论坛 › 重庆 › 做外贸要晓得：什么是“美国AMS”！(附：美国进口清关注意事宜)

m5k1umn 发表于 2024-7-7 18:21:19

做外贸要晓得：什么是“美国AMS”！(附：美国进口清关注意事宜)

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    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">AMS（Automated Manifest System，American Manifest System，Advanced Manifest System）<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>为美国舱单录入系统, <span style="color: black;">也</span><span style="color: black;">叫作</span>24小时舱单预报或美国海关反恐舱单,</span></strong>源自2002年”911”恐怖袭击之后,美国出于反恐<span style="color: black;">必须</span><span style="color: black;">创立</span>的一个制度。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/ibBBs7mRU2eMibvkno4PiatYkVKt4ZaAt1ic65wmYVLtBLGib0huYbl91JxR9vjjYFj0Z6FzhIUIIpM5KTbibEfYOHOw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&amp;tp=webp&amp;wxfrom=5&amp;wx_lazy=1&amp;wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">按照</span>美国海关出台的规定，所有出口至美国货物或经美国中转至第三国货物都<span style="color: black;">必要</span>在装船前二十四小时向美国海关申报。<span style="color: black;">需求</span>最接近直接出口商的货代发送AMS资料。</span></strong>AMS的资料是<span style="color: black;">经过</span><span style="color: black;">运用</span>美国海关指定的系统直接发送到美国海关数据库中，由美国海关系统自动进行<span style="color: black;">检测</span>及回复，发送的时候<span style="color: black;">必须</span>把货物的<span style="color: black;">仔细</span>资料报送过去,<span style="color: black;">包含</span>目的港毛重体积件数品名箱号船东真正的收发货人(FORWARDER不算)以及相应的代码编号等。等美国那边<span style="color: black;">暗示</span>接受了<span style="color: black;">才可</span>上船,如有HB/L,则两份都要发送......。否则，货物将<span style="color: black;">没</span>法上船。</span></p><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;">AMS的由来：</strong></span><span style="color: black;">
            <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">2002年911恐怖袭击之后，美国海关及国土安全局于2002年10月31日登记此海关新规则，2002年12月2日正式生效，其后60天为缓冲期（缓冲期内非欺诈性的违反不承担任何责任）。</p>
      </span></span><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/xjnzu0s2PG9Ato5iaTDx7loOMRFb99ZVWXfVMA3NXWCRMDB8bG9ibDYwsGpdKpNamicMianaCe6aAkjW5q3Cib3gkyw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&amp;tp=webp&amp;wxfrom=5&amp;wx_lazy=1&amp;wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;">
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;">AMS资料应该由谁发送？</strong></span><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">按美国海关的规定是<span style="color: black;">需求</span>最接近直接出口商的货代（NVOCC）发送AMS资料。</span></strong><span style="color: black;">发送AMS的NOVCC<span style="color: black;">首要</span><span style="color: black;">必须</span>在美国FMC取得NVOCC 资质，<span style="color: black;">同期</span><span style="color: black;">必须</span>从美国NMFTA(National Motor Freight Traffic Association )<span style="color: black;">公司</span>申请到专属的SCAC (Standard Carrier Alpha Code)，方可向美国海关发送<span style="color: black;">关联</span>数据。在发送过程中，NVOCC<span style="color: black;">必要</span>对美国海关的<span style="color: black;">关联</span>规定有完整清楚的<span style="color: black;">认识</span>，严格<span style="color: black;">根据</span><span style="color: black;">关联</span>规则行事，可能会<span style="color: black;">引起</span>清关延迟<span style="color: black;">乃至</span>是被美国海关罚款。</span></span></p><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/xjnzu0s2PG9Ato5iaTDx7loOMRFb99ZVWj4SVqkgMuIOj0l0ZGSHnaC19iczKRhDKJ6taG02BOJvN67y2B1Y42jQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&amp;tp=webp&amp;wxfrom=5&amp;wx_lazy=1&amp;wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;">
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;">AMS资料应该提前几天发？</strong></span><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">由于</span>AMS<span style="color: black;">亦</span>叫做24小时舱单预报，顾名思义<span style="color: black;">便是</span>要提前24小时发送舱单</span></strong><span style="color: black;">，24小时并不是以开船时间为标准，应该是<span style="color: black;">需求</span>在箱子上船前24小时得到美国海关的回执(货代得到OK/1Y，船<span style="color: black;">机构</span>或码头得到69)，<span style="color: black;">详细</span>提前多久发送<span style="color: black;">无</span>规定，发得再早，得不到正确回执<span style="color: black;">亦</span>是没用的。</span></span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">在<span style="color: black;">实质</span>操作中，&nbsp;船<span style="color: black;">机构</span>或是的NVOCC都会很早(船<span style="color: black;">机构</span><span style="color: black;">通常</span>提前三四天截单)<span style="color: black;">需求</span>把AMS资料交上去，而对出口商<span style="color: black;">来讲</span>提前三四天给的资料有可能是不正确的，<span style="color: black;">因此</span>有存在截单后要求船<span style="color: black;">机构</span>，NOVCC更改AMS信息的<span style="color: black;">状况</span>。</span><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;">AMS资料里<span style="color: black;">需求</span>什么？</strong></span></span></p><span style="color: black;">
