左心疾患的右心室衰尽:从病理生理学到临床表现和预后
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">右心<span style="color: black;">衰尽</span>(RHF)是一种临床<span style="color: black;">综合症</span>,其症状和体征<span style="color: black;">是由于</span>右心结构,<span style="color: black;">重点</span>是右心室(RV)的功能<span style="color: black;">阻碍</span>或超负荷<span style="color: black;">导致</span>的,<span style="color: black;">引起</span>全身静脉高压,<span style="color: black;">周边</span>水肿,最后,右心<span style="color: black;">供给</span>组织灌注的能力受损。RHF的发病机制<span style="color: black;">包含</span>右心<span style="color: black;">没</span>力维持足够低的全身静脉压以<span style="color: black;">保准</span>最佳的静脉回流和保持肾功能。<span style="color: black;">实质</span>上,所有<span style="color: black;">触及</span>左心的心肌<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>都可能是RHF的<span style="color: black;">原由</span>。这可能<span style="color: black;">是由于</span>冠状动脉<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>、高血压、瓣膜性心脏病、心肌病和心肌炎<span style="color: black;">导致</span>的。RHF最<span style="color: black;">明显</span>的临床症状<span style="color: black;">包含</span>颈部静脉肿胀,颈部静脉压<span style="color: black;">上升</span>和踝部水肿。随着<span style="color: black;">状况</span>的恶化,液体积聚变得<span style="color: black;">广泛</span>,腿部广泛水肿,充血性肝脏肿大,<span style="color: black;">最后</span><span style="color: black;">显现</span>腹水。诊断RHF<span style="color: black;">必须</span>有右心房和静脉压力<span style="color: black;">上升</span>的迹象,<span style="color: black;">包含</span>颈部静脉扩张,并<span style="color: black;">最少</span>有以下标准之一。(1)RV功能受损;(2)肺动脉高压;(3)<span style="color: black;">周边</span>水肿和充血性肝脏肿大。<span style="color: black;">初期</span>识别RHF并确定潜在的病因以及诱发<span style="color: black;">原因</span>,<span style="color: black;">针对</span>治疗<span style="color: black;">病人</span>并可能有效逆转临床表现和改善预后至关<span style="color: black;">要紧</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">背景介绍:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">右心<span style="color: black;">衰尽</span>(RHF)是一种临床<span style="color: black;">综合症</span>,其症状和体征继发于右心结构的功能<span style="color: black;">阻碍</span>/或超负荷,<span style="color: black;">引起</span>全身静脉高压(SVH)和<span style="color: black;">周边</span>水肿,最后<span style="color: black;">引起</span>心输出量(CO)减少。RHF和右心室(RV)功能<span style="color: black;">阻碍</span>(RVD)并不是同义词,<span style="color: black;">由于</span>有些<span style="color: black;">病人</span><span style="color: black;">无</span>症状的RVD,<span style="color: black;">况且</span>RVD并不总是<span style="color: black;">导致</span>RHF。直到<span style="color: black;">近期</span>,<span style="color: black;">引起</span>该<span style="color: black;">综合症</span>的机制还<span style="color: black;">无</span>被完全阐明。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">过去,RV很少受到关注,心脏病专家<span style="color: black;">重点</span>处理左心室的<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>,<span style="color: black;">重点</span>是<span style="color: black;">由于</span>RV对<span style="color: black;">全部</span>心脏血流动力学的贡献并不清楚。由于这个<span style="color: black;">原由</span>,RV经常被<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>为被遗忘的腔室,它被认为只是一个将血液传递到肺循环的被动管道。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">因为</span>RV的几何结构<span style="color: black;">繁杂</span>,极难<span style="color: black;">经过</span>二维<span style="color: black;">影像</span>来描述其特征,<span style="color: black;">因此呢</span>RV<span style="color: black;">始终</span>被<span style="color: black;">忽略</span>。<span style="color: black;">因为</span>其特殊的形状和解剖结构,RV的容积<span style="color: black;">不可</span>用<span style="color: black;">一般</span>用于LV的<span style="color: black;">办法</span><span style="color: black;">测绘</span>。<span style="color: black;">一样</span>,RV的收缩方式<span style="color: black;">亦</span>不同,其特点是<span style="color: black;">广泛</span>的纵向缩短,而径向收缩功能则不明显(图1)。</p>
