心衰的症状有哪些表现?怎么样治疗?
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<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(一)左心衰、右心衰和全心衰</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">左心衰指左心室<span style="color: black;"><a style="color: black;">代偿功能</a></span>不全而<span style="color: black;">出现</span>的心力<span style="color: black;">衰尽</span>,临床上较为<span style="color: black;">平常</span>,以肺循环淤血为特征。单纯的右心<span style="color: black;">衰尽</span><span style="color: black;">重点</span>见于肺源性心脏病及某些<span style="color: black;"><a style="color: black;">先天性心脏病</a></span>,以体循环淤血为<span style="color: black;">重点</span>表现。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">左心<span style="color: black;">衰尽</span>后肺动脉压力<span style="color: black;">升高</span>,使右心负荷加重,<span style="color: black;">长期</span>后,右心<span style="color: black;">衰尽</span><span style="color: black;">亦</span>继之<span style="color: black;">显现</span>,即为全心衰。心肌炎<span style="color: black;"><a style="color: black;">心肌病</a></span><span style="color: black;">病人</span>左、右心<span style="color: black;">同期</span>受损,左、右心衰可<span style="color: black;">同期</span><span style="color: black;">显现</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">单纯<span style="color: black;"><a style="color: black;">二尖瓣狭窄</a></span><span style="color: black;">导致</span>的是一种特殊类型的<span style="color: black;"><a style="color: black;">心衰</a></span>。它不<span style="color: black;">触及</span>左室的收缩功能,而是直接因左心房压力<span style="color: black;">上升</span>而<span style="color: black;">引起</span>肺循环高压,有<span style="color: black;">显著</span>的肺淤血和相继<span style="color: black;">显现</span>的右<span style="color: black;"><a style="color: black;">心功能不全</a></span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(二)急性和<span style="color: black;"><a style="color: black;">慢性心衰</a></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">急性心衰系因急性的严重心肌损害或<span style="color: black;">忽然</span>加重的负荷,使心功能正常或<span style="color: black;">处在</span>代偿期的心脏在<span style="color: black;">短期</span>内<span style="color: black;">出现</span><span style="color: black;">衰尽</span>或使慢性心衰急剧恶化。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">临床上以<span style="color: black;"><a style="color: black;">急性左心衰</a></span><span style="color: black;">平常</span>,表现为急性肺水肿或心源性休克。慢性心衰有一个缓慢的发展过程,<span style="color: black;">通常</span>均有代偿性心脏扩大或肥厚及其他<span style="color: black;"><a style="color: black;">代偿机制</a></span>参与。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(三)收缩性和<span style="color: black;"><a style="color: black;">舒张性心衰</a></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">心脏以其收缩射血为<span style="color: black;">重点</span>功能。收缩功能<span style="color: black;">阻碍</span>,心排血量下降并有阻性充血的表现即为<span style="color: black;"><a style="color: black;">收缩性心力<span style="color: black;">衰尽</span></a></span>,<span style="color: black;">亦</span>是临床上所<span style="color: black;">平常</span>的心衰。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">心脏正常的舒张功能是为了<span style="color: black;">保准</span>收缩期的有效泵血。<span style="color: black;">小心</span>脏的收缩功能不全时常<span style="color: black;">同期</span>存在舒张功能<span style="color: black;">阻碍</span>。单纯的舒张性(<span style="color: black;"><a style="color: black;">舒张期</a></span>)心衰如前所述可见于高血压、冠心病的某一<span style="color: black;">周期</span>,当收缩期射血功能尚未<span style="color: black;">显著</span>降低,而因<span style="color: black;"><a style="color: black;">舒张功能<span style="color: black;">阻碍</span></a></span>而致左室充盈压<span style="color: black;">升高</span><span style="color: black;">引起</span>肺的阻性充血。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">严重的<span style="color: black;"><a style="color: black;">舒张期心衰</a></span>见于原发性限制型心肌病、<span style="color: black;"><a style="color: black;">原发性肥厚型心肌病</a></span>等。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">[心衰的分期与分级]</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">1. 心力<span style="color: black;">衰尽</span>的分期 如前所述,心力<span style="color: black;">衰尽</span>是<span style="color: black;">各样</span>心脏结构性和<span style="color: black;"><a style="color: black;">功能性<span style="color: black;">疾患</span></a></span>所<span style="color: black;">引起</span>的,其病理生理过程<span style="color: black;">持续</span><span style="color: black;">发展</span>的临床<span style="color: black;">综合症</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">近年来,对心力<span style="color: black;">衰尽</span>的治疗已有很大的进步,但从整体上看死于心力<span style="color: black;">衰尽</span>的<span style="color: black;">病人</span>数目仍在逐步<span style="color: black;">提升</span>。