m5k1umn 发表于 2024-5-24 18:05:53

孩儿得了神经母细胞瘤,该做的核医学检测你都认识么?


    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">详见:<a style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">孩儿</span>得了神经母细胞瘤,该做的核医学<span style="color: black;">检测</span>你都<span style="color: black;">认识</span>么?</a>或关注<span style="color: black;">微X</span>公众号:儿童医学在线</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">什么是神经母细胞瘤?</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">神经母细胞瘤(NB)是儿童最<span style="color: black;">平常</span>的颅外实体恶性肿瘤,美国国家癌症<span style="color: black;">科研</span>院(NCI)的资料<span style="color: black;">表示</span>,在15岁以下儿童中,神经母细胞瘤的发病率约为10.54/1,000,000,大约7,000例活产婴儿中就会有一例神经母细胞瘤。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">孩儿</span>得了神经母细胞瘤,为啥要做核医学<span style="color: black;">检测</span>?</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">当<span style="color: black;">孩儿</span>不幸<span style="color: black;">病患</span>神经母细胞瘤时,<span style="color: black;">大夫</span><span style="color: black;">常常</span><span style="color: black;">必须</span>借助影像学<span style="color: black;">检测</span>对<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>进行全面<span style="color: black;">评定</span>,其中核医学<span style="color: black;">检测</span><span style="color: black;">做为</span>功能<span style="color: black;">影像</span><span style="color: black;">办法</span>,能够准确识别病灶、描述病灶范围,<span style="color: black;">因此呢</span><span style="color: black;">针对</span><span style="color: black;">疾患</span>的分期、治疗<span style="color: black;">方法</span>的<span style="color: black;">选取</span>、疗效<span style="color: black;">评定</span>及预后判断至关<span style="color: black;">要紧</span>。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">日前</span>,常用于神经母细胞瘤的核医学显像<span style="color: black;">办法</span><span style="color: black;">重点</span>有123I/131I-MIBG显像、18F-FDG PET/CT显像、全身骨显像及肾动态显像。</p>

    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">为了让<span style="color: black;">大众</span>更好地<span style="color: black;">认识</span><span style="color: black;">以上</span>各项<span style="color: black;">检测</span>,接下来<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>逐一进行介绍。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">123I/131I-MIBG显像</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">什么是123I/131I-MIBG显像?</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">MIBG全<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>间位碘代苄胍 (metaiodobenzylguanidine) ,是一种去甲肾上腺素的类似物,<span style="color: black;">能够</span>特异性地浓集于富肾上腺素能受体的肿瘤细胞内,约90%的神经母细胞瘤高摄取MIBG。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">咱们</span>将放射性的碘(123I或131I)标记在MIBG上,<span style="color: black;">而后</span>将其<span style="color: black;">经过</span>静脉注射到患儿<span style="color: black;">身体</span>,一段时间后便可在体外用单电子发射型计算机断层显像仪(SPECT)探测到123I/131I-MIBG在患儿<span style="color: black;">身体</span>的分布,从而<span style="color: black;">能够</span>观察神经母细胞瘤病灶的位置和代谢特征。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">日前</span>国际共识指出,123I/131I-MIBG显像是神经母细胞瘤的首选功能<span style="color: black;">影像</span><span style="color: black;">办法</span>,用于在治疗前<span style="color: black;">帮助</span>诊断和分期、治疗中<span style="color: black;">评估</span>疗效及治疗后监测复发。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">123I/131I-MIBG显像阳性<span style="color: black;">亦</span>是131I-MIBG放射性核素靶向治疗的<span style="color: black;">基本</span>。131I既发射β射线又发射γ射线,既可用于显像<span style="color: black;">亦</span>可用于治疗。β射线的射程相对较长,<span style="color: black;">拥有</span>交叉火力效应,适用于<span style="color: black;">很强</span>肿瘤的治疗。123I发射单纯γ射线,能峰159 keV,适合SPECT显像。与131I相比,123I显像图像质量更好,检测灵敏度更高,且辐射剂量更低。