<div style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><img src="https://pic2.zhimg.com/80/v2-979fc0e7935f27abc9ca6294b2b4b61d_720w.webp" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></div>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">图1,右心室壁纤维缩短的方式。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">从生理学<span style="color: black;">方向</span>看,RV应该被认为是一个高容量低压力泵,它的每博输出量(SV)与左心室相同,但其输出功约为25%。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">RV的顺应性比LV好,能更好地处理<span style="color: black;">增多</span>的容积,但它的室壁很薄,<span style="color: black;">因此呢</span>在设计上很难处理急性的压力负荷。相反,它<span style="color: black;">能够</span>在压力<span style="color: black;">增多</span>最小的<span style="color: black;">状况</span>下容纳<span style="color: black;">海量</span>的血液。一项开创性的工作强调了RV和LV对实验性后负荷<span style="color: black;">增多</span>的反应(图2)。在左心室,后负荷的<span style="color: black;">增多</span>只<span style="color: black;">引起</span>SV的轻微下降;相反,<span style="color: black;">一样</span>的后负荷在左心室<span style="color: black;">能够</span>带来SV的<span style="color: black;">显著</span>下降。这些观察结果的一个临床<span style="color: black;">关联</span>的推论是,与容积过载相比,RV并不适合对抗压力过载。</p>
<div style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><img src="https://pic3.zhimg.com/80/v2-2b8b3362ec3070e7b0fef7a80d98d7ce_720w.webp" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></div>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">图2,右心室和左心室对<span style="color: black;">增多</span>后负荷和容积过载的反应比较。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">RV抵消后负荷的能力在很大程度上取决于RV和肺循环之间令人满意的耦合,即<span style="color: black;">所说</span>的RV肺动脉耦合,这<span style="color: black;">引起</span>了右心向肺血管的有效能量转移。RV和LV之间的密切关系,即<span style="color: black;">所说</span>的心室相互依存关系,<span style="color: black;">是由于</span>一个心室<span style="color: black;">经过</span>室间隔传递给另一个心室的力量<span style="color: black;">导致</span>的,它进一<span style="color: black;">步骤</span>节了RV的<span style="color: black;">行径</span>。<span style="color: black;">经过</span>两个心室的同步收缩和松弛,实现了<span style="color: black;">有效</span>的CO和充盈。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">抵消负荷的能力并不是心室之间的<span style="color: black;">独一</span>区别。RV的任务<span style="color: black;">不仅</span>是以<span style="color: black;">必定</span>的势能将血液泵入循环,<span style="color: black;">况且</span>还要降低右心房(RA)的压力,将非常膨胀的静脉系统的压力维持在可能的较低水平,<span style="color: black;">显著</span><span style="color: black;">小于</span><span style="color: black;">血液</span>渗透压,使血液从静脉排出。这些信息使<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>能够理解RHF的起源是<span style="color: black;">因为</span>右心<span style="color: black;">没</span>力维持足够低的全身静脉压以<span style="color: black;">保准</span>最佳的静脉回流(稳定状态下与CO相等),<span style="color: black;">或</span><span style="color: black;">仅有</span>在静脉压<span style="color: black;">反常</span><span style="color: black;">上升</span>的<span style="color: black;">状况</span>下<span style="color: black;">才可</span>做到这一点,并解释了<span style="color: black;">为何</span>SVH的<span style="color: black;">出现</span>是右侧HF发病的先决<span style="color: black;">前提</span>和该<span style="color: black;">综合症</span>的<span style="color: black;">重点</span>临床特征之一。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">右心室<span style="color: black;">衰尽</span>的病因学和流行病学</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">RHF是<span style="color: black;">因为</span>RV<span style="color: black;">不可</span>支持循环中的血流和容纳静脉回流而不<span style="color: black;">增多</span>RA充盈压而<span style="color: black;">导致</span>的。RV<span style="color: black;">衰尽</span>的发病机制可能是急性或慢性的。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">急性RHF最<span style="color: black;">平常</span>的<span style="color: black;">原由</span>是肺栓塞和急性心肌梗死,<span style="color: black;">重点</span>是(但不完全是)继发于右冠状动脉闭塞。