      <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">一份完整的AMS里<span style="color: black;">包含</span>House BL Number、Carrier Master BL No、Carrier Name、Shipper、Consignee、Notify Party、 Place of Receipt、Vessel / Voyage、Port of Loading、Port of Discharge、Destination、Container Number、 Seal Number、Size/ Type、No. &amp; PKG Type、Weight、CBM、Description of Goods、 Marks &amp; Numbers，所有这些资料都是以出口商<span style="color: black;">供给</span>的提单内容为准。</p>
    </span>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/xjnzu0s2PG9Ato5iaTDx7loOMRFb99ZVWMj4nG4HEX3pROibx2d4wRzQXia0y62vG2yr6mAppkKntVqqYRS1ic9mNQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&amp;tp=webp&amp;wxfrom=5&amp;wx_lazy=1&amp;wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;">真实进出口商资料可不<span style="color: black;">能够</span>不给</strong></span>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;">按美国海关的规定是不<span style="color: black;">能够</span>。<span style="color: black;">况且</span>海关<span style="color: black;">针对</span>CNEE的信息是查得很严，<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>被查到CNEE有问题，USD1000-5000先准备好。</strong></span><span style="color: black;">船<span style="color: black;">机构</span>经常会<span style="color: black;">需求</span>NVOCC把进出口商的<span style="color: black;">tel</span>传真<span style="color: black;">乃至</span>是联系人都放进AMS资料里<span style="color: black;">供给</span>，虽然美国海关的规定里不<span style="color: black;">必须</span><span style="color: black;">供给</span><span style="color: black;">tel</span>传真或是联系人，只<span style="color: black;">必须</span><span style="color: black;">机构</span>名<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>，正确的<span style="color: black;">位置</span>和ZIP CODE等等，但船<span style="color: black;">机构</span><span style="color: black;">需求</span><span style="color: black;">供给</span>的<span style="color: black;">仔细</span>信息有助于美国海关直接联系到CNEE并向其索取所<span style="color: black;">必须</span>信息。</span></span><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;">AMS资料发送到美国会得到什么结果？</strong></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">AMS的资料是<span style="color: black;">经过</span><span style="color: black;">运用</span>美国海关指定的系统直接发送到海关数据库中，由美国海关系统自动进行检查及回复，</span><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">通常</span>在发送后5-10分钟后就会得到结果，只要发送的AMS资料是完整的，马上就会得到"OK"这个结果，这个"OK"<span style="color: black;">表率</span>这票AMS的货上船<span style="color: black;">无</span>问题，<span style="color: black;">无</span>"OK"则<span style="color: black;">不可</span>上船。</span></strong><span style="color: black;">2003年12月6日，美国海关<span style="color: black;">起始</span><span style="color: black;">需求</span>SPECIAL BILL，<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">便是</span>对船<span style="color: black;">机构</span>所发的MASTER BILL和AMS中的MASTER BILL NO进行匹配，两个号码一致就会得到"1Y"的结果，清关时AMS方面就<span style="color: black;">无</span>问题了，这个"1Y"只<span style="color: black;">必须</span>在船到美国靠港前得到就<span style="color: black;">能够</span>了。</span></span></span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/xjnzu0s2PG909t8fEVw2lJdjxbXevdT5O9Qic8nicq5BHCysoRVS1bYpdOwlGtukVlc8ugicybpje0mrVB3Rs17QA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&amp;tp=webp&amp;wxfrom=5&amp;wx_lazy=1&amp;wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;">AMS的<span style="color: black;">道理</span></strong></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">自AMS24小时申报实施<span style="color: black;">败兴</span>，结合之后推出的配套安全条款及ISF。</span><span style="color: black;">使得美国进口的货物信息准确干净，数据齐全，容易<span style="color: black;">跟踪</span><span style="color: black;">查找</span>。