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">123I-MIBG<span style="color: black;">检测</span>过程</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">检测</span>前准备</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">1.显像前2周内避免<span style="color: black;">运用</span>影响MIBG摄取或滞留的<span style="color: black;">药品</span>,如支气管扩张剂、心脏<span style="color: black;">药品</span>(如钙离子通道拮抗剂、血管紧张素转换酶<span style="color: black;">控制</span>剂、肾上腺素能受体阻断剂和钠泵<span style="color: black;">控制</span>剂)、抗精神病<span style="color: black;">药品</span>等。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">2.显像前后需<span style="color: black;">吃下</span>5%卢戈氏碘液封闭甲状腺,避免甲状腺摄取游离的放射性碘。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">详细</span><span style="color: black;">吃下</span><span style="color: black;">办法</span>为:注射显像剂前2天<span style="color: black;">起始</span><span style="color: black;">吃下</span>卢戈氏碘液,共服5天,每日3次,每次剂量:</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(1)2岁以下:每次0.1ml;</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(2)2-5岁:每次0.2ml;</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(3)5岁以上:每次0.4ml。如患儿存在碘过敏,则换用过氯酸钾。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">3.患儿在注射显像剂后当日需<span style="color: black;">吃下</span>一次缓泻剂(如乳果糖)清洁肠道,避免肠道摄取<span style="color: black;">太多</span>显像剂影响病灶观察,至显像前患儿需<span style="color: black;">摄食</span>少渣<span style="color: black;">食品</span>。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">显像剂注射</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">1.<span style="color: black;">按照</span>国际共识<span style="color: black;">举荐</span>,123I-MIBG 给药剂量为0.14 mCi/<span style="color: black;">公斤</span>(5.2 MBq/<span style="color: black;">公斤</span>),最低剂量为1 mCi(37 MBq),最大为10 mCi(370 MBq)。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">2. 123I-MIBG需在1分钟或更<span style="color: black;">长期</span>内<span style="color: black;">经过</span>外周静脉缓慢注射,以避免因注射过快<span style="color: black;">显现</span>不良反应(血压<span style="color: black;">上升</span>、心动过速、恶心、呕吐、面色苍白等)。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">3. <span style="color: black;">针对</span>存在过敏性<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>史的患儿,注射显像剂前需<span style="color: black;">运用</span>抗过敏药(苯海拉明)。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">123I-MIBG显像<span style="color: black;">方法</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">注射显像剂后<span style="color: black;">次日</span>进行123I-MIBG显像,显像由两部分<span style="color: black;">构成</span>:</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(1)全身平面显像:从头到脚检测病灶,显像时间约15-30分钟。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(2)局部 SPECT/CT断层融合显像:于全身平面显像后,<span style="color: black;">按照</span>原发病灶及平面显像中可疑病灶部位,采集局部SPECT/CT断层图像,将SPECT图像与CT图像进行同机融合,有助于病灶的定位及定性诊断。显像时间约15-30分钟。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">因为</span>显像时间较长,<span style="color: black;">不可</span><span style="color: black;">协同</span><span style="color: black;">检测</span>的患儿在行123I-MIBG显像之前需<span style="color: black;">吃下</span>镇静<span style="color: black;">药品</span>(水合氯醛50mg/<span style="color: black;">公斤</span>),以<span style="color: black;">保准</span>在扫描<span style="color: black;">时期</span>保持静止。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">PET/CT显像</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">什么是PET/CT显像?</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">PET全<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>正电子发射计算机断层显像,是用正电子核素标记葡萄糖等代谢物质<span style="color: black;">做为</span>显像剂,<span style="color: black;">经过</span>组织的摄取反映其代谢<span style="color: black;">状况</span>,从而<span style="color: black;">供给</span>病灶代谢信息的显像<span style="color: black;">办法</span>。