小易多多科普:乙肝有哪些症状?乙肝有哪些症状?
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">乙肝</strong><span style="color: black;">便是</span>一种慢性的乙型肝炎,<span style="color: black;">非常多</span>时候<span style="color: black;">咱们</span><span style="color: black;">基本</span>不<span style="color: black;">晓得</span>自己是<span style="color: black;">怎样</span>、何时感染乙肝病毒的,<span style="color: black;">由于</span>它在<span style="color: black;">初期</span>,<span style="color: black;">乃至</span>在<span style="color: black;">已然</span>感染后都<span style="color: black;">无</span>什么变化,<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>感觉不到自己的身体有什么病变。下面这些乙肝的<span style="color: black;">初期</span>症状<span style="color: black;">期盼</span><span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">帮忙</span><span style="color: black;">大众</span>察觉自己的病情。 </p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">平常</span>症状:</strong>转氨酶<span style="color: black;">升高</span>、消瘦乏力、恶心、食欲不振、肝肿大、抵抗力下降、发热、精神萎靡</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">本病<span style="color: black;">隐藏</span>期为6周~6个月,<span style="color: black;">通常</span>为3个月。从肝炎病毒入侵到临床<span style="color: black;">显现</span>最初症状以前,这段时期<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>为<span style="color: black;">隐藏</span>期。<span style="color: black;">隐藏</span>期随病原体的种类、数量、毒力、人体免疫状态而长短不一。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="//q1.itc.cn/images01/20240430/1cbcdb8fd65d44b09a2fbbdda2e77025.png" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"> 临床表现</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">1.全身表现</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">病人</span>常感身体乏力,容易疲劳,可伴轻度发热等。失眠、多梦等可能与此<span style="color: black;">相关</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">2.消化道表现</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">肝炎时,肝功<span style="color: black;">反常</span>,胆汁分泌减少,常<span style="color: black;">显现</span>食欲不振、恶心、厌油、上腹部不适、腹胀等。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">3.黄疸</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">病情较重时,肝功能受损,胆红素的摄取、结合、分泌、排泄等<span style="color: black;">阻碍</span>,血液中胆红素浓度<span style="color: black;">升高</span>。胆红素从尿液排出,尿液颜色变黄,是黄疸最早的表现。血液中胆红素浓度继续<span style="color: black;">增多</span>,可<span style="color: black;">导致</span>眼睛、皮肤黄染。<span style="color: black;">因为</span>胆汁酸的排出<span style="color: black;">阻碍</span>,血液中胆汁酸浓度<span style="color: black;">升高</span>,<span style="color: black;">太多</span>的胆汁酸沉积于皮肤,刺激末梢神经,可<span style="color: black;">导致</span>皮肤瘙痒。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">4.肝区<span style="color: black;">病痛</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">慢性乙肝<span style="color: black;">通常</span><span style="color: black;">无</span>剧烈的<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>。部分<span style="color: black;">病人</span>可有右上腹、右季肋部不适、隐痛、压痛或叩击痛。<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>肝区<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>剧烈,还要<span style="color: black;">重视</span>胆道<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>、肝癌、胃肠<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>的可能性,<span style="color: black;">以避免</span>误诊。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">5.肝脾肿大</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">因为</span>炎症、充血、水肿、胆汁淤积,<span style="color: black;">病人</span>常有肝脏肿大。