</span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">不仅</span><span style="color: black;">加强</span>了国土安全，<span style="color: black;">况且</span>大大降低了进口商品的<span style="color: black;">危害</span>及<span style="color: black;">加强</span>了清关的效率。</span></span></span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">继美国之后，墨西哥、加拿大、欧盟、南非以及中国等国家都纷纷效仿美国的AMS， 实施了装船前舱单申报制度</span></strong>，以期有效避免<span style="color: black;">危害</span>，<span style="color: black;">守护</span>本国国土安全和人民利益，<span style="color: black;">能够</span>预见，出于安全<span style="color: black;">思虑</span>，将来会有越来越多的国家实施这种转船前申报系统。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;">美国海关可能会对AMS的<span style="color: black;">需求</span>和程序进行不<span style="color: black;">定时</span>更新，详情请以美国海关最新发布为准。</strong></span></p><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;">关于美国进口清关<span style="color: black;">重视</span>事宜</strong></span><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">重点</span>说下普货进口，<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">便是</span>中国到美国走的物流<span style="color: black;">途径</span>是空运<span style="color: black;">或</span>海运，<span style="color: black;">或</span>联运模式（非邮件<span style="color: black;">途径</span>，非快件<span style="color: black;">途径</span>）。</span></strong></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">普货进口大部分都是2500美金以上的货值，<span style="color: black;">针对</span>大于2500美金以上的普货，美国海关<span style="color: black;">需求</span><span style="color: black;">必要</span>要正式进口，不管商品<span style="color: black;">是不是</span>关税是0，<span style="color: black;">而正式进口<span style="color: black;">必要</span><span style="color: black;">必须</span>一个IOR（importer of record） 这个IOR <span style="color: black;">必要</span>要有Bond，关于Bond分为两大类，一种是一次性的，适合进口人一年正式进口两次以内的，<span style="color: black;">另一</span>一种叫年bond，适合一年进口两次以上的。</span></span><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">无</span>bond，IOR<span style="color: black;">不可</span>清关。</strong></span><span style="color: black;">bond的<span style="color: black;">花费</span>会<span style="color: black;">按照</span>进口商品的价值跟关税额来认定 ，<span style="color: black;">通常</span>普货的年bond的<span style="color: black;">花费</span>在400到800美金之间。</span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">而</span><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;">IOR<span style="color: black;">能够</span>分为两种</strong></span><span style="color: black;">，一种是美国实体<span style="color: black;">机构</span><span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">便是</span>进口商在美国，<span style="color: black;">另一</span>一种是用中国发货<span style="color: black;">机构</span>买bond<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">便是</span>shipper买bond，两种<span style="color: black;">状况</span>都<span style="color: black;">能够</span>。</span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">第二种<span style="color: black;">状况</span>是美国很特殊的东西，<span style="color: black;">非常多</span>中国的出口商<span style="color: black;">或</span>卖家并不<span style="color: black;">晓得</span>，其实<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>是<span style="color: black;">长时间</span>做美国生意，<span style="color: black;">况且</span>美国<span style="color: black;">无</span>实体<span style="color: black;">机构</span><span style="color: black;">或</span>美国<span style="color: black;">无</span>你认可的合作伙伴的话，最好</span><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;">以国内<span style="color: black;">发货人的形式充当美国进口的importer 并且购买bond</span></strong></span><span style="color: black;">。<span style="color: black;">然则</span></span><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">还是<span style="color: black;">必须</span>美国一个<span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">供给</span>收货人的<span style="color: black;">机构</span><span style="color: black;">做为</span>consignee，还<span style="color: black;">必须</span>他的税号</span></strong><span style="color: black;">，这个收货<span style="color: black;">机构</span>就<span style="color: black;">能够</span>用物流<span style="color: black;">机构</span><span style="color: black;">或</span>其他的了。