诊断学名词解释(理学诊断部分 连续更新)
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">诊断学: 是运用医学基本理论基本知识和基本技能对<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>进行诊断的一门科学。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">诊断学内容:病史采集 症状和体征 体格<span style="color: black;">检测</span>实验室<span style="color: black;">检测</span> 辅助<span style="color: black;">检测</span>问诊是医师<span style="color: black;">经过</span>对<span style="color: black;">病人</span>或<span style="color: black;">相关</span>人员的系统询问而获取病史资料的的过程又<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>病史采集 问诊内容<span style="color: black;">通常</span>项目 主诉 现病史 既往史 系统回顾 个人史 <span style="color: black;">结婚</span>史 <span style="color: black;">大姨妈</span>史 家族史。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">发热:正<span style="color: black;">一般人</span>体温因受大脑皮层及下部体温中枢的<span style="color: black;">掌控</span>,<span style="color: black;">经过</span>神经、体液<span style="color: black;">原因</span>调节产热与散热过程,而保持相对恒定,在某种<span style="color: black;">状况</span>下,体温中枢兴奋或功能<span style="color: black;">错乱</span>或产热<span style="color: black;">太多</span>,散热过少,致使体温高出正常范围.</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">稽留热:恒定在39~40以上高水平,数天或<span style="color: black;">几周</span>。24小时波动范围不大于1<span style="color: black;">平常</span>于大叶性肺炎,斑疹伤寒及伤寒高热。弛张热又<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>败血症热型体温常在39以上,波动幅度大,24小时内波动范围超过2,但都在正常水平上。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">间歇热:聚升到高峰后<span style="color: black;">连续</span>数小时,<span style="color: black;">快速</span>下降到正常水平,<span style="color: black;">没</span>热期可<span style="color: black;">连续</span>一天到数天,高热和低热反复交替<span style="color: black;">显现</span>!见于捏积。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">波状热:<span style="color: black;">逐步</span>39以上,数天<span style="color: black;">逐步</span>下降到正常,<span style="color: black;">连续</span>数天后又<span style="color: black;">逐步</span>声高,反复!见于布鲁病。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">回归热:聚升到39以上,<span style="color: black;">连续</span>数天后又聚然下降到正常。高热器和<span style="color: black;">没</span>热期各<span style="color: black;">连续</span>若干天后规律性交替一次,可件于回归热病。霍奇金病,周期热。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">水肿:人体组织间隙有<span style="color: black;">太多</span>的液体积聚使组织肿胀。<span style="color: black;">归类</span>:心,肾,肝源性,营养不良性,其他<span style="color: black;">原由</span>的全身性水肿如粘液性水肿和特发性水肿.</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">原因</span>:1钠水潴留2毛细血管滤过压<span style="color: black;">升高</span>3毛细血管通透性<span style="color: black;">升高</span>4<span style="color: black;">血液</span>交替渗透压降低5淋巴回流受阻,心源性水肿,右心<span style="color: black;">衰尽</span>的表现。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">机制:有效循环量减少,肾血流量减少,继发性醛固酮<span style="color: black;">增加</span><span style="color: black;">导致</span>钠水储留以及静脉淤血,毛细血管滤过压<span style="color: black;">升高</span>,组织液回吸收减少<span style="color: black;">导致</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">毛舌:<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">叫作</span>黑舌.舌面敷有黑色或黄褐色毛,故<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>毛舌,此为丝状乳头缠绕了真菌丝以及其上皮细胞角化所形成.见于久病衰弱或<span style="color: black;">长时间</span><span style="color: black;">运用</span>广谱抗生素的病人.</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">地图舌:舌面上<span style="color: black;">显现</span>黄色上皮细胞堆积而成的隆起部分,状如地图<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>为地图舌.</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">咯血:喉及喉以下<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>道任何部位<span style="color: black;">流血</span>经口排除。(呕血上消化道<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>后全深省<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>所制的急性上消化道<span style="color: black;">流血</span>,血液经口腔呕出。)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">机制:1支气管<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>2肺部<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>3心血管<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>4其他。