这一方面是<span style="color: black;">因为</span>人口老龄化,另一部分<span style="color: black;">原由</span>是<span style="color: black;">因为</span>心血管<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>的治疗进步,<span style="color: black;">尤其</span>是<span style="color: black;"><a style="color: black;">急性心肌梗死</a></span>的<span style="color: black;">救治</span>成功率<span style="color: black;">加强</span>,存活的<span style="color: black;">病人</span><span style="color: black;">增加</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">为了从整体上减少因心力<span style="color: black;">衰尽</span>而死亡的<span style="color: black;">病人</span>,仅仅针对已<span style="color: black;">出现</span>心力<span style="color: black;">衰尽</span>临床表现的<span style="color: black;">病人</span>是<span style="color: black;">不足</span>的,<span style="color: black;">必要</span>从预防着手,从源头上减少和延缓心力<span style="color: black;">衰尽</span>的<span style="color: black;">出现</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">为此,2001年美国AHA/ACC的成人<span style="color: black;"><a style="color: black;">慢性心力<span style="color: black;">衰尽</span></a></span>指南上提出了心力<span style="color: black;">衰尽</span>的分期的概念,在2005年更新版中仍然强调了这一概念:<span style="color: black;">详细</span>分期如下:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">A期:心力<span style="color: black;">衰尽</span>高危期,尚<span style="color: black;">没</span><span style="color: black;"><a style="color: black;">器质性</a></span>心脏(心肌)病或心力<span style="color: black;">衰尽</span>症状,如<span style="color: black;">病人</span>有高血压、心绞痛、<span style="color: black;"><a style="color: black;">代谢<span style="color: black;">综合症</span></a></span>,<span style="color: black;">运用</span>心肌毒性<span style="color: black;">药品</span>等,可发展为心脏病的高危<span style="color: black;">原因</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">B期:已有<span style="color: black;"><a style="color: black;">器质性心脏病</a></span>变,如左室肥厚,LVEF降低,但<span style="color: black;">没</span>心力<span style="color: black;">衰尽</span>症状。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">C期:器质性心脏病,既往或<span style="color: black;">日前</span>有心力<span style="color: black;">衰尽</span>症状。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">D期:<span style="color: black;">必须</span>特殊<span style="color: black;">干涉</span>治疗的<span style="color: black;"><a style="color: black;">难治性心力<span style="color: black;">衰尽</span></a></span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><a style="color: black;">心力<span style="color: black;">衰尽</span></a></span>的分期对每一个<span style="color: black;">病人</span>而言只能是停留在某一期或向前<span style="color: black;">发展</span>而不可能逆转。如B期<span style="color: black;">病人</span>,心肌已有结构性<span style="color: black;">反常</span>,其<span style="color: black;">发展</span>可<span style="color: black;">引起</span>3种后果:<span style="color: black;">病人</span>在<span style="color: black;">出现</span><span style="color: black;"><a style="color: black;">心衰症状</a></span>前死亡;进入到C期,治疗可<span style="color: black;">掌控</span>症状;进入D期,死于心力<span style="color: black;">衰尽</span>,而在<span style="color: black;">全部</span>过程中猝死可在任何时间<span style="color: black;">出现</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">为此,<span style="color: black;">仅有</span>在A期对<span style="color: black;">各样</span>高危<span style="color: black;">原因</span>进行有效的治疗,在B期进行有效<span style="color: black;">干涉</span>,<span style="color: black;">才可</span>有效减少或延缓进入到有症状的<span style="color: black;"><a style="color: black;">临床心力<span style="color: black;">衰尽</span></a></span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">2. 心力<span style="color: black;">衰尽</span>的分级 NYHA分级是按诱发心力<span style="color: black;">衰尽</span>症状的活动程度将心功能的受损<span style="color: black;">情况</span>分为四级。这一分级<span style="color: black;">方法</span>于1928年由美国纽约心脏病学会(NYHA)提出,临床上沿用<span style="color: black;">迄今</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">以上</span>的心力<span style="color: black;">衰尽</span>分期<span style="color: black;">不可</span>取代这一分级而只是对它的<span style="color: black;">弥补</span>。<span style="color: black;">实质</span>上NYHA分级是对C期和D期<span style="color: black;">病人</span>症状严重程度的分级。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><a style="color: black;">Ⅰ级</a></span>:<span style="color: black;">病人</span><span style="color: black;">身患</span>心脏病,但<span style="color: black;">平常</span>活动量不受限制,<span style="color: black;">通常</span>活动不<span style="color: black;">导致</span>疲乏、心悸、<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>困难或心绞痛。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">Ⅱ级:心脏病<span style="color: black;">病人</span>的体力活动受到轻度的限制,<span style="color: black;">休憩</span>时<span style="color: black;">没</span>自觉症状,但平时<span style="color: black;">通常</span>活动下可<span style="color: black;">显现</span><span style="color: black;"><a style="color: black;">疲乏</a></span>、心悸、<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>困难或心绞痛。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><a style="color: black;">Ⅲ级</a></span>:心脏病<span style="color: black;">病人</span>体力活动<span style="color: black;">显著</span>受限,<span style="color: black;">少于</span>平时<span style="color: black;">通常</span>活动即<span style="color: black;">导致</span><span style="color: black;">以上</span>的症状。