比较少见的是心脏手术或<span style="color: black;">移植</span>左心室辅助<span style="color: black;">安装</span>(LVAD)后<span style="color: black;">出现</span>的急性RHF。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">慢性RHF最常与左侧HF<span style="color: black;">关联</span>。心肌<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>直接影响RV的频率要低得多,如<span style="color: black;">心率</span>失常性心肌病。心肌炎可损害20%<span style="color: black;">上下</span>的<span style="color: black;">病人</span>的RV,<span style="color: black;">她们</span><span style="color: black;">一般</span><span style="color: black;">亦</span>有左心室炎症。据<span style="color: black;">报告</span>,在Tako tsubo<span style="color: black;">综合症</span>中,有类似比例的受试者有RV受累的迹象。RHF可能<span style="color: black;">是由于</span>慢性阻塞性肺病或其他慢性肺部<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>继发的慢性肺心病<span style="color: black;">导致</span>的。在COVID-19<span style="color: black;">病人</span>中<span style="color: black;">亦</span>有描述,<span style="color: black;">因为</span>多次肺栓塞,可能还有直接的心肌<span style="color: black;">损害</span>,<span style="color: black;">引起</span>RV过载和功能<span style="color: black;">阻碍</span>。相反,<span style="color: black;">日前</span>还不清楚COVID-19<span style="color: black;">可否</span><span style="color: black;">亦</span>以缺氧性肺血管收缩<span style="color: black;">增多</span>RV后负荷为特征。<span style="color: black;">因为</span>房间隔<span style="color: black;">缺失</span>和原发性三尖瓣<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>(如类癌<span style="color: black;">综合症</span>或右侧心内膜炎)<span style="color: black;">引起</span>的慢性容量过载是成年发病的RHF的其他罕见病因。最后,肺动脉高压(PAH)是RHF的一个<span style="color: black;">要紧</span><span style="color: black;">原由</span>,<span style="color: black;">由于</span>它<span style="color: black;">表现</span>了基本的病理生理学原理,并且<span style="color: black;">能够</span>用特定的<span style="color: black;">药品</span>治疗。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">右心<span style="color: black;">衰尽</span>的病理生理学</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">在PAH或RV容量过载或原始功能<span style="color: black;">阻碍</span>的<span style="color: black;">状况</span>下,RV力学和功能都会<span style="color: black;">出现</span>改变。PAH<span style="color: black;">导致</span>的RV收缩功能<span style="color: black;">阻碍</span>和后负荷不匹配都可能是RVD的<span style="color: black;">原由</span>。PAH的定义是收缩期肺动脉压力(sPAP)和平均PAP(mPAP)在<span style="color: black;">休憩</span>时分别超过35和20毫米汞柱,或在运动时mPAP超过35毫米汞柱。正常的肺循环是一个低阻力系统,有相当的<span style="color: black;">贮存</span>:<span style="color: black;">因此呢</span>,在PAH发展之前,有效血管床的<span style="color: black;">体积</span><span style="color: black;">必要</span><span style="color: black;">出现</span>实质性的减少。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">RV肥大是最初的适应性反应,<span style="color: black;">准许</span>降低室壁应力和维持SV。腔室扩张随之而来,<span style="color: black;">因为</span>三尖瓣环的扩张,常常伴有三尖瓣反流。然而,<span style="color: black;">因为</span>RV<span style="color: black;">不可</span>像处理容积过载那样处理压力过载,RVD<span style="color: black;">发展</span>,三尖瓣反流恶化,SVH加重,静脉充血<span style="color: black;">增多</span>。后负荷<span style="color: black;">增多</span><span style="color: black;">作为</span>RVD和肺源性和心源性<span style="color: black;">衰尽</span>的<span style="color: black;">重点</span>机制,<span style="color: black;">没</span>论是在急性还是慢性<span style="color: black;">状况</span>下。其他机制,如心肌缺血、神经激素激活和<span style="color: black;">有害</span>的RV-LV相互<span style="color: black;">功效</span>,可能对RV应对后负荷<span style="color: black;">增多</span>的能力产生<span style="color: black;">消极</span>影响。然而,当舒张末期容积<span style="color: black;">提升</span>时,尽管功能受到相当大的<span style="color: black;">控制</span>,但<span style="color: black;">衰尽</span>的RV仍可射出正常或接近正常的SV。