艾森门格<span style="color: black;">综合症</span>。<span style="color: black;">平常</span><span style="color: black;">疾患</span>:房间隔<span style="color: black;">缺失</span>、室间隔<span style="color: black;">缺失</span>、动脉导管未闭合</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">2)右向左分流型(青紫型) <span style="color: black;">平常</span>为:法洛四联症</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">3)<span style="color: black;">没</span>分流型(<span style="color: black;">没</span>青紫型)主动脉狭窄、肺动脉狭窄</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">2.房间隔<span style="color: black;">缺失</span>:右心肥大,肺门舞蹈,胸骨左缘2-3肋闻及收缩期喷射性杂音</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">3.室间隔<span style="color: black;">缺失</span>:最<span style="color: black;">平常</span>的先心病,3—4肋间全收缩期反流性杂音,<span style="color: black;">重点</span>并发症为:支气管肺炎、肺水肿、亚急性细菌性心内膜炎。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">4.动脉导管未闭:杵状指、左心增大</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">5.法洛四联症:青紫、杵状指、蹲踞现象、缺氧<span style="color: black;">爆发</span>。靴形心。肺动脉狭窄,室间隔<span style="color: black;">缺失</span>,主动脉骑跨,右心室肥厚</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">高血压病人的护理</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">高血压的定义:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">为收缩压≥140mmHg和(或)舒张压≥90mmhg</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">高血压治疗原则:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">改善生活<span style="color: black;">行径</span>:①减轻体重②减少钠盐摄人③<span style="color: black;">弥补</span>钙和钾盐④减少脂肪摄人⑤戒烟、限制饮酒⑥<span style="color: black;">增多</span>运动。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">原发性高血压的并发症:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">高血压危象、高血压脑病 、脑血管病、主动脉夹层、慢性肾功能衰竭、心力衰竭。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">高血压急症:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">指的是</span>短时期内(数小时或数天)血压重度<span style="color: black;">上升</span>,舒张压>130mmHg和(或)收缩压>200mmHg,伴有<span style="color: black;">要紧</span>器官组织如心脏、脑、肾脏、眼底、大动脉的严重功能<span style="color: black;">阻碍</span>或不可逆性损害。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">治疗原则</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">1.<span style="color: black;">快速</span>降低血压</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">2.<span style="color: black;">掌控</span>性降压 </p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">3.<span style="color: black;">恰当</span><span style="color: black;">选取</span>降压药,硝普钠<span style="color: black;">常常</span>是首选的<span style="color: black;">药品</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">4.避免<span style="color: black;">运用</span>的<span style="color: black;">药品</span>:利血平,治疗<span style="color: black;">起始</span>时<span style="color: black;">亦</span>不宜<span style="color: black;">运用</span>强力的利尿降压药。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">几种<span style="color: black;">平常</span>高血压急症的处理原则</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">①脑<span style="color: black;">流血</span> 原则上实施血压监控与管理,不实施降压治疗。即>200/130mmHg,才<span style="color: black;">思虑</span>严密血压监测下进行降压治疗。血压<span style="color: black;">掌控</span><span style="color: black;">目的</span><span style="color: black;">不可</span><span style="color: black;">小于</span>160/l00mmHg。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">②脑梗死 <span style="color: black;">通常</span>不<span style="color: black;">必须</span>作高血压急症处理。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">③急性冠脉<span style="color: black;">综合症</span>:可<span style="color: black;">选取</span>硝酸甘油或地尔硫卓静脉滴注,<span style="color: black;">亦</span>可<span style="color: black;">选取</span>口服β受体阻滞剂和ACEI治疗。血压<span style="color: black;">掌控</span><span style="color: black;">目的</span>是<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>消失,舒张压<100mmHg。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">冠心病病人的护理</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">1.心绞痛<span style="color: black;">出现</span>的<span style="color: black;">原由</span>:冠状动脉管腔狭窄<span style="color: black;">或</span>痉挛</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">2.