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">胸痛:1.<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>系统<span style="color: black;">疾患</span> 肺炎、气胸、胸膜炎(干性或少量渗出液)及胸膜粘连、肺梗塞、胸膜肿瘤2.心脏血管<span style="color: black;">疾患</span> 心肌梗塞、心绞痛、主动脉瘤、心肌炎及心包炎4.纵隔 纵隔肿瘤纵隔炎5其他 阁下浓重,干浓重,脾梗塞。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">牵涉痛:病变内脏雨分布提表的穿如神经进入脊髓同一节段并在后角<span style="color: black;">出现</span>联系,故来自内脏的痛觉冲动直接激发脊髓提表感觉神经元,<span style="color: black;">导致</span>相应提表区域痛感。(<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>程度<span style="color: black;">剧烈</span>,部位<span style="color: black;">知道</span>,局部有压痛,肌紧张及感觉过敏)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">发绀:血液中还原血红蛋白<span style="color: black;">增加</span>,使皮肤`粘摸呈青紫色表现,即紫甘。毛犀血管血液的还原血红蛋白超过50G/L时就<span style="color: black;">显现</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">呼气</span>困难:<span style="color: black;">重点</span>原<span style="color: black;">由于</span>1<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>系统<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>2心血管<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>3中毒4血液病5神经精神<span style="color: black;">原因</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">临床表现:肺源性~,心~,中毒性,神经精神性~,血液病。心源性呼吸困难<span style="color: black;">重点</span>右左心或右心<span style="color: black;">衰尽</span><span style="color: black;">导致</span>,两者机制不同,左较为严重,左心<span style="color: black;">衰尽</span><span style="color: black;">出现</span><span style="color: black;">呼气</span>困难的<span style="color: black;">要紧</span><span style="color: black;">原由</span>是肺淤血和肺泡弹性降低,其机制为1肺淤血,使气体弥散功能降低2肺泡张力<span style="color: black;">升高</span>,刺激牵张感受器,<span style="color: black;">经过</span>米走神经反射兴奋<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>中枢3肺泡弹性<span style="color: black;">衰退</span>,其扩张与收缩能力降低,肺活量减少4肺循环压力<span style="color: black;">上升</span>对<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>中枢的反射性刺激。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">认识</span><span style="color: black;">阻碍</span>:人对<span style="color: black;">周边</span>环境及<span style="color: black;">自己</span>状态的识别和觉察能力的<span style="color: black;">阻碍</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">病因:1重症记性感染2颅骨内飞感染性<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>3内分泌及代谢<span style="color: black;">阻碍</span>4心血管<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>5水电解质平衡<span style="color: black;">错乱</span>6外源性中毒7<span style="color: black;">理学</span>性及缺氧性损害。体格<span style="color: black;">检测</span>是医师运用自己的感官或借助于简单的<span style="color: black;">检测</span><span style="color: black;">工具</span>来<span style="color: black;">认识</span>病人身体<span style="color: black;">情况</span>的最基本的<span style="color: black;">检测</span><span style="color: black;">办法</span>。基本<span style="color: black;">检测</span><span style="color: black;">办法</span>有5种:视诊、触诊、叩诊、听诊、闻诊(嗅诊)。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">直接感触法:以手掌或手指直接轻置于体表被查部位,以感触被<span style="color: black;">检测</span>部位的温度高低、有<span style="color: black;">没</span>细震颤或搏动感等,<span style="color: black;">重点</span>用于体表<span style="color: black;">检测</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">浅部触诊法:将右手放在被<span style="color: black;">检测</span>部位,以掌指关节和腕关节的运动,进行滑动按摸以触知被<span style="color: black;">检测</span>部位有<span style="color: black;">没</span>触痛或<span style="color: black;">反常</span>感觉。常用以<span style="color: black;">检测</span>皮下结节、肌肉中的包块、关节腔积液、肿大的表浅淋巴结、胸腹壁的病变等。<span style="color: black;">检测</span>时除<span style="color: black;">重视</span>手法轻柔外还应观察有<span style="color: black;">没</span>压痛、抵抗感及搏动,如有肿块应<span style="color: black;">重视</span>其<span style="color: black;">体积</span>有与邻近脏器之间的关系等</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">深部触诊法:运用一手或双手重叠在被<span style="color: black;">检测</span>部位<span style="color: black;">逐步</span>加压向深层触摸,借以<span style="color: black;">认识</span>被<span style="color: black;">检测</span>部位深部组织及脏器<span style="color: black;">情况</span>。