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">CT是常用的X线计算机断层显像<span style="color: black;">办法</span>,<span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">供给</span>准确的解剖结构信息。PET/CT将PET与CT融为一体,一次显像可<span style="color: black;">同期</span><span style="color: black;">得到</span>代谢及解剖信息,已被用于多种儿童恶性肿瘤的诊断、分期、疗效<span style="color: black;">评定</span>及复发监测。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">PET/CT最常用的显像剂是18F-FDG,FDG是一种葡萄糖的类似物,<span style="color: black;">能够</span>聚集在大<span style="color: black;">都数</span>肿瘤和炎症部位,神经母细胞瘤的原发灶和转移灶均<span style="color: black;">能够</span>摄取FDG,<span style="color: black;">因此呢</span>,PET/CT<span style="color: black;">能够</span>用于神经母细胞瘤显像且灵敏度较高,但其特异性<span style="color: black;">小于</span>MIBG,<span style="color: black;">因此呢</span>国际共识中将FDG<span style="color: black;">做为</span>二线显像剂,用于MIBG阴性神经母细胞瘤的<span style="color: black;">评定</span>。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">PET/CT<span style="color: black;">检测</span>过程中的<span style="color: black;">重视</span>事项</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">因为</span>血糖及胰岛素水平对显像剂的摄取有<span style="color: black;">很强</span>影响,<span style="color: black;">因此呢</span>患儿在显像前需禁食6小时并禁用含有葡萄糖的静脉注射液4-6 h。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">按0.14 mCi/<span style="color: black;">公斤</span>(5.2 MBq/<span style="color: black;">公斤</span>)的剂量静脉注射 l8F-FDG后将患儿置于安静、温暖、避光的候诊环境中,保持坐位或卧位,不要让<span style="color: black;">孩儿</span>过度活动、哭闹,<span style="color: black;">以避免</span>肌肉、声带等<span style="color: black;">太多</span>摄取显像剂。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">注射显像剂1小时后即行全身 PET/CT<span style="color: black;">检测</span>,显像前嘱患儿排空尿液(婴幼儿需更换干净尿布)以避免尿液放射性影响盆腔病灶的观察。<span style="color: black;">不可</span><span style="color: black;">协同</span><span style="color: black;">检测</span>的患儿需<span style="color: black;">吃下</span>镇静<span style="color: black;">药品</span>(水合氯醛50mg/<span style="color: black;">公斤</span>),以<span style="color: black;">保准</span><span style="color: black;">检测</span>时体位不变。显像时间约15-30分钟。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">MIBG显像、PET/CT显像的比较</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">MIBG是神经母细胞瘤较为特异的显像剂,<span style="color: black;">因此呢</span>,MIBG显像是<span style="color: black;">日前</span>国际共识中神经母细胞瘤<span style="color: black;">举荐</span>的首选<span style="color: black;">检测</span>手段,所有神经母细胞瘤患儿均要进行MIBG核素扫描以<span style="color: black;">认识</span>原发灶及转移<span style="color: black;">状况</span>,并且,在治疗过程中及治疗结束后随访中要常规利用MIBG半定量评分系统(Curie、SIOPEN等)进行疗效<span style="color: black;">评估</span>及病情监测。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">但约10%的神经母细胞瘤不摄取MIBG显像剂,<span style="color: black;">此时</span>就<span style="color: black;">必须</span>进行PET/CT<span style="color: black;">检测</span>,<span style="color: black;">由于</span>不论MIBG阳性还是阴性,神经母细胞瘤病灶均表现为18F-FDG摄取<span style="color: black;">升高</span>。相比而言,在诊断骨/骨髓病灶及术后残留病灶方面,MIBG显像要优于PET/CT显像,<span style="color: black;">由于</span>骨髓生理性造血或化疗后反应、术后炎性反应均会<span style="color: black;">导致</span>PET/CT显像假阳性。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">然则</span>,PET/CT分辨率较高,其在<span style="color: black;">表示</span>小病灶、淋巴结转移、肝转移方面略优于MIBG显像。<span style="color: black;">另一</span>,MIBG是神经母细胞瘤特异性的<span style="color: black;">检测</span>手段,<span style="color: black;">另一</span>在较为少见的嗜铬细胞瘤中<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">拥有</span><span style="color: black;">要紧</span><span style="color: black;">检测</span>价值,而在其他肿瘤中不<span style="color: black;">必须</span>进行MIBG<span style="color: black;">检测</span>;但PET/CT<span style="color: black;">能够</span>用于任何肿瘤,并<span style="color: black;">没</span>局限性。