急性心衰处理
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">急性心力衰竭:<span style="color: black;">指的是</span>心力衰竭急性<span style="color: black;">爆发</span>和或加重的一种临床<span style="color: black;">综合症</span>,可表现为急性新发或慢性心衰心衰急性失代偿。临床上可分为:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">1,急性左心衰,<span style="color: black;">指的是</span>急性<span style="color: black;">爆发</span>或加重的左心功能<span style="color: black;">反常</span><span style="color: black;">导致</span>的心肌收缩力<span style="color: black;">显著</span>下降,心脏负荷加重,<span style="color: black;">导致</span>急性心排血量骤降,肺循环压力<span style="color: black;">忽然</span><span style="color: black;">上升</span>,<span style="color: black;">周边</span>循环阻力<span style="color: black;">增多</span>,<span style="color: black;">导致</span>肺循环充血而<span style="color: black;">显现</span>急性肺淤血,肺水肿并伴组织器官灌注不足和心源性休克的临床<span style="color: black;">综合症</span>。最为<span style="color: black;">平常</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">2,急性右心衰:<span style="color: black;">指的是</span>某些<span style="color: black;">原由</span>使右心室心肌收缩力急剧下降,或右侧心室的前后负荷<span style="color: black;">忽然</span>加重,从而<span style="color: black;">导致</span>右心排血量急剧减低的临床<span style="color: black;">综合症</span>,常因右心室梗死,急性大面积肺栓塞,右心瓣膜病<span style="color: black;">导致</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">3,非心源性急性心衰:常<span style="color: black;">因为</span>高心排血量<span style="color: black;">综合症</span>,严重肾脏<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>(心肾综合征),严总肺动脉高压<span style="color: black;">导致</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">急性心衰<span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">忽然</span>起病或在原有慢性心力衰竭<span style="color: black;">基本</span>上急性加重;大<span style="color: black;">都数</span>表现为收缩性心力衰竭,可表现为为舒张性心衰,发病前<span style="color: black;">病人</span><span style="color: black;">都数</span>合并有器质性心血管<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>。<span style="color: black;">针对</span>在慢性心力衰竭<span style="color: black;">基本</span>上<span style="color: black;">出现</span>急性的急性心力衰竭,经治疗后病情稳定,<span style="color: black;">再也不</span><span style="color: black;">叫作</span>为急性心力衰竭。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">诊断要点:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">病因和诱因</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">病史可<span style="color: black;">供给</span>与急性左心衰病因或诱因<span style="color: black;">相关</span>的信息。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">病人</span>常先有较轻的慢性心力衰竭的症状如劳力性<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>困难或轻度阵发性夜间<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>困难,或体循环淤血征象。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">平常</span>病因有冠心病,高血压,心肌炎,心脏瓣膜病,严重<span style="color: black;">心率</span>失常等。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">平常</span>诱<span style="color: black;">由于</span>感染,<span style="color: black;">心情</span>激动,过度体力活动,输液<span style="color: black;">太多</span>过快,贫血与<span style="color: black;">流血</span>,妊娠或分娩。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">临床特征:急性肺水肿为急性左心衰<span style="color: black;">重点</span>表现。从病理生理<span style="color: black;">方向</span>可将肺水肿分为细胞水肿,间质水肿,肺泡水肿,休克和终末期5期。其临床表现随病情的发展<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">逐步</span>加重。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">1,细胞内水肿期:常有烦躁,失眠,不安,血压<span style="color: black;">上升</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">2,间质性肺水肿期:为不同程度<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>困难,及原有<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>困难加重。