神经母细胞瘤的VMA和HVA检测
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">神经母细胞瘤在发病初期,<span style="color: black;">一般</span>不会表现出<span style="color: black;">尤其</span>的症状和体征(参见《<a style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">怎样</span>尽早<span style="color: black;">发掘</span>神经母细胞瘤:症状和体征</a>》)。<span style="color: black;">由于</span>发病率低,<span style="color: black;">都数</span>儿科<span style="color: black;">大夫</span>不会马上把<span style="color: black;">平常</span>的发烧、腹泻、腿疼等症状同恶性肿瘤联系起来,<span style="color: black;">因此</span><span style="color: black;">非常多</span>神经母细胞瘤病例都有过迟迟<span style="color: black;">没</span>法确诊的经历。<span style="color: black;">此时</span>候,<span style="color: black;">孩儿</span>就要接受进一步的实验室和影像学<span style="color: black;">检测</span>,以尽快排除或确认恶性<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>的可能。<span style="color: black;">已然</span>确诊的神经母细胞瘤<span style="color: black;">病人</span>,<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">必要</span><span style="color: black;">定时</span>接受<span style="color: black;">检测</span>以<span style="color: black;">评定</span>治疗效果和监测病情。在近期的一系列<span style="color: black;">文案</span>里,<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>将介绍神经母细胞瘤的诊断和医学<span style="color: black;">检测</span>:实验室<span style="color: black;">检测</span>的部分<span style="color: black;">包含</span>尿儿茶酚胺<span style="color: black;">检测</span>(VMA和HVA<span style="color: black;">检测</span>)、血清NSE<span style="color: black;">检测</span>、血清铁蛋白和LDH<span style="color: black;">检测</span>等;影像学<span style="color: black;">检测</span><span style="color: black;">包含</span>CT/PET-CT、核磁共振、骨扫描和MIBG等。<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>还会介绍骨髓穿刺和活检等病理学<span style="color: black;">检测</span>、手术病理报告的<span style="color: black;">诠释</span>、确诊和分期依据的<span style="color: black;">检测</span>列表、以及治疗<span style="color: black;">时期</span>的<span style="color: black;">平常</span><span style="color: black;">检测</span>等。除了文献中的<span style="color: black;">要紧</span>论文,<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>还参考了北美的儿童肿瘤协作组(Childrens Oncology Group)、美国癌症协会(American Cancer Society)和加拿大癌症协会(Canada Cancer Society)的诊疗<span style="color: black;">指点</span>,以及2015年《中华小儿外科杂志》刊登的《儿童神经母细胞瘤诊疗专家共识》。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">在今天的<span style="color: black;">文案</span>里,<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>先来介绍尿儿茶酚胺<span style="color: black;">检测</span>,即<span style="color: black;">一般</span>所说的VMA和HVA<span style="color: black;">检测</span>。<span style="color: black;">文案</span>中检测指标的参考值,来自于美国犹他大学ARUP实验室(ARUP Laboratories)的公开数据。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">儿茶酚胺及其代谢产物</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">儿茶酚胺(catecholamine)是<span style="color: black;">拥有</span>儿茶酚核的胺类化合物的统<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>。人体的肾上腺会释放儿茶酚胺类的激素,<span style="color: black;">包含</span>肾上腺素、去甲肾上腺素和多巴胺等。这些激素经血液循环,其代谢产物<span style="color: black;">经过</span>尿液排出体外。<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>肾上腺的神经内分泌细胞变异成肿瘤细胞(<span style="color: black;">一般</span>是神经母细胞瘤或嗜铬细胞瘤),肾上腺就会<span style="color: black;">海量</span>分泌儿茶酚胺类的激素,尿液中的代谢产物<span style="color: black;">亦</span>相应<span style="color: black;">增加</span>。肾上腺素和去甲肾上腺素的代谢产物<span style="color: black;">重点</span>是香草扁桃酸(vanillylmandelic acid, VMA),多巴胺的代谢产物<span style="color: black;">重点</span>是高香草酸(homovanillic acid, HVA),这两种化合物的分子式如下图所示。</p>