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">骨显像</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">什么是骨显像?</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">骨显像是将放射性核素标记的特殊化合物<span style="color: black;">做为</span>显像剂注射到<span style="color: black;">身体</span>,被骨组织摄取,放射性核素发出射线被仪器接收,从而使全身骨骼显影的显像<span style="color: black;">办法</span>。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">骨显像最常用的显像剂是99mTc-MDP,是一种膦酸盐类物质,它会随血流到达骨组织,吸附在骨骼中的羟基磷灰石上,当局部血流<span style="color: black;">增多</span><span style="color: black;">或</span>骨骼<span style="color: black;">没</span>机盐代谢活跃时,就会表现为骨显像图像上的放射性浓聚,如肿瘤、炎症、创伤、代谢性骨病等。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">骨是神经母细胞瘤最<span style="color: black;">平常</span>的转移部位之一,有<span style="color: black;">没</span>骨转移直接关系到神经母细胞瘤的分期、治疗<span style="color: black;">方法</span>的制定和预后。同其他核医学<span style="color: black;">检测</span><span style="color: black;">同样</span>,骨显像<span style="color: black;">表示</span>的是骨组织代谢的<span style="color: black;">状况</span>,代谢<span style="color: black;">反常</span>的<span style="color: black;">显现</span><span style="color: black;">常常</span>早于形态<span style="color: black;">反常</span>,<span style="color: black;">因此呢</span>,骨显像<span style="color: black;">能够</span>早于X线平片3-6个月<span style="color: black;">发掘</span>神经母细胞瘤骨转移病灶。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">另外</span>,全身骨显像一次扫描<span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">得到</span>全身图像,相<span style="color: black;">针对</span>X线和CT/MRI<span style="color: black;">检测</span>部位的局限性,<span style="color: black;">拥有</span><span style="color: black;">显著</span>的优越性。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">骨显像<span style="color: black;">检测</span>过程中的<span style="color: black;">重视</span>事项</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">骨显像<span style="color: black;">通常</span>不<span style="color: black;">必须</span>患儿做<span style="color: black;">尤其</span>的准备,<span style="color: black;">能够</span>正常<span style="color: black;">膳食</span>。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">按0.25 mCi(9.25 MBq)/<span style="color: black;">公斤</span>的剂量静脉注射99mTc-MDP,2-4小时后行全身骨显像,显像前嘱患儿排空尿液(婴幼儿需更换干净尿布),排尿时<span style="color: black;">重视</span>不要污染衣物和皮肤,<span style="color: black;">以避免</span>尿液放射性影响骨盆骨的观察。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">常规的全身骨显像是平面显像,和X线平片<span style="color: black;">同样</span>,是一种重叠的图像,有<span style="color: black;">有些</span>病灶会被其他病灶或正常组织遮挡而影响判断,<span style="color: black;">尤其</span>是单发病灶,<span style="color: black;">倘若</span><span style="color: black;">不可</span>准确判断病灶性质,可能会对下一步的诊疗产生不良影响。<span style="color: black;">因此呢</span>,<span style="color: black;">大夫</span>会在必要时为患儿加做局部SPECT/CT断层融合显像。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">不可</span><span style="color: black;">协同</span><span style="color: black;">检测</span>的患儿需<span style="color: black;">吃下</span>镇静<span style="color: black;">药品</span>(水合氯醛50mg/<span style="color: black;">公斤</span>),以<span style="color: black;">保准</span><span style="color: black;">检测</span>时体位不变。显像时间约10-15分钟。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">骨显像与MIBG显像、PET/CT显像的比较</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">骨显像<span style="color: black;">运用</span>的显像剂与MIBG显像、PET/CT所<span style="color: black;">运用</span>的显像剂在显像原理上有很大区别,骨显像是<span style="color: black;">表示</span>骨的代谢<span style="color: black;">状况</span>,而MIBG显像、PET/CT<span style="color: black;">表示</span>的是肿瘤组织的代谢<span style="color: black;">状况</span>,<span style="color: black;">因此呢</span>,在诊断神经母细胞瘤骨转移方面各有优缺点。