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><a style="color: black;">Ⅳ级</a></span>:心脏病<span style="color: black;">病人</span><span style="color: black;">不可</span>从事任何体力活动。<span style="color: black;">休憩</span>状态下<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">显现</span>心衰的症状,体力活动后加重。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">这种分级<span style="color: black;">方法</span>的优点是简便易行,为此,几十年<span style="color: black;">败兴</span>仍为临床<span style="color: black;">大夫</span>所习用。但其缺点是仅凭<span style="color: black;">病人</span>的主观<span style="color: black;">描述</span>,有时症状与客观<span style="color: black;">检测</span>有很大差距,<span style="color: black;">同期</span><span style="color: black;">病人</span>个体之间的差异<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">很强</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">[临床表现]</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">临床上左心<span style="color: black;">衰尽</span>最为<span style="color: black;">平常</span>,单纯右心<span style="color: black;">衰尽</span>较少见。左心衰竭后继发<span style="color: black;"><a style="color: black;">右心<span style="color: black;">衰尽</span></a></span>而致全心衰者,以及<span style="color: black;">因为</span>严重广泛心肌<span style="color: black;">疾患</span><span style="color: black;">同期</span>波及左、右心而<span style="color: black;">出现</span>全心衰者临床上更为多见。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(一)左心<span style="color: black;">衰尽</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">以肺淤血及心排血量降低表现为主;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">1.症状</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(1)程度不同的<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>困难:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">1)<span style="color: black;"><a style="color: black;">劳力性<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>困难</a></span>:是左心<span style="color: black;">衰尽</span>最早<span style="color: black;">显现</span>的症状,系因运动使回心血量<span style="color: black;">增多</span>,左房压力<span style="color: black;">上升</span>,加重了<span style="color: black;"><a style="color: black;">肺淤血</a></span>。<span style="color: black;">导致</span><span style="color: black;">呼气</span>困难的运动量随心衰程度加重而减少。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">2)端坐<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>:肺淤血达到<span style="color: black;">必定</span>的程度时,<span style="color: black;">病人</span><span style="color: black;">不可</span>平卧,因平卧时回心血量<span style="color: black;">增加</span>且横膈上抬,<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>更为困难。高枕卧位、半卧位<span style="color: black;">乃至</span>端坐时方可使憋气好转。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">3) <span style="color: black;"><a style="color: black;">夜间阵发性<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>困难</a></span>:<span style="color: black;">病人</span>已入睡后<span style="color: black;">忽然</span>因憋气而惊醒,被迫采取坐位,<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>深快,重者可有哮鸣音,<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>之为"心源性哮喘"。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">大多于端坐<span style="color: black;">休憩</span>后可<span style="color: black;">自动</span>缓解。其<span style="color: black;">出现</span>机制除因<span style="color: black;">睡觉</span>平卧血液重新分配使肺血量<span style="color: black;">增多</span>外,夜间<span style="color: black;"><a style="color: black;">迷走神经</a></span>张力<span style="color: black;">增多</span>,小支气管收缩,横膈高位,肺活量减少等<span style="color: black;">亦</span>是促发<span style="color: black;">原因</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">4)急性肺水肿:是"<span style="color: black;"><a style="color: black;">心源性哮喘</a></span>"的进一步发展,是左心衰<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>困难最严重的形式(见本章第二节急性心力<span style="color: black;">衰尽</span>)。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(2) 咳嗽、咳痰、咯血:咳嗽、咳痰是肺泡和支气管黏膜淤血<span style="color: black;">导致</span>,<span style="color: black;">起始</span>常于夜间<span style="color: black;">出现</span>,坐位或立位时咳嗽可减轻,白色浆液性<span style="color: black;">泡泡</span>状痰为其特点。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">偶可见<span style="color: black;"><a style="color: black;">痰中带血丝</a></span>。<span style="color: black;">长时间</span>慢性淤血肺静脉压力<span style="color: black;">上升</span>,<span style="color: black;">引起</span>肺循环和支气管血液循环之间形成侧支,在<span style="color: black;"><a style="color: black;">支气管黏膜</a></span>下形成扩张的血管,此种血管一旦破裂可<span style="color: black;">导致</span><span style="color: black;"><a style="color: black;">大咯血</a></span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(3)乏力、疲倦、<span style="color: black;">头昏</span>、心慌:这些是心排血量不足,器官、组织灌注不足及<span style="color: black;"><a style="color: black;">代偿性心率加快</a></span><span style="color: black;">导致</span>的<span style="color: black;">重点</span>症状。