内科-循环系统经典口诀
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">循环系统</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">1、心力<span style="color: black;">衰尽</span>的诱因:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">感染<span style="color: black;">错乱</span>心失常</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">过劳剧变<span style="color: black;">包袱</span>重</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">贫血甲亢肺栓塞</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">治疗<span style="color: black;">欠妥</span><span style="color: black;">亦</span>心衰</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">2、右心衰的体征:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">三水两大及其他</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">解释:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">三水:水肿、胸水、腹水</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">两大:肝肿大和压痛、颈静脉充盈或怒张</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">其他:右心奔马律、收缩期吹风性杂音、紫绀</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">3、洋地黄类<span style="color: black;">药品</span>的禁忌症:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">肥厚梗阻二尖窄</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">急性心梗伴心衰</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">二度高度房室阻</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">预激病窦<span style="color: black;">不该</span>该</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">4、房性早搏心电表现:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">房早P与窦P异</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">P-R三格至<span style="color: black;">没</span>级</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">代偿间歇多不全</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">可见房早未下传</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">5、心房扑动心电表现:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">房扑不于房速同 ,等电位线P<span style="color: black;">没</span>踪</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">大F呈锯齿状 ,形态<span style="color: black;">体积</span>间隔匀</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">QRS不增宽 ,F不均<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>不纯</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">6、心房颤动心电表现:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">心房颤动P<span style="color: black;">没</span>踪</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">小f波乱纷纷</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">三百五至六百次</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">P-R间期极不均</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">QRS当正常</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">增宽合并差传导</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">7、房室交界性早搏心电表现:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">房室交界性早搏</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">QRS同室上</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">P必逆行或不见</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">P-R<span style="color: black;">少于</span>点一二</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">8、阵发性室上性心动过速的治疗:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">刺迷胆碱洋地黄,升压电复抗失常(注:“刺迷”为刺激迷走神经)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">9、继发性高血压的病因:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">两肾原醛嗜铬瘤、皮质动脉和妊高</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">注:“两肾”——肾实质性高血压、肾血管性高血压;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">“原醛”——原发性醛固酮<span style="color: black;">增加</span>症;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">“嗜铬瘤”——嗜铬细胞瘤;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">“皮质”——皮质醇<span style="color: black;">增加</span>症;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">“动脉”——主动脉缩窄;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">“妊高”——妊娠高血压</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">十、</span>心肌梗塞的症状:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">病痛</span>发热过速心</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">恶心呕吐失常心</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">低压休克<span style="color: black;">衰尽</span>心</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">11、心梗与其他<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>的鉴别:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">痛哭流涕、肺腑之言</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">注:“痛”——心绞痛;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">“流”——主动脉瘤夹层分离;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">“肺”——急性肺动脉栓塞;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">“腑”——急腹症;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">“言”——急性心包炎</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">12、心梗的并发症:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">心梗并发五种症</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">动脉栓塞心室膨</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">乳头断裂心脏破</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">梗塞后期综合症</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">13、主动脉瓣狭窄的表现:难、痛、晕</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">超声心动图:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">A峰:爱玩,睡的比较晚,<span style="color: black;">显现</span>于舒张晚期,<span style="color: black;">表率</span>“舒张晚期心室充盈最大值”;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">E峰<span style="color: black;">表率</span>“舒张早起心室充盈最大值”。