心绞痛<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>的特点:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">1)胸骨中段<span style="color: black;">或</span>上段为主、可<span style="color: black;">触及</span>心前区</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">2)常为压迫、发闷、紧缩感偶有濒死感</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">3)持续时间<span style="color: black;">通常</span>为3--5分钟,<span style="color: black;">通常</span>不超过15分钟</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">4)<span style="color: black;">通常</span><span style="color: black;">休憩</span>或舌下含服硝酸甘油<span style="color: black;">就可</span>缓解</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">3.治疗心绞痛最有效的<span style="color: black;">药品</span>:硝酸甘油(舌下含服)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">4.心肌梗死最早最<span style="color: black;">明显</span>的症状为:心前区<span style="color: black;">病痛</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">5.心肌梗死的<span style="color: black;">重点</span>症状:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">1)<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>:与心绞痛<span style="color: black;">类似</span>,程度更剧烈,伴有烦躁大汗、濒死感,经</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">休憩</span>和舌下含服硝酸甘油不缓解,数日或<span style="color: black;">几周</span>前就会有以上的症</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">2)全身症状:<span style="color: black;">通常</span><span style="color: black;">出现</span>在24--48小时后,<span style="color: black;">显现</span>发热、心动过速、血沉增快,可伴有胃肠道症状</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">3)心源性休克:收缩压<80mmhg,<span style="color: black;">同期</span>伴有烦躁不安,面色苍白或青紫皮肤湿冷、脉搏细速、尿量减少等</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">4)心率失常:是心肌梗死死亡<span style="color: black;">重点</span><span style="color: black;">原由</span>,多<span style="color: black;">出现</span>于病后的1--2天,前24小时内<span style="color: black;">出现</span>率最高,以室性<span style="color: black;">心率</span>失常最多见最<span style="color: black;">平常</span>的死亡<span style="color: black;">原由</span>是室颤。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">5)心率衰竭:约半数人出<span style="color: black;">此刻</span>最初的几天。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">6.急性心肌梗死的辅助<span style="color: black;">检测</span>:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">心电图特征性改变:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">1)宽而深的<span style="color: black;">反常</span>Q波 </p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">2)<span style="color: black;">显现</span>S-T抬高弓背向上,</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">3)<span style="color: black;">显现</span>倒置的T波 </p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">4)背向心肌坏死导联<span style="color: black;">显现</span>R波<span style="color: black;">升高</span>,</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">S--T段压低、T波直立并<span style="color: black;">升高</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">7.急性心肌梗死心肌酶的改变:肌酸磷酸激酶同工酶、肌酸磷酸激酶、门冬氨酸氨基转移酶、乳酸脱氢酶血心肌坏死标志物:肌红蛋白、肌钙蛋白是诊断心肌梗死的<span style="color: black;">敏锐</span>指标。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">8.急性心梗最早<span style="color: black;">显现</span>的心肌酶:肌酸磷酸激酶</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">9.心肌梗死病人<span style="color: black;">显现</span>室性<span style="color: black;">心率</span>失常应该:立即给予利多卡因静脉注射</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">10.急性心肌梗死<span style="color: black;">出现</span>室颤时:非同步电复律</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">11.尿激酶治疗急性心肌梗死的<span style="color: black;">功效</span>:溶解冠脉血栓</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">12.急性心梗病人<span style="color: black;">重点</span>的护理问题是:<span style="color: black;">病痛</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">13.急性心梗的护理<span style="color: black;">办法</span>:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(1)<span style="color: black;">休憩</span>,急性期绝对卧床避免搬动;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(2)防止便秘:<span style="color: black;">供给</span><span style="color: black;">饱含</span>膳食纤维的<span style="color: black;">食品</span>,必要时给予缓泻剂;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(3)<span style="color: black;">膳食</span>护理:<span style="color: black;">供给</span>低热量、低脂、低胆固醇<span style="color: black;">膳食</span>;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(4)经皮腔内冠状动脉成形术后护理防止血栓与<span style="color: black;">流血</span>。</p>
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