心内科常用的知识
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">1、</span>心力衰竭</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">1.<span style="color: black;">按照</span><span style="color: black;">病人</span>自觉活动能力,心功能分为四级,<span style="color: black;">按照</span>客观辅助<span style="color: black;">检测</span>来<span style="color: black;">评定</span>心脏病变的严重程度,分为A、B、C、D四级;心衰的基本病因是原发性心肌损害和心脏负荷过重,感染、<span style="color: black;">心率</span>失常、血容量<span style="color: black;">增多</span>、<span style="color: black;">疲劳</span>或激动、治疗<span style="color: black;">欠妥</span>及原有心脏病加重或并发他病均可诱发心衰;左心衰为肺循环淤血,右心衰为体循环淤血;心衰病人要区分收缩性和舒张性心衰;心室重构在心脏病<span style="color: black;">病人</span><span style="color: black;">出现</span>心衰过程中有<span style="color: black;">要紧</span><span style="color: black;">道理</span>。2.慢性心力衰竭中左心衰三个<span style="color: black;">重点</span>表现:<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>困难、咳嗽和咯血、肺底水泡音,心源性哮喘是左心衰<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>困难最严重的表现,<span style="color: black;">重视</span>其与支气管哮喘的区别。若<span style="color: black;">病人</span>咳粉红色<span style="color: black;">泡泡</span>痰,则可判断为心源性哮喘。右心衰三个<span style="color: black;">重点</span>表现:颈静脉怒张、肝大、水肿;右心衰竭<span style="color: black;">导致</span>的水肿、腹水应与肾性水肿、心包<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>如缩窄性心包炎、肝硬化和内分泌<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>相鉴别。治疗心衰<span style="color: black;">要紧</span><span style="color: black;">办法</span><span style="color: black;">包含</span>去除或限制基本病因,消除诱因;<span style="color: black;">增多</span>心排血量减轻心脏负荷。ACEI剂及β受体阻滞剂的应用及<span style="color: black;">办法</span>:不可逆心衰<span style="color: black;">病人</span><span style="color: black;">独一</span>的<span style="color: black;">办法</span>是心脏移植。3.急性心力衰竭多指左心衰,表现为端坐<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>、咳嗽、咳粉红色<span style="color: black;">泡泡</span>样痰、双肺干啰音。急救<span style="color: black;">办法</span>:半卧位、腿下垂、吸氧、利尿等,有<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>系统<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>时禁用吗啡。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">2、</span><span style="color: black;">心率</span>失常</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">1.窦性<span style="color: black;">心率</span>失常中<span style="color: black;">重视</span>病态窦房结<span style="color: black;">综合症</span>。2.房早<span style="color: black;">通常</span><span style="color: black;">没</span>需治疗;快速房颤可用洋地黄、β受体阻滞剂和钙离子拮抗剂,慢性房颤分阵发性、<span style="color: black;">连续</span>性和永久性三类;阵发性室上速终止<span style="color: black;">办法</span>可用刺激迷走神经法,根治最好<span style="color: black;">办法</span>为射频消融。3.终止室速首选利多卡因,维拉帕米可治疗特发性室速;提早<span style="color: black;">显现</span>宽大畸形QRS波是室性早搏的<span style="color: black;">重点</span>表现,治疗<span style="color: black;">药品</span>用普罗帕酮、美西律和胺碘酮的。4.房室传导阻滞分三度,Ⅰ度房室传导阻滞PR间期大于0.20 s,Ⅰ和Ⅱ度<span style="color: black;">没</span>特殊治疗,Ⅲ度心率过慢者可予阿托品,症状<span style="color: black;">显著</span>者可安装起搏器。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">3、</span>心脏骤停和心脏性猝死</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">心脏性猝死<span style="color: black;">必定</span>是心搏骤停,心搏骤停不全是心脏性猝死,心脏性猝死<span style="color: black;">都数</span>由冠心病及其并发症<span style="color: black;">导致</span>,电除颤是复律有效的手段,<span style="color: black;">把握</span>猝死急救CAB。