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">在严重的<span style="color: black;">状况</span>下,右心扩张,室间隔向左隆起,增加左心充盈压(LHFP),损害左心充盈,<span style="color: black;">引起</span>左心HF,CO下降。当肺部血流动力学<span style="color: black;">反常</span><span style="color: black;">长时间</span>存在时,肺血管阻力(PVR)<span style="color: black;">提升</span>,这可能<span style="color: black;">引起</span>CO下降。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">RVD可能<span style="color: black;">导致</span>RV充盈受损和全身静脉压<span style="color: black;">上升</span>,但SVH可能来自RV功能受损以外的其他机制,<span style="color: black;">包含</span>不适当的神经荷尔蒙激活,随后细胞外液量<span style="color: black;">海量</span>扩张,以及胸腔和<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>系统改变<span style="color: black;">导致</span>的RA充盈<span style="color: black;">反常</span>。其他机制可能有助于RHF的发展,如继发于慢性阻塞性肺病、间质性肺病、胸腔笼畸形或神经肌肉<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>的严重<span style="color: black;">呼气</span><span style="color: black;">阻碍</span>与通气不足。它们会阻碍血液从静脉血管排入肺循环,阻止RA和全身静脉压力的生理性下降。相反,即使在RV严重失调的<span style="color: black;">状况</span>下,<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">经过</span><span style="color: black;">有效</span>的<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>泵吸入血液来维持正常的静脉回流 。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">RA和全身静脉压力的<span style="color: black;">上升</span>是急性和慢性RHF中肾功能受损的<span style="color: black;">重点</span>决定<span style="color: black;">原因</span>。SVH可能是肾静脉压力<span style="color: black;">提升</span>的<span style="color: black;">原由</span>,可能会使肾功能恶化。肌酐水平的<span style="color: black;">提升</span>可能<span style="color: black;">促进</span>临床<span style="color: black;">大夫</span>错误地减少环形利尿剂的治疗。然而,这种<span style="color: black;">行径</span>可能是有害的,<span style="color: black;">由于</span>它可能阻止SVH的减少,并进一步加重肾功能损害。血管加压素、肾素-血管紧张素系统和交感神经系统的激活可能会诱发血管收缩与钠和水潴留,<span style="color: black;">引起</span>肾脏灌注减少。在HF和左心室射血分数(LVEF)降低的<span style="color: black;">病人</span>中,<span style="color: black;">已然</span>证实了RVD、肾功能受损和<span style="color: black;">连续</span>充血之间的密切关系。最后,液体积聚和静脉充血可能是<span style="color: black;">引起</span>肾功能<span style="color: black;">阻碍</span>和急性HF的促炎症刺激<span style="color: black;">原因</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">左心病的右心室<span style="color: black;">衰尽</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">所有<span style="color: black;">触及</span>左心的心肌<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>都可能是<span style="color: black;">引起</span>RHF的<span style="color: black;">原由</span>,这可能<span style="color: black;">是由于</span>冠状动脉<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>、高血压、瓣膜性心脏病、心肌病和心肌炎<span style="color: black;">导致</span>的。继发于左心功能<span style="color: black;">阻碍</span>的RV<span style="color: black;">衰尽</span>的机制<span style="color: black;">包含</span>:(1)影响LV和RV的同一病因;(2)<span style="color: black;">因为</span>LHFP<span style="color: black;">增多</span>而<span style="color: black;">引起</span>PAH的<span style="color: black;">出现</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">在大<span style="color: black;">都数</span>病人中,RV<span style="color: black;">衰尽</span>的<span style="color: black;">出现</span>是<span style="color: black;">因为</span>肺充血和PAH的发展,反映了LHFP<span style="color: black;">上升</span>的后向传递。左侧HF<span style="color: black;">导致</span>的慢性RHF最<span style="color: black;">平常</span>的<span style="color: black;">原由</span><span style="color: black;">是由于</span>毛细血管后PAH<span style="color: black;">导致</span>的RV后负荷<span style="color: black;">逐步</span><span style="color: black;">增多</span>。毛细血管后PAH的特点是平均PAP≥25 mmHg,LHFP<span style="color: black;">上升</span>:肺毛细血管楔压(PCWP)≥15 mmHg,LV舒张末期压力≥18 mmHg。大<span style="color: black;">都数</span>HF<span style="color: black;">病人</span>有毛细血管后PAH,其特点是PVR低。