<div style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><img src="https://pic1.zhimg.com/80/v2-2b5058c0bd8627d389ccb1c21bf6a430_720w.webp" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></div>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">按照</span>儿童肿瘤协作组的统计数据,有大约90%的神经母细胞瘤病例,尿液中VMA和HVA的水平会<span style="color: black;">明显</span><span style="color: black;">上升</span>。尿儿茶酚胺<span style="color: black;">检测</span>从1970年代<span style="color: black;">起始</span>就在临床上广泛<span style="color: black;">运用</span>,为诊断和监测神经母细胞瘤<span style="color: black;">供给</span>依据。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">灵敏度和特异度</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">做为</span>诊断神经母细胞瘤的<span style="color: black;">要紧</span>手段,尿儿茶酚胺<span style="color: black;">检测</span><span style="color: black;">拥有</span>良好的灵敏度(sensitivity)和特异度(specificity):</p>灵敏度<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">叫作</span>为真阳性率,<span style="color: black;">指的是</span>在<span style="color: black;">实质</span>为阳性的样本中,经<span style="color: black;">检测</span>判断为阳性的比率。以尿儿茶酚胺<span style="color: black;">检测</span>为例,其灵敏度<span style="color: black;">便是</span>在所有的神母病例中,VMA或HVA水平<span style="color: black;">明显</span>高于参考值的百分比。<span style="color: black;">按照</span>文献中的记录,在新发的神经母细胞瘤病例中,VMA和HVA<span style="color: black;">检测</span>的灵敏度约为80%–95%。特异度<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">叫作</span>为真阴性率,<span style="color: black;">指的是</span>在<span style="color: black;">实质</span>为阴性的样本中,经<span style="color: black;">检测</span>判断为阴性的比例。尿儿茶酚胺<span style="color: black;">检测</span>的特异度<span style="color: black;">便是</span>在非神母<span style="color: black;">病人</span>的人群中,VMA和HVA水平<span style="color: black;">无</span><span style="color: black;">显著</span>超过参考范围的比例。VMA和HVA<span style="color: black;">检测</span>的特异度在95%以上。<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">一个完美的医学<span style="color: black;">检测</span>,灵敏度和特异度都应该是100%。<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">便是</span>说,<span style="color: black;">这般</span>的<span style="color: black;">检测</span>不仅<span style="color: black;">能够</span>找出所有<span style="color: black;">病人</span>(灵敏度100%),还能排除所有没患病的人(特异度100%)。VMA和HVA<span style="color: black;">检测</span>的灵敏度和特异度都很高,<span style="color: black;">因此呢</span><span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">做为</span>诊断神经母细胞瘤的<span style="color: black;">要紧</span>依据。但<span style="color: black;">必须</span>强调的是,<span style="color: black;">因为</span>神经母细胞瘤的发病率非常低,虽然尿儿茶酚胺<span style="color: black;">检测</span>的特异度很高,<span style="color: black;">通常</span>人群中VMA和HVA阳性的比率(<span style="color: black;">少于</span>5%)仍然大大高于发病率(儿童中约为十万分之一),<span style="color: black;">因此</span>VMA和HVA的<span style="color: black;">检测</span>结果<span style="color: black;">不可</span><span style="color: black;">做为</span>诊断的<span style="color: black;">重点</span>依据,确诊神经母细胞瘤还<span style="color: black;">必要</span>参考骨髓穿刺或活检等病理学<span style="color: black;">检测</span>结果。<span style="color: black;">另一</span>,大<span style="color: black;">大概</span>5%–10%的神经母细胞瘤病例,VMA和HVA水平在正常范围内,确诊这些病例更<span style="color: black;">必须</span>依靠其他的<span style="color: black;">检测</span>手段。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">VMA和HVA的参考范围</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">在诊断过程中,<span style="color: black;">倘若</span><span style="color: black;">大夫</span><span style="color: black;">可疑</span><span style="color: black;">孩儿</span>的症状同神经母细胞瘤<span style="color: black;">关联</span>,<span style="color: black;">一般</span>就会安排尿儿茶酚胺<span style="color: black;">检测</span>。