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">14.心肌梗死定位:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">前间123,局前345,前侧567,广前1-5,下间123,下侧567,见下加II、III、avF,见侧加I、avL,正后有78,高侧L8。(1—V1)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">15.心梗酶学<span style="color: black;">检测</span>:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">①肌钙蛋白I(cTnI):<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>三人11月24号请假去玩,7到10天<span style="color: black;">才可</span>回来。(I<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>,3-4h<span style="color: black;">上升</span>, 11-24h达高峰,7到10天降至正常)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">②肌钙蛋白T(cTnT):<span style="color: black;">她们</span>三人这一两天恐怕<span style="color: black;">不可</span>来上课,估计十天半个月回不来(T<span style="color: black;">她们</span>,24-48h达高峰,10-14天降至正常)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">③肌红蛋白:小白2点<span style="color: black;">起始</span>发烧,12h还没退烧,1到2天恐怕<span style="color: black;">不可</span>去上学(2h内<span style="color: black;">上升</span>,12h达最高峰,24-48h恢复正常)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">④CK-MB:小梅和我说好下午四点约会,<span style="color: black;">此刻</span>16点24分还没来,我打算3、4天<span style="color: black;">不睬</span>她了。(心肌酶学4h内<span style="color: black;">上升</span>,16-24h达高峰,3-4天恢复正常)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">16.二尖瓣狭窄:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">二哥是大侠,还吃梨。(二—二尖瓣狭窄,哥—格氏杂音,梨—梨形心)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">17主动脉关闭不全:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">主人伤风感冒<span style="color: black;">非常多</span>天,<span style="color: black;">无</span>退烧,<span style="color: black;">最终</span>得了一个慢性主动脉关闭不全(慢性主动脉关闭不全病因:主—主动脉瓣二瓣化,风—风湿性心脏病,退—退行性瓣叶钙化,心—感染性心内膜炎) (奥不全知---主动脉关闭不全--Austin-Flint杂音)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">18.心肌病<span style="color: black;">归类</span>:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">吃饭限制了,就<span style="color: black;">再也不</span>肥了,身体<span style="color: black;">亦</span>不扩张了,<span style="color: black;">引起</span><span style="color: black;">心率</span>失常<span style="color: black;">亦</span>好了(<span style="color: black;">女性</span><span style="color: black;">瘦身</span>)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">注:限制—限制型心肌病,肥—肥厚型心肌病,扩张—扩张型心肌病,致<span style="color: black;">心率</span>失常型心肌病。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">19.心肌炎(科萨奇B组病毒)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">两菌、两体、两虫(感染性<span style="color: black;">原因</span>)---细菌、真菌,螺旋体、立克次体,原虫、蠕虫。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">20.冠心病的临床表现:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">平时<span style="color: black;">没</span>体征, <span style="color: black;">爆发</span>有表情,焦虑出汗皮肤冷,<span style="color: black;">心率</span>加快血压升,交替脉,偶可见,奔马律,杂音清,逆分裂,第二音。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">21.扩张型心肌病</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">一大二薄三弱四小</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">一大:心腔变大,<span style="color: black;">重点</span>为左室;二薄:室壁变薄;三弱:运动幅度减弱;四小:射血分数(EF)减小</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">22.新旧血压单位换算</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">血压 mmHg,加倍再加倍, 除3再除10,即得 kpa值。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">例如:收缩压120mmHg加倍为240,再加倍为480,除以3得160,再除以10,即16kpa;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">反之,血压kpa乘10再乘3,减半再减半,可得mmHg值。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">23.关于心电轴</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">口对口,向左走;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">尖对尖,向右偏</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">24.钾离子对心电图的影响:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">将T波看成是钾离子的TENT(帐篷),血钾浓度降低时,T波下降,<span style="color: black;">乃至</span>倒置,<span style="color: black;">显现</span>U波;血钾浓度<span style="color: black;">上升</span>时,T波<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">上升</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">25.心源性水肿和肾源性水肿的鉴别:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">心足肾眼颜,肾快心源慢。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">心坚少移动,软移是肾源。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">蛋白血管尿,肾高眼底变。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">心肝大杂音,静压往高变。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">第1</span>句是<span style="color: black;">起始</span>部位,第二句是发展速度,三四句是水肿性质,后四句是<span style="color: black;">伴同</span>症状。"肾高"的"高"指高血压,"心肝大"指心大和肝大。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">26.左心衰临床表现:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">端坐位,腿下垂,强心利尿打吗啡,血管扩张氨茶碱,激素结扎来放血激素,镇静,吸氧。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">27.抗高血压药</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">利尿杯阻,阻钙抑酶加阻a.