晚期<span style="color: black;">海量</span>肝细胞破坏,纤维组织收缩,肝脏可缩小。急性肝炎或慢性肝炎<span style="color: black;">初期</span>,脾脏<span style="color: black;">没</span><span style="color: black;">显著</span>肿大,门静脉高压时,脾脏淤血,可<span style="color: black;">导致</span>脾脏肿大。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">6.肝外表现</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">慢性乙肝,尤其是肝硬化<span style="color: black;">病人</span>面色黝黑晦暗,<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>肝病面容。手掌大、小鱼际<span style="color: black;">明显</span>充血<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>肝掌。皮肤上一簇呈放射状扩张的形如蜘蛛的毛细血管团<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>蜘蛛痣,其他部位<span style="color: black;">亦</span>可<span style="color: black;">显现</span>。男性可<span style="color: black;">显现</span>勃起功能<span style="color: black;">阻碍</span>,对<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>或不对<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>性的乳腺增生、肿痛和乳房<span style="color: black;">生长</span>,偶可误诊为乳腺癌;女性可<span style="color: black;">显现</span><span style="color: black;">大姨妈</span>失调、闭经、性欲<span style="color: black;">衰退</span>等。这可能与肝功能<span style="color: black;">衰退</span>,雌激素灭活减少,<span style="color: black;">身体</span>雌激素<span style="color: black;">增加</span><span style="color: black;">相关</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">7.肝纤维化</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">慢性乙肝炎症<span style="color: black;">长时间</span>不愈,反复<span style="color: black;">爆发</span>,肝内纤维结缔组织增生,而其降解活性相对或绝对不足,<span style="color: black;">海量</span>细胞外基质沉积下来形成肝纤维化。<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>肝纤维化<span style="color: black;">同期</span>伴肝小叶结构的破坏(肝再生结节),则<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>为肝硬化。临床上难以将两者截然<span style="color: black;">掰开</span>,慢性肝病由肝纤维化到肝硬化是一个连续的发展过程。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">临床分型</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">1.急性乙型肝炎</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(1)急性黄疸型肝炎:按病程可分为3期,总病程2~4个月。黄疸前期:起病较缓,<span style="color: black;">重点</span>为厌食、恶心等胃肠道症状及乏力。<span style="color: black;">少许</span>有<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>道症状,偶可高热、剧烈腹痛,<span style="color: black;">少许</span>有血清病样表现。本期<span style="color: black;">连续</span>数天至2周,黄疸期:巩膜及皮肤黄染<span style="color: black;">显著</span>,于数日至2周内达高峰。黄疸<span style="color: black;">显现</span>后,发热渐退,食欲好转,部分病人消化道症状在短期内仍存在。肝大,质软,有叩痛及压痛。<span style="color: black;">大概</span>5%~10%的病人脾大。<span style="color: black;">周边</span>血白细胞<span style="color: black;">通常</span>正常或稍低,ALT(血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶)<span style="color: black;">明显</span><span style="color: black;">上升</span>,此期<span style="color: black;">连续</span>2~6周。恢复期:黄疸渐退,<span style="color: black;">各样</span>症状逐步消失,肝脾回缩至正常,肝功能恢复正常,本期<span style="color: black;">连续</span>4周<span style="color: black;">上下</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(2)急性<span style="color: black;">没</span>黄疸型肝炎:起病徐缓,症状类似<span style="color: black;">以上</span>黄疸前期表现,不少病人症状不<span style="color: black;">显著</span>,在普查或查血时,偶尔<span style="color: black;">发掘</span>血清ALT<span style="color: black;">上升</span>,病人多于3个月内<span style="color: black;">逐步</span>恢复,<span style="color: black;">大概</span>5%~10%转为慢性肝炎。