</span></span><span style="color: black;">购买bond，<span style="color: black;">必须</span><span style="color: black;">机构</span>的税号，<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>是美国实体<span style="color: black;">机构</span><span style="color: black;">供给</span>IRS那张纸就<span style="color: black;">能够</span>，并且<span style="color: black;">必须</span><span style="color: black;">机构</span>所有人的ID。<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>是海外<span style="color: black;">机构</span><span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">便是</span>发货人买bond<span style="color: black;">来讲</span>，<span style="color: black;">必须</span><span style="color: black;">供给</span>海外营业执照，<span style="color: black;">机构</span>法人护照<span style="color: black;">或</span>身份证。</span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">而后</span>进口清关美国<span style="color: black;">必须</span><span style="color: black;">拜托</span>报关行来做（理论上IOR<span style="color: black;">能够</span>自己清关，<span style="color: black;">然则</span><span style="color: black;">倘若</span>你自己做不<span style="color: black;">必定</span><span style="color: black;">尤其</span>划算，当然大的IOR<span style="color: black;">常常</span>都有自己的inhouse broker，这是<span style="color: black;">另一</span>一种<span style="color: black;">状况</span>了），<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">倘若</span>是<span style="color: black;">第1</span>次进口，<span style="color: black;">必须</span>跟报关行<span style="color: black;">供给</span>POA，报关<span style="color: black;">拜托</span>书，BOND信息，货物的箱单，货物的<span style="color: black;">商场</span>发票，物流运单（airway bill or &nbsp;bill of landing)，<span style="color: black;">针对</span>空运<span style="color: black;">来讲</span>，只要飞机<span style="color: black;">一块</span>飞美国这边报关员就<span style="color: black;">能够</span>做申报，<span style="color: black;">常常</span>飞机<span style="color: black;">无</span>落地清关就完<span style="color: black;">成为了</span>，<span style="color: black;">而后</span>海关系统会给报关员指令，放行，查验，其他等等。</span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">倘若</span>放行，就<span style="color: black;">能够</span>去机场提货了。</span></span><span style="color: black;">之后报关行会给进口人一个表格叫CBP7501，这个文件非常<span style="color: black;">要紧</span>，这是美国进口的凭据，是美国海关出具的，里面会清楚的有<span style="color: black;">各样</span>明细跟收费等等。<span style="color: black;">包含</span>关税、MPF、<span style="color: black;">货物海关编码、价值、收货人等等。</span></span><span style="color: black;">关税这部分，<span style="color: black;">通常</span>中小客户都是付给报关行由报关行支付给海关，美国不存在关税报关员不给海关的<span style="color: black;">状况</span>，更<span style="color: black;">不消</span>担心报关员多收关税（<span style="color: black;">然则</span>报关行会收取一个关税垫付手续费），<span style="color: black;">只要拿到7501表格就<span style="color: black;">能够</span>说明一切，再次说下这个表格非常<span style="color: black;">要紧</span>。<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>你的关税数额很大，<span style="color: black;">能够</span>去美国海关开具一个账户，里面存钱<span style="color: black;">做为</span>关税支付款项。产生关税后海关直接从这个账户扣钱。</span></span><span style="color: black;">美国不存在，关税不透明的<span style="color: black;">状况</span>。<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>你觉得关税海关多收了，拿这7501<span style="color: black;">或</span>其他凭据跟他沟通，再不成，上法庭，这些都是很正常的<span style="color: black;">状况</span>，<span style="color: black;">亦</span>都是美国进口商的权力。</span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">再说下<span style="color: black;">由于</span></span><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;">IOR是货物的所有人，海关跟报关行只跟他<span style="color: black;">出现</span>关系，<span style="color: black;">因此</span>为啥<span style="color: black;">说</span>最好shipper买 bond<span style="color: black;">便是</span>这点，等于货权还是在自己手上，不会<span style="color: black;">显现</span>啥扯皮的事情。</strong></span></span><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">TIPS:</span></strong></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">因此</span>找任何物流<span style="color: black;">机构</span>都要问清楚一点，到底谁是importer，<span style="color: black;">由于</span>谁是importer，货权<span style="color: black;">便是</span>谁的，<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>物流<span style="color: black;">机构</span>跟你说<span style="color: black;">能够</span>全包，留个心眼问问他到底谁是importer，谁的importer你最好要跟谁签署好协议，防止货权转移到时候扯不清楚，<span style="color: black;">况且</span>谁当importer谁就要承担美国进口的一切责任，<span style="color: black;">包含</span>关税、FDA、查验仓储费、美国口岸物流<span style="color: black;">花费</span>等等。