VMA和HVA<span style="color: black;">检测</span>还被用来<span style="color: black;">评定</span>治疗效果和监测肿瘤<span style="color: black;">发展</span>。<span style="color: black;">一般</span>采用的尿液收集办法有两种:一种是从24小时的<span style="color: black;">所有</span>尿液中取样来测定VMA和HVA水平;还有一种是随机取尿,除了测定VMA和HVA水平,还要测定尿样中的肌酐(creatinine)水平。<span style="color: black;">通常</span><span style="color: black;">来讲</span>,血液中的VMA和HVA变化不如在尿液中<span style="color: black;">显著</span>,<span style="color: black;">因此</span>除非特殊<span style="color: black;">状况</span>,<span style="color: black;">没</span>须<span style="color: black;">经过</span>检测血液中的儿茶酚胺或其代谢物水平来确诊神经母细胞瘤。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">绝大<span style="color: black;">都数</span>神经母细胞瘤的<span style="color: black;">病人</span>都是儿童。<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>年龄太小,收集<span style="color: black;">病人</span>24小时的尿液并<span style="color: black;">不易</span>,<span style="color: black;">因此</span>取随机尿样的做法在儿茶酚胺<span style="color: black;">检测</span>中更为<span style="color: black;">平常</span>。人体的激素水平受<span style="color: black;">膳食</span>、<span style="color: black;">药品</span>、<span style="color: black;">心情</span>、环境的影响很大,尿液中的代谢物水平<span style="color: black;">亦</span>会相应波动,<span style="color: black;">因此</span>随机尿样的VMA和HVA水平<span style="color: black;">可否</span>正常,<span style="color: black;">必要</span><span style="color: black;">经过</span>比较肌酐水平来判断。<span style="color: black;">通常</span>而言,<span style="color: black;">针对</span>以下几种<span style="color: black;">状况</span>,<span style="color: black;">检测</span>报告应给出VMA和HVA同肌酐的比值:</p><span style="color: black;">病人</span>年龄在18岁以下;随机尿样或尿样并非取自24小时内的<span style="color: black;">所有</span>尿液;<span style="color: black;">病人</span>24小时的尿量少于400毫升。<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">正常<span style="color: black;">孩儿</span>尿液中VMA和HVA的水平会随着年龄增长而<span style="color: black;">提升</span>,但不同性别间<span style="color: black;">无</span><span style="color: black;">显著</span>差别。<span style="color: black;">另一</span>,尿液中的肌酐水平<span style="color: black;">一般</span>和人体肌肉的重量成正比。<span style="color: black;">思虑</span>到这些<span style="color: black;">原因</span>,VMA和HVA同肌酐比值的正常范围在不同年龄的人群中会有所差别,其参考值如下:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">香草扁桃酸/肌酐比(VMA/Creatinine)</p>0–2岁:0–27mg/g CRT3–5岁:0–13mg/g CRT6–17岁:0–9mg/g CRT18岁以上:0–6mg/g CRT<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">高香草酸/肌酐比(HVA/Creatinine)</p>0–2岁:0–42mg/g CRT3–5岁:0–22mg/g CRT6–17岁:0–15mg/g CRT18岁以上:0–8mg/g CRT<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">有些医院的<span style="color: black;">检测</span>报告会<span style="color: black;">运用</span>mmol/mol<span style="color: black;">做为</span>比值单位,报告上<span style="color: black;">通常</span>都有相应的参考值。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">针对</span><span style="color: black;">运用</span>24小时尿样的<span style="color: black;">检测</span>,18岁以上<span style="color: black;">病人</span>的VMA和HVA水平的参考范围如下:</p>24小时VMA:0–7.0mg24小时HVA:0–15.0mg<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">亦</span>有<span style="color: black;">公司</span>采用mmol/L<span style="color: black;">做为</span>单位,参考范围为:</p>24小时VMA:0–35mmol/L24小时HVA:0–40mmol/L<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">值得说明的是,不同的医疗<span style="color: black;">公司</span>可能会给出不同的VMA和HVA参考范围。