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">2.慢性乙型肝炎肝炎病程超过半年,<span style="color: black;">也</span>可隐匿发病,常在体检时<span style="color: black;">发掘</span>。症状多种多样,反复<span style="color: black;">爆发</span>或迁延不愈。消化功能<span style="color: black;">错乱</span>症状多见,表现为食欲缺乏、厌油、恶心、腹胀、便溏等。<span style="color: black;">都数</span>病人有乏力、肝区不适。常于<span style="color: black;">疲劳</span>、<span style="color: black;">心情</span>改变、气候变化时症状加重。部分病人有低热及神经功能<span style="color: black;">错乱</span>表现,如头昏、失眠、多梦或嗜睡、<span style="color: black;">重视</span>力不集中、记忆力<span style="color: black;">衰退</span>、<span style="color: black;">急切</span>易怒、周身不适、腰腿<span style="color: black;">疲软</span>等。部分病人可有<span style="color: black;">流血</span>倾向,表现为齿龈<span style="color: black;">流血</span>、鼻<span style="color: black;">流血</span>、皮下<span style="color: black;">流血</span>点或淤斑。<span style="color: black;">少许</span>病人<span style="color: black;">没</span>任何自觉症状。中、重度慢性肝炎病人健康<span style="color: black;">情况</span>下降,可呈肝性病容,表现为面色晦暗,青灰<span style="color: black;">没</span>华。可见肝掌、蜘蛛痣,肝脾肿大,质地中等或较硬,有触、叩痛,脾脏可进行性肿大。部分病人<span style="color: black;">出现</span>内分泌<span style="color: black;">错乱</span>,<span style="color: black;">显现</span>多毛、痤疮、睾丸萎缩、男性乳房<span style="color: black;">生长</span>、乳头色素沉着,乳房可触及界限清楚的硬块。实验室<span style="color: black;">检测</span><span style="color: black;">表示</span>ALT及胆红素反复或<span style="color: black;">连续</span><span style="color: black;">上升</span>,AST(天门冬氨酸转氨酶)常可<span style="color: black;">上升</span>,部分病人r-谷氨酰转肽酶、精氨酸琥珀酸裂解酶(ASAL)、碱性磷酸酶<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">上升</span>。胆碱酯酶及胆固醇<span style="color: black;">显著</span>减低时常提示肝损害严重。靛青绿留滞<span style="color: black;">实验</span>及餐后2h血清胆汁酸测定可较灵敏地反映肝脏病变。中重度慢性肝炎病人清蛋白(A)降低,球蛋白(G)<span style="color: black;">升高</span>,A/G比值倒置,γ球蛋白和IgG<span style="color: black;">也</span><span style="color: black;">上升</span>。凝血酶原的半寿期较短,能<span style="color: black;">即时</span>反应肝损害的严重程度,凝血因子V、Ⅶ常减少。部分病人可<span style="color: black;">显现</span><span style="color: black;">自己</span>抗体,如抗核抗体、抗平滑肌抗体,抗线粒体抗体,类风湿因子及狼疮细胞等阳性。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">肝外系统表现可<span style="color: black;">出现</span>于病毒性肝炎的任何病期,以慢性肝炎为多见。消化系统可有胆囊炎、胆管炎、胃炎、胰腺炎等;<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>系统可有胸膜炎、肺炎;肾脏可有肾小球肾炎、肾小管酸中毒等;循环系统可有结节性多动脉炎、心肌炎、心包炎等;血液系统可有血小板减少性紫癜、粒细胞缺乏症、再生<span style="color: black;">阻碍</span>性贫血和溶血性贫血等;皮肤可见痤疮、婴儿丘疹性皮炎(Gianotti病)、过敏性紫癜、面部蝶形红斑等;神经系统可有脑膜炎、脊髓炎、多发性神经炎、格林-巴利<span style="color: black;">综合症</span>等;还可<span style="color: black;">相关</span>节炎、关节痛等症。病毒性肝炎时肝外系统表现的<span style="color: black;">出现</span>与下列<span style="color: black;">原因</span><span style="color: black;">相关</span>:①病毒的侵犯及机体对病毒感染的反应。②免疫复合物的形成和沉积。③机体细胞免疫反应<span style="color: black;">导致</span>的病变。④继发于肝实质损害的影响。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">3.重型乙型肝炎</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(1)急性重型肝炎:又<span style="color: black;">叫作</span><span style="color: black;">爆发</span>型肝炎。初起类似急性黄疸型肝炎,但病情发展迅猛。起病10天内<span style="color: black;">显现</span>精神症状,如兴奋、性格<span style="color: black;">行径</span>反常、答非所问、日夜倒错、步履不稳、视物不清、<span style="color: black;">晕倒</span>等症状。黄疸<span style="color: black;">快速</span>加深,肝浊音界<span style="color: black;">快速</span>缩小,有扑击样震颤及病理反射。病程中<span style="color: black;">显现</span><span style="color: black;">显著</span><span style="color: black;">流血</span>倾向、低血糖、高热、腹水。