<span style="color: black;">4、</span>高血压</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">1.高血压诊断标准:血压≥140/90 mmHg,高血压分三级,降压药分六类,<span style="color: black;">重视</span>降压<span style="color: black;">药品</span>的<span style="color: black;">选取</span>,降压<span style="color: black;">目的</span>140/90mmHg以下。2.<span style="color: black;">重视</span>恶性高血压的临床特点。3.高血压脑病是血压<span style="color: black;">上升</span><span style="color: black;">显现</span>剧烈头痛、恶心、呕吐、抽搐、<span style="color: black;">晕倒</span>,病理上以肾小动脉纤维样坏死为<span style="color: black;">明显</span>特点。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">5、</span>冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">1.冠心病的危险<span style="color: black;">原因</span>中,以高血脂、高血压、高血糖为<span style="color: black;">要紧</span>。2.缺血性心脏病<span style="color: black;">包含</span>冠状动脉器质性和功能性改变冠状动脉造影是诊断冠心病的金标准。3.冠脉血流不足,<span style="color: black;">导致</span>心肌急剧的、暂时的缺血缺氧而产生心绞痛,胸痛性质常为压迫性或紧缩性,<span style="color: black;">连续</span>时间3~5分钟,含硝酸甘油可缓解,心绞痛分为四级。心电图是诊断心绞痛的常用<span style="color: black;">办法</span>,但其诊断要依靠病史及其他辅助<span style="color: black;">检测</span>,需与心神经官能症、急性心肌梗死等相鉴别。4.不稳定型心绞痛是除稳定型、<span style="color: black;">疲劳</span>型心绞痛以外的所有心绞痛,其处理<span style="color: black;">包含</span>硝酸酯类、β受体阻滞剂、钙通道阻滞剂、阿司匹林和低分子肝素。5.急性心肌梗死<span style="color: black;">重点</span>发病机制是动脉粥样斑块破溃,血栓形成或冠脉<span style="color: black;">连续</span>痉挛使之完全闭塞,最<span style="color: black;">要紧</span>的症状是<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>,还可<span style="color: black;">显现</span>胃肠道症状、<span style="color: black;">心率</span>失常、心衰和休克,体征多发心率增快奔马律及乳头肌功能不全;有Q波心肌梗死特征性改变是ST段抬高弓背向上,与T波融合形成单向曲线和病理性Q波;<span style="color: black;">没</span>Q波心肌梗死是ST段<span style="color: black;">广泛</span>压低;心肌酶学中CK-MB和LDH1特异性最高;心肌梗死诊断三要素;<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>、心电图和酶学改变,<span style="color: black;">重视</span>与心绞痛、急腹症、急性肺动脉栓塞和主动脉夹层瘤相鉴别;急性心梗并发乳头肌功能不全最<span style="color: black;">平常</span>,<span style="color: black;">长时间</span>ST段不回落要<span style="color: black;">重视</span>并发室壁瘤。6.急性心肌梗死的治疗<span style="color: black;">办法</span><span style="color: black;">包含</span>监护和<span style="color: black;">通常</span>治疗;解除症状常用罂粟碱、吗啡和哌替啶;溶栓成功判定指标;急诊冠脉成形术室<span style="color: black;">日前</span>最积极有效的<span style="color: black;">办法</span>;消除室性<span style="color: black;">心率</span>失常多用利多卡因;治疗心衰慎用洋地黄类<span style="color: black;">药品</span>而主张用β受体阻滞剂和ACEI制剂。7.急性心肌梗死<span style="color: black;">导致</span>泵衰竭的Killip分级,Ⅰ级尚<span style="color: black;">没</span><span style="color: black;">显著</span>心力衰竭;Ⅱ级有左心衰竭;Ⅲ级有急性肺水肿;Ⅳ级心原性休克等血流动力学改变。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">6、</span>心脏瓣膜病</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">1.二尖瓣狭窄的表现为<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>困难、咳嗽、咯血和声音嘶哑;<span style="color: black;">要紧</span>体征是舒张期隆隆样杂音、开瓣音;X线为左房增大,心电图示二尖瓣型P波,超声心动是诊断二尖瓣狭窄最有价值的<span style="color: black;">检测</span>;该病最多见并发症是房颤,其次为急性肺水肿、血栓栓塞、右心衰、感染性心内膜炎和肺部感染;治疗中主要<span style="color: black;">重视</span>并发症的处理,介入和手术是治疗二尖瓣狭窄的有效<span style="color: black;">办法</span>,人工瓣膜置换术是最佳<span style="color: black;">办法</span>。2.