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">MIBG显像、PET/CT显像<span style="color: black;">不可</span>区分骨和骨髓转移,而骨显像<span style="color: black;">能够</span>,这<span style="color: black;">针对</span>4期和4S期的患儿至关<span style="color: black;">要紧</span>;骨显像较PET/CT对颅骨病灶更<span style="color: black;">敏锐</span>,<span style="color: black;">由于</span>脑组织<span style="color: black;">海量</span>摄取FDG容易掩盖颅骨病灶<span style="color: black;">导致</span>假阴性。但<span style="color: black;">因为</span>儿童正<span style="color: black;">处在</span>生长<span style="color: black;">生长</span>期,长骨干骺端对骨显像剂存在生理性摄取,骨显像容易漏诊<span style="color: black;">位置于</span>长骨干骺端的病灶。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">另外</span>,MIBG显像和PET/CT显像除了骨病灶外,还能全面<span style="color: black;">评定</span>全身<span style="color: black;">状况</span>(原发灶、肝转移、淋巴结转移等),这是骨显像所不具备的功能。<span style="color: black;">因此呢</span>这三种显像经常<span style="color: black;">必须</span>综合应用,请家长<span style="color: black;">伴侣</span>在<span style="color: black;">大夫</span>的<span style="color: black;">指点</span>下正确看待、<span style="color: black;">恰当</span><span style="color: black;">检测</span>。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">肾动态显像</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">什么是肾动态显像?</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">肾动态显像是一种<span style="color: black;">没</span>创、安全、简单的诊断技术。<span style="color: black;">经过</span>显像<span style="color: black;">能够</span>观察到双肾位置、<span style="color: black;">体积</span>等形态学信息,<span style="color: black;">认识</span>双肾血流灌注、肾实质的功能<span style="color: black;">状况</span>及功能受损程度,<span style="color: black;">能够</span>判断上尿路<span style="color: black;">可否</span>存在梗阻,还能计算出肾功能的定量指标(肾小球滤过率,GFR)和分肾功能比值。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">肾上腺及腹膜后交感神经链是神经母细胞瘤最好发的部位,而肾脏是腹膜后器官,与<span style="color: black;">以上</span>部位紧邻,<span style="color: black;">因此呢</span>,神经母细胞瘤容易推压、侵犯肾脏、肾蒂结构及输尿管,<span style="color: black;">导致</span>肾功能的受损及尿路梗阻,<span style="color: black;">因此呢</span><span style="color: black;">必须</span><span style="color: black;">经过</span>肾动态显像<span style="color: black;">认识</span>患儿<span style="color: black;">每一个</span>肾脏的功能及尿路通畅<span style="color: black;">状况</span>,来<span style="color: black;">帮忙</span>临床<span style="color: black;">大夫</span>制定治疗<span style="color: black;">方法</span>。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">肾动态显像<span style="color: black;">检测</span>过程</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">患儿<span style="color: black;">检测</span>前<span style="color: black;">能够</span>正常<span style="color: black;">膳食</span>,显像前30-60分钟饮水500ml,显像时需排空膀胱。当<span style="color: black;">可疑</span>有尿路梗阻或<span style="color: black;">没</span>法正常排尿时,可置入导尿管。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">经过</span>静脉留置针“弹丸”式注射0.1 mCi(3.7 MBq)/<span style="color: black;">公斤</span>的99mTc-DTPA,<span style="color: black;">同期</span>进行连续动态采集20分钟。若患儿存在尿路梗阻且需鉴别机械性与非机械性尿路扩张时,可行利尿肾动态显像,即在肾动态显像15-20分钟静脉缓慢注射利尿剂(速尿1mg/<span style="color: black;">公斤</span>,最大剂量40mg),继续采集至30分钟。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">不可</span><span style="color: black;">协同</span><span style="color: black;">检测</span>的患儿需<span style="color: black;">吃下</span>镇静<span style="color: black;">药品</span>(水合氯醛50mg/<span style="color: black;">公斤</span>),以<span style="color: black;">保准</span><span style="color: black;">检测</span>时体位不变。<span style="color: black;">另一</span><span style="color: black;">必须</span><span style="color: black;">重视</span>,在显像前24小时<span style="color: black;">不可</span>进行注射造影剂的<span style="color: black;">检测</span>,如<span style="color: black;">加强</span>CT、静脉肾盂造影。