<span style="color: black;">出现</span>脑水肿概率高,部分病人<span style="color: black;">出现</span>脑病。晚期<span style="color: black;">出现</span>顽固性低血压、急性肾功<span style="color: black;">衰尽</span>。病人<span style="color: black;">周边</span>血白细胞总数<span style="color: black;">上升</span>,血清胆红素&gt;171μmol/L,或平均每日以17.1~34.2μmol/L的速度<span style="color: black;">快速</span>增长。<span style="color: black;">都数</span>病人<span style="color: black;">显现</span>酶疸分离现象。病情<span style="color: black;">严重</span>、预后甚差,病程常不超过3周。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(2)亚急性重型肝炎:又<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>亚急性重型肝炎。发病时常类似急性黄疸型肝炎。症状较严重,病人极度乏力,<span style="color: black;">显著</span>食欲缺乏,频繁恶心呕吐,腹胀难忍,<span style="color: black;">显现</span>腹水。肝界进行性缩小,黄疸<span style="color: black;">快速</span><span style="color: black;">提升</span>,血清胆红素大于171μmol/L,<span style="color: black;">显著</span><span style="color: black;">流血</span>倾向,凝血酶原时间延长、活动度<span style="color: black;">少于</span>40%。血清蛋白降低,A/G比值倒置,<span style="color: black;">初期</span>ALT<span style="color: black;">提升</span>,随后<span style="color: black;">显现</span>酶疸分离,AST/ALT比值&gt;1。肝性脑病常出<span style="color: black;">此刻</span>病程后期,后期还可<span style="color: black;">显现</span>严重<span style="color: black;">流血</span>、电解质<span style="color: black;">错乱</span>,肝-肾<span style="color: black;">综合症</span>,严重感染,<span style="color: black;">出现</span>多脏器<span style="color: black;">衰尽</span>。病程较长,<span style="color: black;">达到</span>数月。部分病人可恢复,但多发展为坏死后肝硬化。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(3)慢性重型肝炎:临床表现酷似亚急性重型肝炎。但它是在慢性肝炎、肝硬化或乙肝病毒携带状态的<span style="color: black;">基本</span>上,<span style="color: black;">出现</span>了严重肝功能损害。可由慢性肝炎反复<span style="color: black;">爆发</span>,渐进性加重而<span style="color: black;">作为</span>慢性重型肝炎,<span style="color: black;">也</span>可起病如同急性或亚急性重型肝炎,死后尸解证实诊断。<span style="color: black;">重点</span>表现为黄疸进行性加深,凝血酶原活动度进行性下降,<span style="color: black;">显现</span>难以消退的<span style="color: black;">海量</span>腹水、反复严重感染,难以纠正的电解质<span style="color: black;">错乱</span>。此型病人常有低氧血症,存在通气换气<span style="color: black;">阻碍</span>。近年<span style="color: black;">因为</span>治疗的加强,半数以上病人不<span style="color: black;">显现</span>肝性脑病,或仅在临终前<span style="color: black;">显现</span>,常因上消化道<span style="color: black;">流血</span>、肝-肾<span style="color: black;">综合症</span>及严重感染而死亡。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">4.淤胆型肝炎急性淤胆型肝炎起病类似急性黄疸型肝炎,但自觉症状较轻,黄疸进行性加重并<span style="color: black;">连续</span>3周以上,病人皮肤瘙痒,大便色变浅,短期内可呈灰白色。肝大,血清胆红素<span style="color: black;">显著</span><span style="color: black;">上升</span>,以直接胆红素为主。R-谷氨酰转肽酶、碱性磷酸酶、胆固醇及血清胆汁酸均<span style="color: black;">上升</span>。<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>初起,ALT<span style="color: black;">显著</span><span style="color: black;">上升</span>,但<span style="color: black;">火速</span>下降,<span style="color: black;">显现</span>酶疸分离。部分病人入院时凝血酶原活动度下降,但经<span style="color: black;">弥补</span>维生素K1,3~7天后即<span style="color: black;">快速</span>得到纠正。<span style="color: black;">彩超</span><span style="color: black;">检测</span><span style="color: black;">没</span>肝外梗阻表现。<a style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">返回首页,查看<span style="color: black;">更加多</span></span></a></p>
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