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">传统上,HF<span style="color: black;">按照</span>LVEF的<span style="color: black;">测绘</span>被划分为不同的实体。RVD的患病率<span style="color: black;">按照</span>用于识别RVD的标准而不同。在LVEF降低的HF<span style="color: black;">病人</span>中经常<span style="color: black;">发掘</span>RV<span style="color: black;">损害</span>。在一项对<span style="color: black;">保存</span>LVEF的HF<span style="color: black;">科研</span>的荟萃分析中,<span style="color: black;">按照</span>三尖瓣环面收缩期偏移(TAPSE)<16mm、三尖瓣环面收缩期速度(RV S)<9.5cm/s或分数面积变化(FAC)<35%的定义,分别有28%、21%或18%的<span style="color: black;">病人</span>存在RVD 。在Olmsted县HF和<span style="color: black;">保存</span>LVEF的受试者队列中,35%的<span style="color: black;">病人</span>TAPSE值<span style="color: black;">小于</span>规定的正常下限(16mm),21%的<span style="color: black;">病人</span>在半定量<span style="color: black;">评定</span>时有轻度或中度的RVD。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">左心病的PAH<span style="color: black;">亦</span>可能取决于肺循环内的血管变化,<span style="color: black;">包含</span>肺血管重塑、内皮功能<span style="color: black;">阻碍</span>和与缺氧<span style="color: black;">相关</span>的血管收缩,这就转化为PVR的<span style="color: black;">上升</span>,即合并毛细血管前和毛细血管后PAH。这些<span style="color: black;">病人</span>表现出比例失调或混合型PAH,其特点是经肺梯度<span style="color: black;">增多</span>和舒张期肺梯度(舒张期肺梯度=肺动脉舒张压-PCWP)。<span style="color: black;">没</span>论发病机制<span style="color: black;">怎样</span>,RVD和<span style="color: black;">衰尽</span>的<span style="color: black;">出现</span>率随着左心病的发展而<span style="color: black;">增多</span>。然而,<span style="color: black;">因为</span>适当的治疗<span style="color: black;">干涉</span>,RV功能<span style="color: black;">能够</span>恢复。在HF和LVEF<50%的<span style="color: black;">病人</span>中,<span style="color: black;">已然</span>观察到随访时RVD的逆转,这些<span style="color: black;">病人</span>在基线时表现为RV功能受损。<span style="color: black;">一般</span>与左心房颤动<span style="color: black;">相关</span>的心房颤动可能进一步<span style="color: black;">引起</span>RVD和肺动脉解耦,这是<span style="color: black;">由于</span>左心房脉动负荷<span style="color: black;">增多</span>或<span style="color: black;">因为</span>心动周期长度不规则<span style="color: black;">引起</span>CO降低。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">在左心病<span style="color: black;">引起</span>的HF<span style="color: black;">病人</span>中,<span style="color: black;">因为</span>液体从毛细血管转移到肺泡空间的<span style="color: black;">阻碍</span>,继发于肺部充血的症状和体征最初占主导地位,<span style="color: black;">包含</span>肺部啰音、正<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>和阵发性夜间<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>困难。然而,随着时间的推移,LHFP的进一步<span style="color: black;">增多</span>和PAH的加重<span style="color: black;">引起</span>RV过载,<span style="color: black;">最后</span><span style="color: black;">引起</span>RHF。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">最后,左心室构型、负荷和功能的变化可<span style="color: black;">经过</span>收缩期和舒张期心室的相互依赖影响RV性能,由共享的室间隔介导,有可能<span style="color: black;">引起</span>RVD。室间、室内和RV不同步的存在可能进一步加重RVD,<span style="color: black;">尤其</span>是在毛细血管前PAH的<span style="color: black;">状况</span>下。在PAH中,右心室收缩时间延长,当左心室<span style="color: black;">已然</span>放松时,右心室就会射出,从而<span style="color: black;">导致</span>室间不同步。<span style="color: black;">另外</span>,RV收缩和心肌节段放松的时间变得不均匀,部分<span style="color: black;">原由</span>是RV内壁应力的不均匀分布。PAH的生物力学超负荷决定了RV壁应力<span style="color: black;">提升</span>,<span style="color: black;">亦</span>与影响能量代谢和应激反应途径的循环生物标志物水平的改变<span style="color: black;">相关</span>。后者可能诱发RV对<span style="color: black;">上升</span>的机械应力的适应机制。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">体征和症状</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">尽管在诊断<span style="color: black;">工具</span>和生物标志物方面取得了<span style="color: black;">发展</span>,临床<span style="color: black;">检测</span>(即病史和体检)仍然是管理HF<span style="color: black;">病人</span>的核心。