剧烈运动、极度焦虑、原发性高血压等都有可能<span style="color: black;">导致</span>VMA和HVA水平<span style="color: black;">提升</span>。<span style="color: black;">另一</span>,有些<span style="color: black;">药品</span>(<span style="color: black;">包含</span><span style="color: black;">有些</span>非处方药和草药)会影响儿茶酚胺及其代谢产物的水平,<span style="color: black;">平常</span>的如安非他明和苯丙胺类化合物、食欲<span style="color: black;">控制</span>剂、溴隐亭、丁螺环酮、咖啡因、氯丙嗪、可乐定、双硫仑、利尿剂(当剂量足以消耗钠时)、肾上腺素、胰高血糖素、胍乙啶、组胺、 肼衍生物、丙咪嗪、左旋多巴、褪黑素、吗啡、硝酸甘油、利血平、三环类抗抑郁药和血管扩张剂等。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">为了<span style="color: black;">保准</span>尿儿茶酚胺<span style="color: black;">检测</span>不受影响,<span style="color: black;">病人</span>应在尿液收集前72小时停止<span style="color: black;">吃下</span><span style="color: black;">关联</span><span style="color: black;">药品</span>。医院还会<span style="color: black;">意见</span><span style="color: black;">掌控</span><span style="color: black;">膳食</span>,不让<span style="color: black;">孩儿</span>吃影响VMA和HVA水平的<span style="color: black;">食品</span>。下图是家长分享的北京儿童医院VMA和HVA<span style="color: black;">检测</span>的<span style="color: black;">重视</span>事项:</p>
<div style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><img src="https://pic1.zhimg.com/80/v2-3354fa29f0f3d498d2831e547c9836c4_720w.webp" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></div>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">国外医院<span style="color: black;">一般</span><span style="color: black;">亦</span>会<span style="color: black;">需求</span><span style="color: black;">病人</span>在VMA和HVA<span style="color: black;">检测</span>前72小时停止<span style="color: black;">吃下</span>降压<span style="color: black;">药品</span>和水杨酸类<span style="color: black;">药品</span>(<span style="color: black;">平常</span>的有阿司匹林和水杨酸钠等),不吃含咖啡因、巧克力、茶碱、酒精、香草精的<span style="color: black;">食品</span>和饮料,不吃香蕉等<span style="color: black;">果蔬</span>。<span style="color: black;">通常</span><span style="color: black;">来讲</span>,少量抗生素对<span style="color: black;">检测</span><span style="color: black;">无</span>影响。<span style="color: black;">因为</span>尿样的VMA和HVA水平很容易受影响,检测结果稍微高于参考范围的<span style="color: black;">状况</span>并不少见,<span style="color: black;">不该</span><span style="color: black;">做为</span>确诊和监测神经母细胞瘤<span style="color: black;">发展</span>的依据。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">神经母细胞瘤的诊断标准</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">倘若</span>VMA和HVA的<span style="color: black;">检测</span>结果<span style="color: black;">明显</span>高于正常水平(<span style="color: black;">例如</span>高出参考上限几倍),<span style="color: black;">大夫</span>就会<span style="color: black;">思虑</span>神经内分泌肿瘤的可能。<span style="color: black;">按照</span>1988年在《临床肿瘤学期刊》(Journal of Clinical Oncology)上<span style="color: black;">发布</span>的《神经母细胞瘤诊断、分期和治疗反应的国际标准》以及1993年<span style="color: black;">发布</span>的修订标准,<span style="color: black;">仅有</span>当VMA和/或HVA水平高于均值的三倍标准差以上,尿儿茶酚胺的<span style="color: black;">检测</span>结果<span style="color: black;">才可</span><span style="color: black;">做为</span>确诊神经母细胞瘤的依据。这一标准<span style="color: black;">日前</span>还在临床上被广泛<span style="color: black;">运用</span>。<span style="color: black;">另一</span>,文献中有论文报告了14个神经母细胞瘤病例在确诊时的VMA和HVA水平,其中有8个病例的VMA水平高于参考范围上限的两倍,有10个病例的HVA水平高于参考范围上限的两倍。这项<span style="color: black;">科研</span>的样本量很小,结论仅作参考。