常用于腹部位<span style="color: black;">检测</span>,<span style="color: black;">认识</span>腹腔及盆腔脏器的病变(深部滑行。双手。深压,冲击)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">叩诊<span style="color: black;">办法</span>:直接叩诊法和间接叩诊法(<span style="color: black;">检测</span>着以左手中指第二指节紧贴于叩诊部位,其他手指稍微抬起,勿与体表接触,右手指自然弯曲)清音鼓音浊音实音过清音。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">通常</span><span style="color: black;">检测</span>:性别,年龄,生命正(<span style="color: black;">评估</span>生命活动存在与否及质量的指标),<span style="color: black;">生长</span>与营养,<span style="color: black;">认识</span>状态,面容表情,体位姿势,步态,皮肤和淋巴结。体形<span style="color: black;">没</span>力,正力,超力(瘦长匀<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>矮胖)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">贫血面容:面色苍白唇舌色淡,表情疲惫,见于<span style="color: black;">各样</span><span style="color: black;">原由</span>的贫血。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">甲状腺功能亢进面容:面容惊愕眼裂增宽,眼球凸出目光炯炯,兴奋不安,烦躁易怒,见于甲亢。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">粘液性水肿:面色苍黄,颜面浮肿,硷厚面宽,反应迟钝,眉毛,头发系数,舌色淡,肥大。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">二尖版面容:面色晦暗,双颊紫红,口唇轻度发绀。见于风湿性心瓣膜病二尖瓣狭窄。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">满月面容:面圆如满月,皮肤发红,长半痤疮和小须,见于Cushing综合正征及<span style="color: black;">长时间</span>应用糖皮质激素者。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">伤寒面容:表情淡漠,反应迟钝,呈<span style="color: black;">没</span>欲状态。见于肠伤寒,脑脊髓膜炎,脑炎等高热<span style="color: black;">衰尽</span><span style="color: black;">病人</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">体位:自主,被动,强迫(仰卧位,记性腹膜炎,侧卧位,<span style="color: black;">海量</span>胸腔积液,俯卧位,脊柱病,强迫坐位即端坐<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>:<span style="color: black;">病人</span>坐于床上,以两手放于膝盖或扶持床边。见于心功能不全者。强迫停立位,见于心绞痛)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">皮疹:斑疹玫瑰疹(为一种鲜红圆形斑疹,直径2~3MM,因病灶<span style="color: black;">周边</span>血管扩张<span style="color: black;">导致</span>,<span style="color: black;">检测</span>时拉紧<span style="color: black;">周边</span>皮肤或以手指按压可使皮疹消退,送开时又复<span style="color: black;">显现</span>,多见于胸腹不。为伤寒和副伤寒的特征性皮疹)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">丘疹斑丘疹(在丘疹<span style="color: black;">周边</span>有皮肤发红的底盘(既有皮肤颜色改变又降起于皮面)<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>为斑丘疹)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">荀麻疹(为稍隆起皮面苍白色或红色的局限性水肿,是速发的皮肤变态反应,<span style="color: black;">平常</span>于<span style="color: black;">各样</span><span style="color: black;">反常</span>蛋白性<span style="color: black;">食品</span>或<span style="color: black;">药品</span>过敏)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">皮下<span style="color: black;">流血</span><2MM瘀点,3~5紫癜>5瘀斑,片状<span style="color: black;">流血</span>拌有皮肤<span style="color: black;">明显</span>隆起<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>血肿。皮肤小动脉末端分支性扩张所形成的血管帜,<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>蜘蛛痣(是皮肤小动脉未端分支性扩张形成的血管痣,形似蜘蛛),见于急慢性肝炎和肝硬化。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">肝掌:慢性肝病<span style="color: black;">病人</span>手掌大、小鱼际处常发红,加压后退色,<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>为肝掌。见于慢性肝炎或肝硬化。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">潮式<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>又<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>Cheyne-Stokes<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>,由浅慢<span style="color: black;">逐步</span>变为深快,<span style="color: black;">而后</span>再由反过来,随之<span style="color: black;">显现</span>一段<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>暂停,又<span style="color: black;">起始</span>如上变化的周期性<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">间停<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>又<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>Biots<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>。