</span><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">出口美国的清关流程</span></strong></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">　　出口货物到美国的贸易方式多种多样，有些货物的美国进口清关<span style="color: black;">花费</span>及税费由发货人支付，这种<span style="color: black;">状况</span>下，美国清关行会<span style="color: black;">需求</span>中国出口商发货前签署一份POA<span style="color: black;">拜托</span>书，类似我国报关时<span style="color: black;">必须</span>用到的报关<span style="color: black;">拜托</span>书。</span><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;">清关方式<span style="color: black;">一般</span>有两种：</strong></span></span><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">1、以美国收货人的名义清关</span></strong></span><span style="color: black;">即由美国收货人（consignee）<span style="color: black;">供给</span>POA给货代的美国代理，<span style="color: black;">同期</span>还<span style="color: black;">必须</span>美国收货人的Bond。</span><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">2、以发货人的名义清关</span></strong></span><span style="color: black;">即由发货人<span style="color: black;">供给</span>POA给起运港货代，货代再转给目的港代理，由美国代理人帮发货人在美国办理进口商海关登<span style="color: black;">暗号</span>，<span style="color: black;">同期</span><span style="color: black;">必须</span>发货人购买Bond。</span><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">重视</span>事项：</span></strong></span><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">1、</span></strong><span style="color: black;">以上两种清关方式，<span style="color: black;">没</span>论采用哪一种，都<span style="color: black;">必要</span>用美国收货人的税号（Tax ID，<span style="color: black;">亦</span>叫做IRS No.）来清关。IRS No.（The Internal Revenue Service No.）是美国收货人在美国国税局登记的一个纳税识别号。</span></span><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">2、</span></strong><span style="color: black;">在美国，<span style="color: black;">无</span>Bond<span style="color: black;">没</span>法清关，<span style="color: black;">无</span>税号<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">没</span>法清关。</span></span>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/ibBBs7mRU2eMiceOHAcxNXH1BAOmSAZqKIoWibl1vvUia5bx3IHXGVibPuko6O9e4qSJIxicwypqiceZC3N9YlBs6zH6Q/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&amp;tp=webp&amp;wxfrom=5&amp;wx_lazy=1&amp;wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">该类贸易方式下的清关流程</strong></p><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">01、报 关</span></strong></span>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">报关行收到到货<span style="color: black;">通告</span>后，如<span style="color: black;">同期</span>备妥海关所<span style="color: black;">必须</span>的文件，就<span style="color: black;">能够</span>在预备到港或抵达内陆点5天之内向海关申请通关。海运通关<span style="color: black;">一般</span>会在48小时内<span style="color: black;">通知</span>放行与否，空运会在24小时内<span style="color: black;">通告</span>。有些货物船还<span style="color: black;">无</span>抵港，海关就已决定要<span style="color: black;">检测</span>了。绝大<span style="color: black;">都数</span>内陆点都<span style="color: black;">能够</span>在货物抵达之前进行事先申报（Pre-Clear），但只会在货到后（即ARRIVAL IT后）才会<span style="color: black;">表示</span>结果。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">向海关申报的方式有两种，一种是电子申报，一种是海关<span style="color: black;">必须</span>审查书面文件。<span style="color: black;">没</span>论哪种方式，<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>都<span style="color: black;">必要</span>准备好所<span style="color: black;">必须</span>的文件等数据信息。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/ibBBs7mRU2eMiceOHAcxNXH1BAOmSAZqKIu3RyaibzgND5WTReGickAQIsTM5RVnicdnbmp48u4vl9WbHp4icUIyRobg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&amp;tp=webp&amp;wxfrom=5&amp;wx_lazy=1&amp;wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">2、准备报关文件</span></strong></span>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">（1）提单（B/L）；</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">（2）发票（Commercial Invoice）；</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">（3）装箱单（Packing List）；</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">（4）到货<span style="color: black;">通告</span>（Arrival Notice）</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">（5）如有木质包装，需熏蒸证书（Fumigation Certificate）或 <span style="color: black;">没</span>木质包装声明（Non Wood Packing Statement）。