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">在严格<span style="color: black;">道理</span>上,确诊神经母细胞瘤<span style="color: black;">必要</span>依据活检或骨髓穿刺等病理学<span style="color: black;">检测</span>结果,VMA和HVA的<span style="color: black;">检测</span>结果只能<span style="color: black;">供给</span>辅助性的依据。在上面<span style="color: black;">说到</span>的国际诊断标准中,只有满足以下两个<span style="color: black;">前提</span>中的任意一个,神经母细胞瘤的病例<span style="color: black;">才可</span>得到确认:</p>显微镜下的活体<span style="color: black;">检测</span><span style="color: black;">发掘</span>神经母细胞瘤组织;骨髓中<span style="color: black;">发掘</span>神经母细胞瘤细胞,并且尿检<span style="color: black;">发掘</span>VMA和/或HVA水平高于均值的三倍标准差以上。<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">在临床上,有些<span style="color: black;">大夫</span>会把VMA和HVA水平结合影像学<span style="color: black;">检测</span>结果<span style="color: black;">做为</span>确诊神经母细胞瘤的依据。但<span style="color: black;">倘若</span><span style="color: black;">无</span>骨髓穿刺、活检或术后的病理学<span style="color: black;">检测</span>,<span style="color: black;">这般</span>做有可能<span style="color: black;">引起</span>误诊,这是<span style="color: black;">由于</span>以下的两种肿瘤<span style="color: black;">亦</span>有类似的实验室和影像学<span style="color: black;">检测</span>结果:</p>神经节细胞瘤(ganglioneuroma):神经节细胞瘤(不是神经节母细胞瘤)是一种罕见的良性肿瘤,<span style="color: black;">仅在</span><span style="color: black;">少许</span>时候会<span style="color: black;">出现</span>恶性病变。有<span style="color: black;">有些</span>神经节细胞瘤<span style="color: black;">病人</span><span style="color: black;">亦</span>会过量分泌儿茶酚胺,<span style="color: black;">导致</span>尿液中VMA和HVA的水平<span style="color: black;">上升</span>。<span style="color: black;">另一</span>,神经节细胞瘤<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">经过</span>MIBG<span style="color: black;">检测</span><span style="color: black;">发掘</span>。嗜铬细胞瘤(pheochromocytoma):嗜铬细胞瘤是生长在肾上腺的肿瘤,会直接影响儿茶酚胺类激素的分泌。但同神经母细胞瘤的年龄分布不同,嗜铬细胞瘤的<span style="color: black;">病人</span><span style="color: black;">都数</span>都是成人。<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">其他<span style="color: black;">经过</span>影像学<span style="color: black;">检测</span>难以同神经母细胞瘤区分的实体瘤病例,<span style="color: black;">倘若</span><span style="color: black;">显现</span>了VMA和HVA水平<span style="color: black;">上升</span>的<span style="color: black;">状况</span>,<span style="color: black;">亦</span>可能<span style="color: black;">导致</span>误诊。虽然类似的<span style="color: black;">状况</span>并不<span style="color: black;">平常</span>,但在临床上仍应竭力避免。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">神经母细胞瘤<span style="color: black;">病人</span><span style="color: black;">一般</span>要接受多次尿儿茶酚胺<span style="color: black;">检测</span>。在治疗<span style="color: black;">时期</span>,<span style="color: black;">经过</span>监测和比较VMA和HVA水平,尿儿茶酚胺<span style="color: black;">检测</span><span style="color: black;">能够</span>用来<span style="color: black;">评定</span>治疗效果。结疗以后,<span style="color: black;">定时</span>的尿儿茶酚胺<span style="color: black;">检测</span><span style="color: black;">能够</span>用来判断神经母细胞瘤<span style="color: black;">可否</span>复发。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">其他临床结论</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">下面<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>列出文献中<span style="color: black;">相关</span>VMA和HVA<span style="color: black;">检测</span>的<span style="color: black;">有些</span>临床结论,供<span style="color: black;">大众</span>参考。</p>有<span style="color: black;">科研</span>认为,VMA同HVA的比值<span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">做为</span>神经母细胞瘤预后的参考,比值越低预后越<span style="color: black;">不睬</span>想。