表现为有规律<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>几次后,<span style="color: black;">忽然</span>停止一段时间,又<span style="color: black;">起始</span><span style="color: black;">呼气</span>,即周而复始的间停<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>。<span style="color: black;">亦</span>见于中枢神经系统的<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">头颅①小头:常伴有智力<span style="color: black;">生长</span><span style="color: black;">阻碍</span>;②尖颅:见于先天性疾患尖颅并指(趾)畸形;③方颅见于小儿佝偻病;④巨颅:见于脑积水;⑤长颅:见于Marfan<span style="color: black;">综合症</span>及肢端肥大症。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">扁桃体增大<span style="color: black;">通常</span>分为3度:超过舌腭弓者,不超过咽腭弓为Ⅰ度;超过咽腭弓者为Ⅱ度;达到或超过咽后壁中线者为Ⅲ度。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">三凹征<span style="color: black;">指的是</span>上<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>道部分阻塞<span style="color: black;">病人</span>,因气流<span style="color: black;">不可</span>顺利进入肺,故当吸气时<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>肌收缩,早成肺内负压极度<span style="color: black;">升高</span>,从而<span style="color: black;">导致</span>吸气时锁骨上窝、肋间隙和胸骨上窝凹陷,这是<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>困难的表现</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">现病史 1起病<span style="color: black;">状况</span>与患病的时间2<span style="color: black;">重点</span>症状的特点3病因与诱因4病情的发展与演变5<span style="color: black;">伴同</span>症状6诊治经过7病程中的<span style="color: black;">通常</span><span style="color: black;">状况</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">问诊的内容<span style="color: black;">通常</span><span style="color: black;">检测</span>(姓名年龄名组<span style="color: black;">结婚</span><span style="color: black;">位置</span>工作单位职业入院日期记录日期病史<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>述者及<span style="color: black;">靠谱</span>程度等)主诉(最痛苦最<span style="color: black;">显著</span>的症状或体征)现病史,既往史系统回顾个人史<span style="color: black;">结婚</span>史<span style="color: black;">大姨妈</span>史家族史。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">问诊医师<span style="color: black;">经过</span>对<span style="color: black;">病人</span>或<span style="color: black;">相关</span>人员的系统提问而获取病史资料的过程,有<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>病史采集。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">体温口36.3~37.2肛36.5~37.7腋36~37</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">桶状胸为胸廓前后径<span style="color: black;">增多</span>有时与<span style="color: black;">上下</span>径几乎相等,甚或超过<span style="color: black;">上下</span>径,故呈圆桶装见于严重肺气肿的<span style="color: black;">病人</span>,<span style="color: black;">亦</span>可<span style="color: black;">出现</span>于老年或矮胖体形者。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">扁平胸为胸廓呈扁平状,其前后径不及<span style="color: black;">上下</span>的一半。见于瘦长体形者,<span style="color: black;">亦</span>可见于慢性消耗性<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>,如肺结核等。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">正<span style="color: black;">一般人</span>脉率为60~100平均为72女性稍快,儿童平均约90,婴儿130老人平均55~60</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">心房颤动(简<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>房颤)的听诊特点为:①<span style="color: black;">心率</span>绝对不齐;②<span style="color: black;">第1</span>心音强弱不等;③心率快于脉率,这种脉搏脱漏现象<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>为脉搏短绌或短绌脉。<span style="color: black;">平常</span>于二尖瓣狭窄、冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病、甲状腺功能亢进等。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">压痛、反跳痛和肌紧张三者<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>为腹膜刺激征(,为腹膜受<span style="color: black;">各样</span><span style="color: black;">原因</span>刺激的表现)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">蛙腹:当腹腔内<span style="color: black;">海量</span>积液时,平卧位时腹壁松弛,液体下沉于腹腔两侧,致腹部呈扁而宽状,<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>为蛙腹.</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">杵状指手指或足趾末端增生肥厚呈杵状膨大。</p>
交流如星光璀璨,点亮思想夜空。
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