<span style="color: black;">病人</span>阵发性夜间<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>困难,<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>频率浅快,面色苍白,脉速,颈静脉充盈,中心静脉压<span style="color: black;">上升</span>。但肺部仅有哮鸣音而<span style="color: black;">没</span>湿啰音。为心源性哮喘。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">3,肺泡内水肿期:以<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>困难,咳嗽,咳痰为基本症状。<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>浅快,频率达30-40次/分或以上,临床表现为极度焦虑,口唇发绀,皮肤湿冷,大汗淋漓,端坐<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>,咳<span style="color: black;">海量</span>白色或粉红色<span style="color: black;">泡泡</span>痰,可从口腔或鼻腔中喷出。湿啰音始于肺底部,<span style="color: black;">快速</span> ️布全 。<span style="color: black;">拥有</span>“<span style="color: black;">忽然</span><span style="color: black;">出现</span>,广泛分布,大中小湿啰音与哮鸣音并存,变化速率快”的特点。心音快而弱,心尖部闻及舒张期奔马律,但常被肺内罗音掩盖<span style="color: black;">很难</span>听到。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">4,心源性休克期:<span style="color: black;">病人</span><span style="color: black;">认识</span>模糊,可<span style="color: black;">出现</span>阿斯<span style="color: black;">综合症</span>或心源性休克。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">5,终末期:<span style="color: black;">病人</span>呈<span style="color: black;">晕倒</span>状态,因心肺功能不全,窒息而死。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">辅助<span style="color: black;">检测</span>:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">心电图-<span style="color: black;">心率</span>失常,急性心肌缺血等诊断。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">心衰标志物:BNP及NT-ProBNP测定。其浓度<span style="color: black;">上升</span>是诊断心力衰竭的客观指标。如BNP>400ng/L,或NT-ProBNP>1500ng/L,心衰可能性大,其阳性预测值为90%。急诊<span style="color: black;">看病</span>的<span style="color: black;">显著</span>气急<span style="color: black;">病人</span>,如BNP/NT-ProBNP水平正常或偏低,几乎<span style="color: black;">能够</span>除外急性心衰的可能。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">床旁超声心动图<span style="color: black;">检测</span>,左心室舒张末径增大,心室壁运动幅度极度减弱,左心室射血分数<span style="color: black;">显著</span>减低及<span style="color: black;">基本</span>心脏病表现等。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">胸部X线:可<span style="color: black;">表示</span>肺淤血的程度和肺水肿。血流动力学监测。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">临床严重程度分级</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">Killip分级适用于<span style="color: black;">评估</span>AMI时心衰时程度,I级,<span style="color: black;">没</span>心衰症状和体征;II级,有心衰症状和体征,肺部中下肺野湿性啰音,心脏奔马律,胸片可见肺淤血;III级,有严重心衰症状和体征,严重肺水肿,双 满布湿性啰音。IV级,心源性休克。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">治疗要点</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">急性左心衰时的缺氧和严重<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>困难是致命的威胁,<span style="color: black;">必要</span>尽快缓解。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">通常</span>处理:端坐位,腿下垂,高流量鼻导管吸氧,可在湿化瓶中加入20%-40%酒精或有机硅消泡剂,对病情<span style="color: black;">尤其</span>严重者应采用<span style="color: black;">没</span>创<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>机<span style="color: black;">连续</span>加压或双水平气道正压给氧。<span style="color: black;">救治</span>准备:<span style="color: black;">最少</span>开放两条静脉通路,并保持通畅。必要时采用深静脉穿刺置管,以随时满足用药需求。血管活性<span style="color: black;">药品</span><span style="color: black;">通常</span>用微量泵泵入,以维持稳定速度和正确剂量。心电监护及经皮血氧饱和度监测等。