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">核医学<span style="color: black;">检测</span>对<span style="color: black;">孩儿</span>有<span style="color: black;">害处</span>吗?</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">家长们在听闻<span style="color: black;">孩儿</span>要做核医学<span style="color: black;">检测</span>时,<span style="color: black;">难免</span>担心辐射的影响,其实医疗<span style="color: black;">检测</span>中的辐射都是<span style="color: black;">思虑</span>到实践正当性、严格<span style="color: black;">掌控</span>剂量的,只要在<span style="color: black;">大夫</span><span style="color: black;">指点</span>下正确应用,核医学<span style="color: black;">检测</span>的积极<span style="color: black;">道理</span>远大于其辐射对身体的影响。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">儿童进行一次MIBG显像、PET显像或骨显像的有效剂量与拍摄局部CT相差<span style="color: black;">没</span>几,却能<span style="color: black;">得到</span>全身的图像,即使加扫CT,<span style="color: black;">大夫</span><span style="color: black;">亦</span>会应用低剂量CT,尽可能减少辐射;肾动态显像的有效剂量更低。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">因此呢</span>,家长们不必担心核医学<span style="color: black;">检测</span>会对患儿<span style="color: black;">导致</span>不良影响,不要听信网络上<span style="color: black;">有些</span>不实的信息,因噎废食。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">核医学<span style="color: black;">检测</span><span style="color: black;">重视</span>事项有<span style="color: black;">那些</span>?</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">1、<span style="color: black;">检测</span>前<span style="color: black;">必须</span>到核医学科进行预约(<span style="color: black;">因为</span>放射性<span style="color: black;">药品</span>衰变的特殊性,<span style="color: black;">必须</span>提前定药);</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">2、婴幼儿、学龄前儿童需提前在儿童医院开好10%水合氯醛用于镇静、诱导<span style="color: black;">睡觉</span>(<span style="color: black;">很强</span>患儿如<span style="color: black;">不可</span><span style="color: black;">协同</span><span style="color: black;">检测</span><span style="color: black;">亦</span>需备药);</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">3、患儿需提前在儿童医院备好留置针,用于注射显像剂;</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">4、<span style="color: black;">检测</span>当天(MIBG显像为注射显像剂当天)带好既往的所有<span style="color: black;">检测</span>资料以备核医学诊断<span style="color: black;">大夫</span><span style="color: black;">认识</span>病情;</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">5、婴幼儿显像前需更换干净尿布,请家长备好;</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">6、<span style="color: black;">检测</span>前<span style="color: black;">可否</span><span style="color: black;">必须</span>禁食、水化等请参见<span style="color: black;">以上</span>各项<span style="color: black;">检测</span>的<span style="color: black;">检测</span>过程;</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">7、<span style="color: black;">检测</span>后鼓励患儿多饮水,一天内避免与其他小孩、孕妇近距离接触。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">期盼</span>以上这些知识能够给家长<span style="color: black;">伴侣</span>们带来<span style="color: black;">帮忙</span>,请您<span style="color: black;">协同</span>医务人员进行充分准备,<span style="color: black;">帮忙</span><span style="color: black;">孩儿</span><span style="color: black;">得到</span>准确的<span style="color: black;">检测</span>结果。祝<span style="color: black;">孩儿</span>们<span style="color: black;">早点</span><span style="color: black;">恢复</span>,快乐成长!</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">源自</span>:北儿肿瘤科,北京友谊医院核医学科</p>




流星的美 发表于 2024-8-22 10:44:19

你的言辞如同繁星闪烁,点亮了我心中的夜空。

4lqedz 发表于 2024-10-14 04:29:12

我完全同意你的观点,说得太对了。

m5k1umn 发表于 2024-10-27 12:28:49

我赞同你的看法,你的智慧让人佩服,谢谢分享。
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