二尖瓣关闭不全病因分急性和慢性两大类,临床表现不甚典型,体征有左心室增大,心尖搏动向左下移动,最<span style="color: black;">要紧</span>的是收缩期吹风样杂音;超声心动是二尖瓣关闭不全有<span style="color: black;">道理</span>的<span style="color: black;">检测</span>;并发症有心衰和感染性心内膜炎;心功能代偿期<span style="color: black;">没</span>需治疗,换瓣手术为最佳治疗。3.主动脉瓣狭窄的病因<span style="color: black;">非常多</span>,但以风心病、先心病和老年退行性变多见,<span style="color: black;">重点</span>临床表现为<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>困难、心绞痛和晕厥;<span style="color: black;">要紧</span>体征为收缩期喷射样杂音,常伴震颤;超声心动图是诊断和判定狭窄程度的<span style="color: black;">要紧</span><span style="color: black;">办法</span>;并发症有<span style="color: black;">心率</span>失常、心脏性猝死、感染性心内膜炎、体循环栓塞、心力衰竭和胃肠道<span style="color: black;">流血</span>;内科治疗仅限于并发症和对症治疗,介入手术治疗是有效<span style="color: black;">办法</span>。4.主动脉瓣关闭不全的病因以风湿性心脏病居首位,最<span style="color: black;">要紧</span>体征为舒张期叹气样杂音,其次脉压增大,<span style="color: black;">显现</span><span style="color: black;">周边</span>血管征;超声心动为之<span style="color: black;">供给</span><span style="color: black;">靠谱</span>征象;并发症以感染性心内膜炎和室性<span style="color: black;">心率</span>失常<span style="color: black;">平常</span>;人工瓣膜置换术是有效治疗<span style="color: black;">办法</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">7、</span>感染性心内膜炎</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">1.感染性心内膜炎<span style="color: black;">平常</span>致病微生物,急性者<span style="color: black;">重点</span>为金黄色葡萄球菌;亚急性者<span style="color: black;">重点</span>为草绿色链球菌;该病<span style="color: black;">基本</span>心脏病是二尖瓣和主动脉瓣关闭不全、室缺、动脉导管未闭和法洛四联症。2.亚急性心内膜炎的发病与血流动力学<span style="color: black;">原因</span>、非细菌性血栓性心内膜炎、暂时性菌血症和细菌感染性赘生物<span style="color: black;">关联</span>;临床症状为发热,体征为心脏杂音、贫血、脾大和<span style="color: black;">周边</span>体征(淤点、指甲下线状<span style="color: black;">流血</span>、Roth斑、Osler结节、Janeway损害)。3.并发症见于心脏、动脉栓塞、细菌性动脉瘤、转移性脓肿、神经系统、肾脏。4.血培养是诊断心内膜炎的最<span style="color: black;">要紧</span><span style="color: black;">办法</span>,但阳性率很低,超声心动图<span style="color: black;">检测</span>对心内膜炎诊断有<span style="color: black;">要紧</span><span style="color: black;">道理</span>,<span style="color: black;">重视</span>诊断标准。5.治疗原则:<span style="color: black;">初期</span>用药,剂量大、疗程长、静脉给药。6.临床<span style="color: black;">重视</span>感染性心内膜炎的预防。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">8、</span>心肌<span style="color: black;">疾患</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">1.<span style="color: black;">重视</span>心肌病的定义和<span style="color: black;">归类</span>,心肌病中以扩张型多见,其次为肥厚型。2.扩张型心肌病临床表现<span style="color: black;">包含</span>心脏扩大、心力衰竭、<span style="color: black;">心率</span>失常和栓塞;X线心影<span style="color: black;">显著</span>增大,心胸比大于50%,肺淤血;超声心动表现为“一大、二薄、三弱、四小”,具备<span style="color: black;">以上</span><span style="color: black;">前提</span><span style="color: black;">就可</span>诊断;鉴别诊断当与感染性心内膜炎、缺血性心肌病及某些心脏瓣膜病相鉴别;本病<span style="color: black;">没</span>特殊治疗,只是对症和对并发症的治疗,接受心脏移植的病人在<span style="color: black;">增加</span>。3.