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">药品</span>治疗:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">1,吗啡3-5mg 缓慢静脉注射,必要时每15分钟注射一次。共2-3次;病情不甚危急时,<span style="color: black;">能够</span>10mg,皮下或肌内注射,每3-4小时重复给药。吗啡的<span style="color: black;">重点</span>副<span style="color: black;">功效</span>是低血压和<span style="color: black;">呼气</span><span style="color: black;">控制</span>。伴有神志不清、COPD、<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>衰竭、肝功能衰竭、颅内<span style="color: black;">流血</span>、低血压休克者禁用。年老体弱者慎用。<span style="color: black;">没</span>吗啡时,可用哌替啶50-100mg 肌内注射。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">是除给氧外,治疗急性左心衰肺水肿的最有效<span style="color: black;">药品</span>,可镇静,减少躁动及心脏<span style="color: black;">包袱</span>,<span style="color: black;">拥有</span>舒张小血管的功能而减轻心脏负荷。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">2,袢利尿剂:本品除利尿<span style="color: black;">功效</span>外,还有静脉扩张<span style="color: black;">功效</span>,有利于肺水肿缓解。静脉利尿剂首选呋塞米。20-40mg,静脉注射。继以 5-40mg/h,静滴。其总剂量在起初6小时不超过80mg,起初24小时不超过200mg。<span style="color: black;">也</span>可应用布美他尼(丁尿胺)1-2mg或托拉塞米10-20mg,或依他尼酸 25-50mg 静注。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">袢利尿剂效果<span style="color: black;">不良</span>、加大剂量仍未见良好反应以及容量负荷过重的急性心衰者,应用噻嗪类和(或)醛固酮受体拮抗剂:氢氯噻嗪 25-50mg 日2,或螺内酯 20-40mg/天。利尿剂低剂量联合应用,其疗效优于单一利尿剂的大剂量,且不良反应更少。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">3,氨茶碱:<span style="color: black;">尤其</span>适用于伴有支气管痉挛的<span style="color: black;">病人</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">用法:成人<span style="color: black;">通常</span>应用25%葡萄糖注射液40ml➕氨茶碱 0.125-0.25g,10-20分钟内缓慢静注;必要时4-6小时<span style="color: black;">能够</span>重复1次。或以0.25-0.5mg/<span style="color: black;">公斤</span>h,静脉滴注。此类<span style="color: black;">药品</span>不适宜用于冠心病如急性心肌梗死或不稳定性心绞痛<span style="color: black;">导致</span>的急性心衰,不可用于伴有心动过速或<span style="color: black;">心率</span>失常的<span style="color: black;">病人</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">4,血管扩张剂:常用<span style="color: black;">药品</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">硝酸甘油:<span style="color: black;">通常</span>采用微量泵输注,从10ug/min<span style="color: black;">起始</span>,以后每5分钟递增 5-10ug/min,直至急性心衰症状缓解或收缩压降至90-100mmHg,或达到最大剂量100ug/min为止。病情稳定后逐步<span style="color: black;">减少</span>至停用。(<span style="color: black;">尤其</span>适用于严重<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>困难,PCWP<span style="color: black;">明显</span><span style="color: black;">上升</span>而心排血量与血压正常或接近正常者(SBP》100mmHg。)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">硝普钠:最适用于高血压,急性二尖瓣反流或急性主动脉瓣反流<span style="color: black;">导致</span>急性左心衰。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">常<span style="color: black;">运用</span>微量泵输注。输注速度从10ug/min<span style="color: black;">起始</span>,以后每5分钟递增5-10ug/min,直至症状缓解、血压由原水平下降30mmHg或下降至90-100mmHg时为止。硝普钠常用维持剂量 3ug/<span style="color: black;">公斤</span>/min,极量 10ug/<span style="color: black;">公斤</span>/min。有效剂量维持止病情稳定,以后<span style="color: black;">逐步</span><span style="color: black;">减少</span>/停药。用药时间不宜连续超过24小时。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">重组人脑钠肽(rhBNP):<span style="color: black;">拥有</span>扩张血管、利尿、<span style="color: black;">控制</span>RASS和交感神经活性<span style="color: black;">功效</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">用法:先给予负荷剂量 1.5ug/<span style="color: black;">公斤</span>,静脉缓慢注射,继以0.0075-0.015ug/<span style="color: black;">公斤</span>/min。静滴。<span style="color: black;">亦</span>可<span style="color: black;">不消</span>负荷剂量而直接静滴。