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">提单上收货人（consignee）的名字<span style="color: black;">必须</span>和后三种文件上<span style="color: black;">表示</span>的收货人统一，<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>不一致，<span style="color: black;">必要</span>要有提单上的收货方写货物转让书（Letter of Transfer），第三方才<span style="color: black;">能够</span>清关。发票及装箱单上<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">必须</span>S/ &amp; C/的名<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>、<span style="color: black;">位置</span>及<span style="color: black;">tel</span>。国内有些S/的文件上缺少这些信息，都会被<span style="color: black;">需求</span><span style="color: black;">弥补</span>。</span></p><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/sz_mmbiz_png/ibBBs7mRU2ePcdgaG4aUibvjJVR7Z6KJ7icUxlRKuVL5TEDktrZnVJYFFLPYQkg72EDV0IzxIu0SbyXPhshK3wTicg/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;tp=webp&amp;wxfrom=5&amp;wx_lazy=1&amp;wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;">
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">3、转 关</span></strong></span></p><span style="color: black;">　　<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>在内陆清关，<span style="color: black;">必须</span>做转关<span style="color: black;">咱们</span><span style="color: black;">必须</span><span style="color: black;">供给</span>I.T .#，生效日 、出发地和中止地 。内陆海关会用I.T#，来<span style="color: black;">掌控</span>并放行。</span>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/sz_mmbiz_jpg/ibBBs7mRU2eOuZVefPW6NibN1AYVucOXIHYCGUkh6F2Fm2Xz1HgK6EG3xZM8ddZEOZyrW7FyG3aicsjpibu603xthQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&amp;tp=webp&amp;wxfrom=5&amp;wx_lazy=1&amp;wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">4、放 货</strong></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">　　（1）</span></strong><span style="color: black;">从前的ABI系统，船<span style="color: black;">机构</span>码头是直接和海<span style="color: black;">相关</span>网，这就<span style="color: black;">寓意</span>着<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>海关在ABI里放行，船<span style="color: black;">机构</span>及码头都<span style="color: black;">能够</span>看到。</span></span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">试行AMS后，规模大的船<span style="color: black;">机构</span>如长荣、APL、马士基、中远、CSCL等<span style="color: black;">亦</span>都联网AMS，<span style="color: black;">然则</span>码头<span style="color: black;">无</span>，<span style="color: black;">因此</span>海关在AMS中放行，这些船<span style="color: black;">机构</span>以及NVOCC AMS FILER都<span style="color: black;">能够</span>同步看到，船<span style="color: black;">机构</span><span style="color: black;">帮忙</span>码头系统<span style="color: black;">同期</span>更新。规模相对小的船<span style="color: black;">机构</span>，如中外运、LYKES、GWS等<span style="color: black;">无</span>做到联网AMS，<span style="color: black;">因此</span>只能<span style="color: black;">经过</span>NVOCC AMS FILER传真NVOCC<span style="color: black;">保准</span>函及海关通行证复印件（CUSTOMS FORM 3461）来放行，这些船<span style="color: black;">机构</span>收到传真后再人工更新码头系统。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">　　（2）</span></strong><span style="color: black;">码头/船<span style="color: black;">机构</span>放货码头与船<span style="color: black;">机构</span>是联网的，<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>运费预付，提单又是电放，只要海关一放行，码头就会自动放货给卡车<span style="color: black;">机构</span>。美国客户不<span style="color: black;">必须</span>来换单，<span style="color: black;">因此</span>美国代理<span style="color: black;">无</span>任何办法帮忙扣货，这一点与中国完全<span style="color: black;">区别</span>。<span style="color: black;">因此</span>，装港<span style="color: black;">无</span>收到客户的运费，千万不要做船<span style="color: black;">机构</span>大提单电放或预付运费。</span></span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">　　<strong style="color: blue;">（3）</strong>内陆放货到内陆的货，清关后船<span style="color: black;">机构</span>会给一个PICK UP#，代理拿到此PICK UP#后<span style="color: black;">通告</span>C/，卡车<span style="color: black;">机构</span>凭此号码提货，此号码要等：A、货到达堆场并从火车上下柜，B、海关放行后，C、船<span style="color: black;">机构</span>放行后，才<span style="color: black;">能够</span>拿到，缺少任何一项都拿不到。