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(4)少尿及肾功能损害症状:严重的左心<span style="color: black;">衰尽</span>血液进行再分配时,<span style="color: black;">首要</span>是肾的血流量<span style="color: black;">显著</span>减少,<span style="color: black;">病人</span>可<span style="color: black;">显现</span>少尿。<span style="color: black;">长时间</span>慢性的肾血流量减少可<span style="color: black;">显现</span><span style="color: black;"><a style="color: black;">血尿素氮</a></span>、肌酐<span style="color: black;">上升</span>并可有<span style="color: black;"><a style="color: black;">肾功能不全</a></span>的相应症状。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">2.体征</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(1)肺部湿性啰音:<span style="color: black;">因为</span>肺毛细血管压<span style="color: black;">升高</span>,液体可渗出到肺泡而<span style="color: black;">显现</span>湿性啰音。随着病情的由轻到重,<span style="color: black;"><a style="color: black;">肺部啰音</a></span>可从局限于肺底部直至全肺。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">病人</span>如取<span style="color: black;"><a style="color: black;">侧卧位</a></span>则下垂的<span style="color: black;">一边</span><span style="color: black;"><a style="color: black;">啰音</a></span>较多。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(2)心脏体征:除<span style="color: black;">基本</span>心脏病的固有体征外,慢性左心衰的<span style="color: black;">病人</span><span style="color: black;">通常</span>均有心脏扩大(单纯舒张性心衰除外)、肺动脉瓣区<span style="color: black;"><a style="color: black;">第二心音</a></span>亢进及<span style="color: black;"><a style="color: black;">舒张期奔马律</a></span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(二)右心<span style="color: black;">衰尽</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">以体静脉淤血的表现为主:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">1.症状</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(1)消化道症状:胃肠道及肝脏淤血<span style="color: black;">导致</span>腹胀、食欲不振、恶心、呕吐等是右心衰最<span style="color: black;">平常</span>的症状。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(2)劳力性<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>困难:继发于左心衰的<span style="color: black;"><a style="color: black;">右心衰<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>困难</a></span>业已存在。单纯性右心衰为分流性先天性心脏病或肺部疾患<span style="color: black;">导致</span>,<span style="color: black;">亦</span>均有<span style="color: black;">显著</span>的<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>困难。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">2.体征</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(1) 水肿:体静脉压力<span style="color: black;">上升</span>使皮肤等软组织<span style="color: black;">显现</span>水肿,其特征为<span style="color: black;">首要</span><span style="color: black;">显现</span>于身体最低垂的部位,常为对<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>性可压陷性。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">胸腔积液<span style="color: black;">亦</span>是因体静脉压力增高<span style="color: black;">导致</span>,因胸膜静脉还有一部分回流到肺静脉,<span style="color: black;">因此</span><span style="color: black;"><a style="color: black;">胸腔积液</a></span><span style="color: black;">更加多</span>见于<span style="color: black;">同期</span>有左、右心衰时,以双侧多见,如为单侧则以右侧更为多见,可能与右膈下肝淤血<span style="color: black;">相关</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(2)颈静脉征:颈静脉搏动<span style="color: black;">加强</span>、充盈、怒张是右心衰时的<span style="color: black;">重点</span>体征,肝颈静脉反流征阳性则更具特征性。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(3)<span style="color: black;"><a style="color: black;">肝脏肿大</a></span>:肝脏因淤血肿大常伴压痛,<span style="color: black;">连续</span>慢性右心衰可致<span style="color: black;"><a style="color: black;">心</a>源性肝硬化</span>,晚期可<span style="color: black;">显现</span>黄疸、肝功能受损及<span style="color: black;">海量</span>腹水。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(4)心脏体征:除<span style="color: black;">基本</span>心脏病的相应体征之外,右心衰时可因右心室<span style="color: black;">明显</span>扩大而<span style="color: black;">显现</span><span style="color: black;"><a style="color: black;">三尖瓣关闭不全</a></span>的反流性杂音。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(三)全心<span style="color: black;">衰尽</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">右心衰继发于左心衰而形成的全心衰,当右心衰<span style="color: black;">显现</span>之后,右心排血量减少,<span style="color: black;">因此呢</span>阵发性<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>困难等肺淤血症状反而有所减轻。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><a style="color: black;">扩张型心肌病</a></span>等表现为左、<span style="color: black;"><a style="color: black;">右心室<span style="color: black;">同期</span><span style="color: black;">衰尽</span></a></span>者,肺淤血症状<span style="color: black;">常常</span>不很严重,左心衰的表现<span style="color: black;">重点</span>为心排血量减少的<span style="color: black;">关联</span>症状和体征。</p>
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