疗程<span style="color: black;">通常</span>3天,不超过7天。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">乌拉地尔:最<span style="color: black;">运用</span>于高血压<span style="color: black;">导致</span>的急性左心衰。<span style="color: black;">一般</span> 25mg 静脉注射。如血压<span style="color: black;">没</span><span style="color: black;">显著</span>下降可重复注射,继续以20-50mg于100ml液体中静脉滴注维持,速度为0.4-2mg/min,依据血压<span style="color: black;">调节</span>速度。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">5,正性肌力<span style="color: black;">药品</span>:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">洋地黄制剂:最适合有房颤伴有快速心室率,并已知有心室扩大伴有左心室收缩功能不全者。(心肺查体)。近2周内未<span style="color: black;">运用</span>洋地黄的<span style="color: black;">病人</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">首选西地兰(毛花甘丙)0.4-0.8mg➕25%-50%葡萄糖20-40ml中缓慢静注;必要时2小时后再给予 0.2-0.4mg。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">若近期用过洋地黄,但并非洋地黄中毒<span style="color: black;">引起</span>心衰,仍可用洋地黄。但应酌情<span style="color: black;">减少</span>。<span style="color: black;">另外</span>风湿性心脏病单纯二尖瓣狭窄合并急性肺水肿时,如为窦性<span style="color: black;">心率</span>则禁用洋地黄,<span style="color: black;">由于</span>洋地黄能<span style="color: black;">增多</span>心肌收缩力,使右心室排血量<span style="color: black;">增多</span>,加重肺水肿,但二尖瓣狭窄合并二尖瓣关闭不全的肺水肿<span style="color: black;">病人</span>,可用洋地黄制剂。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">儿茶酚胺类:常用多巴胺和多巴酚丁胺,两者常以2.5-10ug/<span style="color: black;">公斤</span>/min。静脉给予。与血管扩张剂联合应用效果更佳。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">磷酸二酯酶<span style="color: black;">控制</span>剂;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">常用米力农,<span style="color: black;">初始</span>25-50ug/<span style="color: black;">公斤</span>,于10-20分钟静注,继以0.25-0.5ug/<span style="color: black;">公斤</span>min。静滴。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">左西孟旦:本品是一种钙增敏剂,<span style="color: black;">经过</span>结合于心肌细胞上肌钙蛋白C促进心肌收缩,可介导ATP<span style="color: black;">敏锐</span>的钾通道发挥血管舒张<span style="color: black;">功效</span>和轻度<span style="color: black;">控制</span>磷酸二酯酶效应。其正性肌力<span style="color: black;">功效</span>独立于贝塔肾上腺素能刺激,可用于正接受贝塔阻滞剂治疗的<span style="color: black;">病人</span>。急性心衰<span style="color: black;">病人</span>应用左西孟旦静脉滴注可<span style="color: black;">显著</span><span style="color: black;">增多</span>CO和每搏量,降低PCWP,全身血管阻力和肺血管阻力;冠心病<span style="color: black;">病人</span>不会<span style="color: black;">增多</span>病死率。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">左西孟旦 用法:首剂12-24ug/<span style="color: black;">公斤</span>,静脉注射(>10min),继以0.1ug/<span style="color: black;">公斤</span>min。静脉滴注。可酌情减半或加倍。<span style="color: black;">针对</span>收缩压<100mmHg的<span style="color: black;">病人</span>,不<span style="color: black;">必须</span>负荷剂量,可直接用维持剂量,以防止<span style="color: black;">出现</span>低血压。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">血液净化治疗:<span style="color: black;">显现</span>以下<span style="color: black;">状况</span>之一者<span style="color: black;">思虑</span>采用:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">1,高容量负荷,如肺水肿或严重的外周组织水肿,且对袢利尿剂和噻嗪类利尿剂抵抗。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">2,低钠血症(血钠<110mmol/L)且有相应临床症状如神志<span style="color: black;">阻碍</span>,肌张力减低,踺反射减弱或消失,呕吐以及肺水肿,在<span style="color: black;">以上</span>两种<span style="color: black;">状况</span>应用单纯血液滤过<span style="color: black;">就可</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">3,肾功能进行性<span style="color: black;">衰退</span>,血肌酐>500umol/L或符合急性血液透析指征的其他<span style="color: black;">状况</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">4,机械通气:急性心力衰竭<span style="color: black;">病人</span>行机械通气指征:1,<span style="color: black;">显现</span>心跳<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>骤停而进行心肺复苏时;2,合并I型或II型<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>衰竭。