<span style="color: black;">因此</span>，内陆的货<span style="color: black;">必须</span>花很<span style="color: black;">长期</span>跟踪，在到C/收到PICK UP#为止。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">什么是“Bond”？</span></strong></span></p><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">1、</span>关于Bond</span></strong></span><span style="color: black;">Bond<span style="color: black;">实质</span>上是进口保险的<span style="color: black;">表率</span>。<span style="color: black;">详细</span>是出<span style="color: black;">此刻</span>进口<span style="color: black;">公司</span>在<span style="color: black;">显现</span><span style="color: black;">由于</span>不确定<span style="color: black;">原由</span>不提货、弃货的时候，美国海关除了对货物进行预期拍卖外，<span style="color: black;">况且</span>还<span style="color: black;">能够</span>向保险<span style="color: black;">机构</span>申请索赔货物进口到美国的其他操作<span style="color: black;">花费</span>，<span style="color: black;">例如</span>堆存费等等。</span>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">重视</span>：<span style="color: black;">无</span>买Bond等价于<span style="color: black;">无</span>在美国海关备案。即便发送了ISF<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">没</span>法进口清关，<span style="color: black;">同期</span>货物到港后势必会被海关拒收还有可能<span style="color: black;">必须</span>罚款的。</p>

    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/ibBBs7mRU2eMiceOHAcxNXH1BAOmSAZqKIS7TCTUy0iaad5uicghWLVN96icxHstyaA40YXBmKbjNKy8OcicOyAIjaPw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&amp;tp=webp&amp;wxfrom=5&amp;wx_lazy=1&amp;wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">查美国海关信息官网<span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">晓得</span>，The U.S. Customs and Border Protection Bonds（CBP Bonds）<span style="color: black;">指的是</span>美国海关事务担保。Bond是一种美国进口商，<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">便是</span>承担海关事务担保的一方，<span style="color: black;">必须</span>买的<span style="color: black;">保准</span>金。美国海关为了预防进口商因某些<span style="color: black;">原因</span>而产生罚款时，<span style="color: black;">能够</span>在Bond里面扣钱，<span style="color: black;">因此</span>所有的货进口到美国都<span style="color: black;">必须</span>买Bond.</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">倘若</span>为了<span style="color: black;">商场</span>目的而进口到美国境内的货物价值超过2500美元，或是进口属于其他美国联邦<span style="color: black;">公司</span>实施入境管理<span style="color: black;">需求</span>的商品（如枪支或食品等），都<span style="color: black;">必要</span><span style="color: black;">运用</span>海关事务担保，即进口商<span style="color: black;">必要</span>购买Bond。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">美国海关事务担保的担保人都是经过美国政府认证的<span style="color: black;">公司</span>。美国财务部网站（https://www.fiscal.treasury.gov/surety-bonds/list-certified-companies.html）<span style="color: black;">颁布</span>并更新有资格为美国海关<span style="color: black;">供给</span>担保的担保<span style="color: black;">公司</span>名单（Treasury Department Circular 570）。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">2、</span>Bond的类别</span></strong></span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">既然是<span style="color: black;">做为</span>保险<span style="color: black;">功效</span>的Bond，肯定会有所划分的。<span style="color: black;">根据</span>Bond的年限将其分为以下两类：</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">A、年Bond【Continuous Bond】。从字面意思就能<span style="color: black;">晓得</span>，年Bond只<span style="color: black;">必须</span>每年购买一次，比较适合年内进出口物流比较频繁的货主。<span style="color: black;">能够</span>为多次海关业务<span style="color: black;">供给</span>担保的连续担保（ContinuousBonds）。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">B、单次Bond【Single Transaction Bond】，简<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>之为STB。有的货物可能存在倾销<span style="color: black;">危害</span>的，美国海关则会相应的<span style="color: black;">需求</span>其购买STB，从而避免损失。</p>