<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>短促、疲劳、<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>急促和<span style="color: black;">周边</span>水肿是最典型的主诉,但它们<span style="color: black;">无</span>什么特异性,<span style="color: black;">由于</span>它们<span style="color: black;">常常</span>与RHF<span style="color: black;">没</span>关。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">过去的<span style="color: black;">大夫</span>们都<span style="color: black;">晓得</span><span style="color: black;">因为</span>液体积聚<span style="color: black;">太多</span>而<span style="color: black;">导致</span>的RHF的表现。当时,水肿,<span style="color: black;">包含</span>身体组织中液体的广泛扩张,被认为是心脏<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>的最<span style="color: black;">明显</span>的标志。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">三尖瓣反流,<span style="color: black;">一般</span>在右胸骨旁线上有<span style="color: black;">显著</span>的收缩期杂音,是一个<span style="color: black;">平常</span>的<span style="color: black;">发掘</span>,但在<span style="color: black;">无</span>PAH的<span style="color: black;">状况</span>下,<span style="color: black;">一般</span>不会<span style="color: black;">导致</span>临床症状。里维罗-卡瓦略征是三尖瓣反流<span style="color: black;">病人</span>的一种罕见的临床症状,<span style="color: black;">包含</span>全收缩期杂音,吸气时声音变大。在PAH的<span style="color: black;">状况</span>下,三尖瓣反流可能加剧右心房的临床表现。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">RHF的体征和症状基本上是<span style="color: black;">因为</span>SVH,以及<span style="color: black;">因为</span>心脏<span style="color: black;">不可</span>给全身静脉系统减压而<span style="color: black;">引起</span>的组织液积聚。RHF<span style="color: black;">病人</span>可能会<span style="color: black;">显现</span><span style="color: black;">有些</span>临床症状,<span style="color: black;">包含</span>颈部静脉肿胀,颈静脉压(JVP)<span style="color: black;">上升</span>,肝颈部反流阳性和踝部水肿。随着<span style="color: black;">状况</span>的恶化,液体积聚<span style="color: black;">作为</span><span style="color: black;">广泛</span>现象,腿部广泛水肿,充血性肝脏肿大,<span style="color: black;">最后</span>出现腹水。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">治疗的原则</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">治疗的<span style="color: black;">目的</span><span style="color: black;">包含</span>减少RV后负荷,优化RV前负荷,并可能<span style="color: black;">增多</span>RV收缩力(图3)。在急性和慢性RHF中,有效的治疗管理策略<span style="color: black;">触及</span>识别和有效治疗RHF的<span style="color: black;">详细</span><span style="color: black;">原由</span>和诱发<span style="color: black;">原因</span>。<span style="color: black;">按照</span>RHF的<span style="color: black;">详细</span><span style="color: black;">原由</span>,如肺动脉高压、肺栓塞、感染、<span style="color: black;">心率</span>失常等,进行针对性的治疗是至关<span style="color: black;">要紧</span>的。<span style="color: black;">经过</span><span style="color: black;">运用</span>常用于治疗左侧HF的<span style="color: black;">药品</span>治疗继发于LV功能<span style="color: black;">阻碍</span>和<span style="color: black;">衰尽</span>的肺充血,<span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">得到</span>RV功能的改善和RV超负荷的减轻。</p>
<div style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><img src="https://pic4.zhimg.com/80/v2-a0e813b2af369bdd143d2ec5d237467f_720w.webp" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></div>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">图3,优化右心室前负荷、后负荷和收缩力的策略。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">临床经验告诉<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>,<span style="color: black;">针对</span>急性RHF和低输出量的<span style="color: black;">病人</span>,可暂时采用<span style="color: black;">增多</span>RV收缩力的<span style="color: black;">办法</span>,如多巴胺、米力农和左旋门冬酰胺,或机械支持。