</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">28抗高血压药<span style="color: black;">重视</span>:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(1)酶尿<span style="color: black;">不消</span>孕.</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(2)杯阻<span style="color: black;">不可</span>肺.</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(3)尿杯<span style="color: black;">不消</span>糖尿病.</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(4).心衰<span style="color: black;">不消</span>钙杯</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">29.急性肺水肿治疗口诀:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">坐起来打三针(吗啡、速尿、氨茶碱)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">30.法洛四联症歌诀</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">肺动脉窄,主动脉跨,</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">膜部<span style="color: black;">缺失</span>,右心室大。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">31.高血压降压<span style="color: black;">药品</span>禁忌 :</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">口诀:酶尿<span style="color: black;">不消</span>孕,倍阻<span style="color: black;">不可</span>肺,尿倍不糖尿,心衰不钙杯。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">解释:ACEI影响胎儿<span style="color: black;">生长</span>,利尿减少血容量,<span style="color: black;">不消</span>于孕妇;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">β阻剂可<span style="color: black;">导致</span>支气管收缩,<span style="color: black;">不消</span>于哮喘及COPD;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">噻嗪类利尿剂及β阻剂<span style="color: black;">不消</span>于糖尿病,前者干扰糖耐量,后者可掩盖低血糖症状;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">钙离子及β阻剂<span style="color: black;">不可</span>用于心衰,会使心衰加重。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">32.动脉粥样硬化和冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">口诀:心梗与其它<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>的鉴别: 痛哭流涕,肺腑之言。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">解释:痛---心绞痛;流--主动脉夹层、动脉瘤;肺---急性肺栓塞;言---急性心包炎。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">33.先心病瓣膜杂音</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">口诀:二三不闭像吹风,二三狭窄响隆隆;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">主脉不闭在叹气,动脉导管像<span style="color: black;">设备</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">解释:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">二尖瓣关闭不全:全收缩期吹风样高调一贯型杂音,在心尖区最响。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">三尖瓣关闭不全:杂音为高调、吹风样和全收缩期,在胸骨左下缘或剑突区最响,右心室<span style="color: black;">明显</span>扩大占据心尖区时,在心尖区最<span style="color: black;">显著</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">二尖瓣狭窄:心尖区有低调的隆隆样舒张中晚期杂音,局限,不传导。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">三尖瓣狭窄:胸骨左缘第4、5肋间或剑突<span style="color: black;">周边</span>有紧随开瓣音后的,较二尖瓣狭窄杂音弱而短的舒张期隆隆样杂音,伴舒张期震颤。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">主动脉关闭不全:杂音为与第二心音<span style="color: black;">同期</span><span style="color: black;">起始</span>的高调叹气样递减型舒张<span style="color: black;">初期</span>杂音,坐位并前倾和深呼气时易听到。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">动脉导管未闭:典型的体征是胸骨左缘第2肋间听到响亮的连续性<span style="color: black;">设备</span>样杂音,伴有震颤。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">34.心脏杂音分级歌</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">收缩杂音分6级, Ⅲ级以上有<span style="color: black;">道理</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">Ⅰ级最轻听仔细,Ⅱ级听诊较容易。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">Ⅲ级较响器质性,震颤响亮是Ⅳ级。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">Ⅴ级很响贴胸壁,Ⅵ级震耳须远离。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">舒张杂音不分级,听见就算有<span style="color: black;">道理</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">解析:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">舒张期杂音不分级,听见即有<span style="color: black;">道理</span>。收缩期杂音2级以下为功能性,3级以上为器质性医学。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">心脏杂音分级</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">Ⅰ级:最轻、微弱,仔细<span style="color: black;">才可</span>听到。(Ⅰ级最轻听仔细)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">Ⅱ级:轻度,不太响亮,较易听到。(Ⅱ级听诊较容易)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">Ⅲ级:中度,较响亮。(Ⅲ级较响器质性)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">Ⅳ级:响亮,伴震颤。(震颤响亮是Ⅳ级)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">Ⅴ级:很响,离开胸壁听不到。(Ⅴ级很响贴胸壁)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">Ⅵ级:极响,震耳,离开胸壁<span style="color: black;">也</span>能听到。(Ⅵ级震耳须远离)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">35.洋地黄类<span style="color: black;">药品</span>临床应用的禁忌症:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">简易口诀</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">肥厚梗阻二尖窄</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">急性心梗伴心衰</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">二度高度房室阻</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">预激病窦<span style="color: black;">不该</span>该</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">36.