    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">另外</span>，当前美国海关<span style="color: black;">供给</span>了一种新的担保业务，即知识产权样品担保（IPR Sample Bonds）适用于知识产权权利持有人，知识产权样品担保属于连续担保的一种。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">除了<span style="color: black;">以上</span>仅适用于海关事务的担保外，<span style="color: black;">公司</span>还<span style="color: black;">能够</span>运用综合担保（ConsolidatedBonds）。这种担保不仅<span style="color: black;">能够</span>担保关务合规和海关税费，还<span style="color: black;">能够</span>对被担保人遵守其他进出口法律法规<span style="color: black;">供给</span>担保。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">3、</span>连续担保的担保金额怎么计算？</span></strong></span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">两种类型的Bond的最低保险金额是100美元。以进口人或报关代理人的海关事务担保为例，连续担保的担保金额最低额是以被担保人在过去12个月内支付的关税、税款和<span style="color: black;">花费</span>总额的10%为<span style="color: black;">基本</span>计算的。<span style="color: black;">另外</span>，还要加上<span style="color: black;">有些</span>未支付税费金额等项目。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">连续担保的有效期一年或至进口商或担保人取消担保函为止。美国海关会<span style="color: black;">定时</span>审查连续担保<span style="color: black;">是不是</span>足以<span style="color: black;">保准</span>被担保人的合规与税费责任。要<span style="color: black;">重视</span>的是，担保金额不是保费。保费是支付给担保人的。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">4、</span><span style="color: black;">怎样</span><span style="color: black;">选取</span>Bonds?</span></strong></span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">公司</span><span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">选取</span>一次性担保（SingleTransaction Bonds, STB），<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">能够</span>连续担保（ContinuousBonds）。同一笔海关业务的连续担保的<span style="color: black;">花费</span><span style="color: black;">显著</span>会高于一次性担保，但连续担保的<span style="color: black;">花费</span>均摊在所担保的每笔海关业务上又<span style="color: black;">显著</span>要比一次性担保合算。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">详细</span><span style="color: black;">选取</span>哪种Bond，<span style="color: black;">不可</span>简单地看担保金额和保费的高低，而是取决于<span style="color: black;">公司</span>将货物进口至美国的频率和业务种类。如只是偶尔进口，<span style="color: black;">意见</span><span style="color: black;">运用</span>一次性担保。<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>经常将货物进口至美国并<span style="color: black;">经过</span>各个<span style="color: black;">区别</span>的口岸入境，则连续保税是在效率和经济上的最佳<span style="color: black;">选取</span>。</span></p><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">源自</span>：海运网</span><span style="color: black;">央视<span style="color: black;">报告</span>：2021年是外贸<span style="color: black;">公司</span>的至暗之年！船<span style="color: black;">机构</span>，造船厂，集装箱制造厂，<span style="color: black;">乃至</span>苏伊士运河，这些外贸链条上的<span style="color: black;">机构</span>都赚得盆满钵满，<span style="color: black;">仅有</span>外贸<span style="color: black;">公司</span>赚了个“头痛不已”！</span>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">往年外贸VS今年外贸<span style="color: black;">有什么<span style="color: black;">区别</span>？</span></span></p><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">举荐</span>：外贸链www.waimao.link</span><span style="color: black;">链接外贸<span style="color: black;">机构</span>和工厂，找<span style="color: black;">制品</span>，找客户，找服务</span>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">举荐</span>：公众号 浙江外贸群</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">举荐</span>：公众号&nbsp;群链群（<span style="color: black;">地区</span>群/行业群）</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">版权说明：</span><span style="color: black;">外贸链&nbsp;精选的每一篇<span style="color: black;">文案</span>都会注明作者和<span style="color: black;">源自</span>（除非实在找不到），<span style="color: black;">文案</span>版权归作者所有。</span><span style="color: black;">如有<span style="color: black;">欠妥</span><span style="color: black;">咱们</span>将在<span style="color: black;">第1</span>时间删除。</span></p><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">外贸链，连接外贸人！</span></strong></span><img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=1.0 encoding=UTF-8%3F%3E%3Csvg width=1px height=1px viewBox=0 0 1 1 version=1.1 xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg xmlns:xlink=http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink%3E%3Ctitle%3E%3C/title%3E%3Cg stroke=none stroke-width=1 fill=none fill-rule=evenodd fill-opacity=0%3E%3Cg transform=translate(-249.000000, -126.000000) fill=%23FFFFFF%3E%3Crect x=249 y=126 width=1 height=1%3E%3C/rect%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;">

nykek5i 发表于 2024-10-25 05:38:07

楼主继续加油啊！外链论坛加油！

查看完整版本: 做外贸要晓得：什么是“美国AMS”！(附：美国进口清关注意事宜)