<span style="color: black;">运用</span>血管扩张剂,如静脉注射前列环素,以减少RV后负荷,只限于<span style="color: black;">少许</span><span style="color: black;">状况</span>。显然,这些<span style="color: black;">办法</span>大多<span style="color: black;">必须</span>静脉给药,<span style="color: black;">因此呢</span><span style="color: black;">不可</span><span style="color: black;">长时间</span>有效。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">液体管理<span style="color: black;">针对</span>治疗RV<span style="color: black;">衰尽</span>和静脉充血迹象的<span style="color: black;">病人</span><span style="color: black;">没</span>疑是至关<span style="color: black;">要紧</span>的。一个<span style="color: black;">平常</span>的误解是,大<span style="color: black;">都数</span>RHF<span style="color: black;">病人</span>是前负荷依赖性的,应<span style="color: black;">经过</span><span style="color: black;">弥补</span>容量来<span style="color: black;">保证</span>RV充盈压<span style="color: black;">上升</span>,从而<span style="color: black;">得到</span>最佳的CO;相反,绝大<span style="color: black;">都数</span>RHF<span style="color: black;">是由于</span>静脉充血<span style="color: black;">引起</span>的RV容量过载<span style="color: black;">导致</span>的,或与之<span style="color: black;">关联</span>,或加剧。体积过大<span style="color: black;">常常</span>会<span style="color: black;">增多</span>RV壁的压力,<span style="color: black;">增多</span>三尖瓣反流的严重程度,恶化RV-LV的相互<span style="color: black;">功效</span>,并可能降低CO。全身静脉充血在心肾<span style="color: black;">综合症</span>的发病机制中起着<span style="color: black;">重要</span><span style="color: black;">功效</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">利尿剂是治疗充血的<span style="color: black;">重点</span>疗法。RHF<span style="color: black;">病人</span>的利尿会<span style="color: black;">引起</span>静脉充血的减少,从而改善肾功能,缓解缺氧和脾脏器官细胞的酸中毒。<span style="color: black;">病人</span><span style="color: black;">常常</span><span style="color: black;">必须</span>限制液体和盐分,并<span style="color: black;">运用</span>大剂量的环形利尿剂(即呋塞米),<span style="color: black;">重点</span>是<span style="color: black;">由于</span><span style="color: black;">同期</span>存在神经激素激活、利尿剂抵抗和与内脏水肿<span style="color: black;">相关</span>的口服<span style="color: black;">药品</span>吸收<span style="color: black;">阻碍</span>。在<span style="color: black;">吃下</span>环形利尿剂的病人中,仰卧位而不是直立位可能会<span style="color: black;">得到</span>更大的利尿效果和体重减轻。<span style="color: black;">因为</span>近端和远端肾小管对钠的重吸收<span style="color: black;">增多</span>,慢性环形利尿剂治疗可能<span style="color: black;">显现</span>利尿<span style="color: black;">功效</span>减弱,有时被<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>为制动现象。<span style="color: black;">因为</span>肾小球对钠重吸收的<span style="color: black;">次序</span>阻断,<span style="color: black;">一般</span><span style="color: black;">经过</span>环形利尿剂与噻嗪类和/或乙酰唑胺的联合治疗来清除多余的液体。美托拉宗可与呋塞米联合治疗严重的RHF和难治性水肿。电解质失衡常常由这种<span style="color: black;">相关</span><span style="color: black;">导致</span>,<span style="color: black;">弥补</span>钾和/或<span style="color: black;">吃下</span>保钾剂可能是有益的。尽管肾小球滤过率低,但美托拉宗会产生利尿反应。托拉塞米有时优于呋塞米,因为其口服生物利用度更好。醛固酮拮抗剂可能有助于从钾的损失中维持钾的平衡。最后,体外超滤是治疗RHF急性失代偿期<span style="color: black;">病人</span>容量过载的一种替代疗法。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">参考文献:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">Dini FL, Pugliese NR, Ameri P, Attanasio U, Badagliacca R, Correale M, Mercurio V, Tocchetti CG, Agostoni P, Palazzuoli A; Heart Failure Study Group of the Italian Society of Cardiology. Right ventricular failure in left heart disease: from pathophysiology to clinical manifestations and prognosis. Heart Fail Rev. 2022 Oct 26. doi: 10.1007/s10741-022-10282-2. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 36284079.</p>
期待更新、坐等、迫不及待等。 你的见解独到,让我受益匪浅,非常感谢。 “板凳”(第三个回帖的人) 我完全同意你的看法,期待我们能深入探讨这个问题。 外贸网站建设方法 http://www.fok120.com/
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