肥厚型心肌病<span style="color: black;">重点</span>表现为<span style="color: black;">头昏</span>、胸痛和心脏收缩期杂音,肥厚型心肌病心脏杂音随某些<span style="color: black;">药品</span>应用而<span style="color: black;">出现</span>变化,如<span style="color: black;">运用</span>β受体阻滞剂或取下蹲位杂音减轻,相反,如含服硝酸甘油或体力运动,杂音<span style="color: black;">加强</span>;超声心动图<span style="color: black;">检测</span>为诊断提供<span style="color: black;">靠谱</span>依据,对临床或心电图表现类似冠心病者,如<span style="color: black;">病人</span>较<span style="color: black;">青年</span>,诊断冠心病依据不充分又<span style="color: black;">不可</span>用其他心脏病来解释,则应想到本病的可能,结合辅助<span style="color: black;">检测</span>及阳性家族史更有助于诊断,当与高心病、冠心病、先心病及主动脉瓣狭窄等相鉴别;<span style="color: black;">选取</span>β受体阻滞剂、钙通道阻滞剂治疗。4.心肌炎中最<span style="color: black;">平常</span>的是病毒性心肌炎,其组织学特征为心肌细胞的融解,间质水肿,炎细胞浸润等;约半数<span style="color: black;">病人</span>于发病前1~3周有病毒感染前驱症状,即“感冒”样症状或恶心、呕吐等消化系统症状,<span style="color: black;">而后</span><span style="color: black;">显现</span>心悸、胸痛、<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>困难、浮肿<span style="color: black;">乃至</span>Adams-Stokes<span style="color: black;">综合症</span>,体征有与发热不平行的心动过速,<span style="color: black;">各样</span><span style="color: black;">心率</span>失常,可听到第三心音或杂音及心力衰竭体征,重症可<span style="color: black;">显现</span>心源性休克。总之,<span style="color: black;">按照</span>病史、临床表现和实验室<span style="color: black;">检测</span>综合判断作出诊断。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">9、</span>心包<span style="color: black;">疾患</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">1.急性心包炎的病因有风湿热、结核、细菌感染、病毒感染、肿瘤及心肌梗死等。2.纤维蛋白性心包炎<span style="color: black;">重点</span>表现为胸痛,心包摩擦音;渗出性心包炎<span style="color: black;">重点</span>表现为心界扩大,心脏压塞征象。3.心脏压塞表现有颈静脉怒张,血压下降,奇脉,<span style="color: black;">海量</span>心包渗液征;处理分心包穿刺及对症治疗。4.心包穿刺术指征是心脏压塞和未能<span style="color: black;">知道</span>病因的渗液性心包炎;<span style="color: black;">重视</span>事项:严格<span style="color: black;">把握</span>适应证;术前需进行心脏超声<span style="color: black;">检测</span>,确定液平面<span style="color: black;">体积</span>和部位;抽液量<span style="color: black;">第1</span>次不宜超过200 ml,以后增到每次300~500ml;术中、术后均应密切观察<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>、血压、脉搏的变化。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">十、休克</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">1.休克、有效循环血量的概念。2.休克的病理变化<span style="color: black;">重点</span>为微循环收缩期,微循环扩张期,微循环衰竭期。3.休克的特点是有效循环血量锐减,有效循环血量依赖于血容量、心搏出量及<span style="color: black;">周边</span>血管张力三个<span style="color: black;">原因</span>。4.休克的<span style="color: black;">通常</span>监测:①精神状态;②肢体温度、色泽;③血压;④脉搏;⑤尿量。5.尿量是观察休克变化简便而有效的指标,成人尿量<span style="color: black;">需求</span>>30ml/h,儿童>20 ml/h。6.休克的特殊监测指标:①中心静脉压;②肺动脉楔压;③心排出量和心脏指数;④动脉血气分析;⑤动脉血乳酸值;⑥DIC实验室指标。7.中心静脉压(CVP)测定,以<span style="color: black;">认识</span>右心房及胸腔内上下腔静脉的压力,正常为0.49~0.98 kPa。CVP<0.49 kPa(5 cmH2O),血压下降,提示血容量不足。CVP>1.47kPa(15 cmH2O),而血压低,提示心功能不全。8.休克病人体位:平卧位或上身、下肢各适当抬高20°<span style="color: black;">上下</span>。9.休克病人<span style="color: black;">运用</span>血管活性<span style="color: black;">药品</span><span style="color: black;">必要</span>补足血容量,<span style="color: black;">尽可能</span><span style="color: black;">不消</span>血管收缩剂。10.<span style="color: black;">重视</span>血管收缩剂和血管扩张剂的特点。11.低血容量性休克<span style="color: black;">包含</span>失血性休克和<span style="color: black;">损害</span>性休克,皆因血容量锐减<span style="color: black;">导致</span>。12.感染性休克的<span style="color: black;">平常</span>病因和治疗原则。13.激素在感染性休克和其他较严重的休克中的<span style="color: black;">功效</span>。</p>
“沙发”(SF,第一个回帖的人) 我们有着相似的经历,你的感受我深有体会。 楼主继续加油啊!外链论坛加油!
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