抗高血压<span style="color: black;">药品</span>应用<span style="color: black;">重视</span>事项</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">口诀----简<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>‘四不’口诀</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">酶尿<span style="color: black;">不消</span>孕;杯阻<span style="color: black;">不可</span>肺; 尿杯<span style="color: black;">不消</span>糖尿病;心衰<span style="color: black;">不消</span>钙杯。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">口诀<span style="color: black;">详细</span>解释为:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">利尿剂因减少血容量,<span style="color: black;">不该</span>用于孕妇;ACE<span style="color: black;">控制</span>剂影响胎儿<span style="color: black;">亦</span>勿用。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">B受体阻滞剂<span style="color: black;">不可</span>用于哮踹j及COPD,因<span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">导致</span>支气管狭窄。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">噻嗪类利尿剂及B受体阻滞剂<span style="color: black;">不消</span>于糖尿病,前者干扰糖耐量,后者可掩盖低血糖症状。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">钙离子及B受体阻滞剂<span style="color: black;">不可</span>用于心衰</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">37.心电图口诀总结</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">口诀:房早撇,室早阔,窦缓二十五,窦速十五格,房扑很规整,房颤不论个,</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">左室(肥大)五五二百五, 右室(肥大)又偏一刀(导)切,</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">II/I有P臭的远,II/II PR差不多,III度阻滞各顾各,</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">室上速比10少,室速<span style="color: black;">便是</span>室早多,</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">左阻左偏Q群宽</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">I ,L ,5导R波切 右阻V I M型</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">T波倒置下了河,心梗T倒(置)ST变,急性异Q要<span style="color: black;">显现</span>,前臂要在3到5 ;(前)间壁1至3导间,侧壁1L 和56</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">广泛前壁一溜烟,下壁II,III加F,后壁12T波尖,缺血ST多下移,典型可见T着宽。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">解析:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">房早撇(前有<span style="color: black;">反常</span>P波即P“),</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">室早阔(QRS波形宽大畸形,代偿完全),</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">窦缓二十五(RPRR间隔大于25小格),</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">窦速十五格(PRRR间隔<span style="color: black;">少于</span>15小格),</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">房扑很规整(F波形形态大小一致,节律规则,以固定比例下传),</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">房颤不论个(F波形形态<span style="color: black;">体积</span>不致,节律不规则,RR间期绝对不整),</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">左室(肥大)五五二百五(V5导联R波高度>5大格mV),</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">右室(肥大)又偏一刀(导)切(V1导联R波高度>1.0mV电轴右偏),</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">II/I有P臭的远(II度I型房室传导阻滞 P波与QRS渐远至脱落),</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">II/II PR差不多(II度II型房室传导阻滞,脱落前PR间期基本相等),</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">III度阻滞各顾各(P波与QRS均规则,但相互<span style="color: black;">没</span><span style="color: black;">相关</span>),</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">室上速比10少(RR间期<10小格),</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">室速<span style="color: black;">便是</span>室早多(QRS波群宽大畸形,连续<span style="color: black;">显现</span>。140——200次/ 分),</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">左阻左偏Q群宽 (左束支完全性传导阻滞,电轴左偏,QRS波增宽)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">I ,L ,5导R波切(1、L和V5导联R波宽大、顶端有切记)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">右阻V I M型(rsR"波形),</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">T波倒置下了河,心梗T倒(置)ST变(弓背向上抬高),</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">急性异Q要<span style="color: black;">显现</span>,(Qs.Qr,qR、Q波时间>0.04s,深度>1/4R)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">前臂要在3到5(V3——V5<span style="color: black;">显现</span><span style="color: black;">反常</span>Q波) ;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(前)间壁1至3导间(V1——V3<span style="color: black;">显现</span><span style="color: black;">反常</span>Q波),</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">侧壁1L 和56(1L,V5,V6<span style="color: black;">显现</span><span style="color: black;">反常</span>Q波)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">广泛前壁一溜烟(V1——V3<span style="color: black;">显现</span><span style="color: black;">反常</span>Q波),</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">下壁II,III加F(II,III加F<span style="color: black;">显现</span><span style="color: black;">反常</span>Q波),</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">后壁12T波尖(V1,V2R波<span style="color: black;">升高</span>、T波高耸,V7——V9<span style="color: black;">显现</span><span style="color: black;">反常</span>Q波),</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">缺血ST多下移(ST段<span style="color: black;">广泛</span>下移>0.05mV)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">,典型可见T着宽。( 倒置T波较深,升支与将支对<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>,<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>为宽状T波)</p>
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