机械通气方式</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">1,<span style="color: black;">没</span>创<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>机辅助通气:一种<span style="color: black;">没</span>需插管,经口/鼻面罩给<span style="color: black;">病人</span>供氧,由<span style="color: black;">病人</span>自主<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>触发的机械通气治疗。分为<span style="color: black;">连续</span>气道正压通气CPAP和双相间歇气道正压通气BiPAP两种模式。<span style="color: black;">功效</span>机制:<span style="color: black;">经过</span>气道正压通气可改善<span style="color: black;">病人</span>通气<span style="color: black;">情况</span>;减轻肺水肿,纠正缺氧和CO2潴留。从而缓解I型或II型<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>衰竭;适用对象:I型或II型<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>衰竭<span style="color: black;">病人</span>经过常规吸氧和<span style="color: black;">药品</span>治疗仍<span style="color: black;">不可</span>纠正时应及早应用。<span style="color: black;">重点</span>用于<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>频率《25次/分,能<span style="color: black;">协同</span><span style="color: black;">呼气</span>机通气的<span style="color: black;">初期</span><span style="color: black;">呼气</span>衰竭者。在下列<span style="color: black;">状况</span>下应用受限:<span style="color: black;">不可</span>耐受和合作的<span style="color: black;">病人</span>,有严重认知<span style="color: black;">阻碍</span>和焦虑的<span style="color: black;">病人</span>,<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>急促(频率>25次/分)、<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>微弱和<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>道分泌物多多<span style="color: black;">病人</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">2,气管插管和人工机械通气:应用指征为心肺复苏时,严重<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>衰竭经常规治疗<span style="color: black;">不可</span>改善者,尤其<span style="color: black;">显现</span><span style="color: black;">显著</span><span style="color: black;">呼气</span>性和代谢性酸中毒并影响到<span style="color: black;">认识</span>状态的<span style="color: black;">病人</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">5,主动脉内球囊反搏IABP:一种有效改善心肌灌注<span style="color: black;">同期</span>又降低心肌耗氧量和<span style="color: black;">增多</span>CO的治疗手段。IABP适应症:1,AMI或严重心肌缺血并发心源性休克,且<span style="color: black;">不可</span>由<span style="color: black;">药品</span>治疗纠正;2,伴血流动力学<span style="color: black;">阻碍</span>的严重冠心病(如急性心肌梗死伴机械并发症)3,心肌缺血伴顽固性肺水肿。IABP禁忌症:1,存在严重的外周血管<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>;2,主动脉瘤;3,主动脉瓣关闭不全;4,活动性<span style="color: black;">流血</span>或其他抗凝禁忌症;5,严重血小板缺乏。IABP撤除:急性心衰<span style="color: black;">病人</span>的血流动力学稳定后可撤除。撤除的参考指征:1,CI>2.5L/min.m2; 2,尿量>1ml/<span style="color: black;">公斤</span>/L; 3,血管活性<span style="color: black;">药品</span>用量<span style="color: black;">逐步</span>减少,而<span style="color: black;">同期</span>血压恢复较好;4,<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>稳定,动脉血气分析各项指标正常;5,降低反搏频率时血流动力学参数仍然稳定。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">病因和诱因治疗:诱因治疗<span style="color: black;">包含</span><span style="color: black;">掌控</span>感染,纠正贫血与<span style="color: black;">心率</span>失常等,病因治疗如AMI行急诊PCI治疗。</p>
期待楼主的下一次分享!” 真情实感,其含义为认真了、走心了的意思,是如今的饭圈常用语。
页:
[1]