这是<span style="color: black;">由于</span>多巴胺经羟化酶催化会转化为去甲肾上腺素,<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>肾上腺产生的羟化酶不足,尿液中VMA(肾上腺素和去甲肾上腺素的代谢产物)和HVA(多巴胺的代谢产物)的比例就会<span style="color: black;">出现</span>变化。羟化酶不足可能是肿瘤组织分化差<span style="color: black;">导致</span>的,<span style="color: black;">因此</span>VMA同HVA的比值可能和神经母细胞瘤的分化程度<span style="color: black;">关联</span>。有<span style="color: black;">科研</span><span style="color: black;">说到</span>,VMA和HVA<span style="color: black;">检测</span>用于诊断神经母细胞瘤复发,其<span style="color: black;">敏锐</span>度可能<span style="color: black;">仅有</span>55%,<span style="color: black;">因此</span>结疗后复查<span style="color: black;">必要</span><span style="color: black;">包含</span>影像学<span style="color: black;">检测</span>。神经节母细胞瘤(即<span style="color: black;">一般</span>所说的节母)<span style="color: black;">通常</span>不会<span style="color: black;">引起</span>儿茶酚胺代谢物水平<span style="color: black;">上升</span>。如果VMA或HVA水平高于正常值,节母<span style="color: black;">病人</span>还要接受其他<span style="color: black;">检测</span>,以排除神经母细胞瘤的可能。日本、德国和加拿大曾经<span style="color: black;">经过</span>VMA和HVA<span style="color: black;">检测</span>进行神经母细胞瘤的<span style="color: black;">初期</span>筛查。这几次大规模筛查<span style="color: black;">发掘</span>了<span style="color: black;">更加多</span>的<span style="color: black;">初期</span>神经母细胞瘤病例,这些病例<span style="color: black;">一般</span>有比较好的生物学特征,容易自愈。但后期的统计结果<span style="color: black;">显示</span>,VMA和HVA的<span style="color: black;">初期</span>筛查并没有<span style="color: black;">显著</span>降低神经母细胞瘤的死亡率。<span style="color: black;">思虑</span>到<span style="color: black;">初期</span>筛查可能会<span style="color: black;">导致</span>生物学特征有利的病例接受过度治疗,<span style="color: black;">同期</span>又对其他病例的效果不大,<span style="color: black;">此刻</span>各国都<span style="color: black;">再也不</span><span style="color: black;">举荐</span>神经母细胞瘤的<span style="color: black;">初期</span>筛查。<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">参考文献</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">Neuroblastoma treatment (PDQ). Health Professional Version. National Cancer Institute.</p><a style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">https://www.</span><span style="color: black;">ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/</span><span style="color: black;">NBK65747/</span></a>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">Homovanillic Acid (HVA), Urine, ARUP Laboratiories. National Reference Laboratory.</p><a style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">http</span></a>s://<span style="color: black;">ltd.aruplab.com/Tests/P</span><span style="color: black;">ub/0080422</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">Vanillylmandelic Acid (VMA), Urine, ARUP Laboratiories. National Reference Laboratory.</p><a style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">http://</span><span style="color: black;">ltd.aruplab.com/Test</span></a>s/P<span style="color: black;">ub/0080421</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">Laboratory Testing. Diagnosis. Neuroblastoma. ARUP Consult</p><a style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">https://</span><span style="color: black;">arupconsult.com/content</span><span style="color: black;">/neuroblastoma</span></a>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">24-hour urine test, collection instructions. Weland Clinical Laboratories P.C.</p><a style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">https://www.</span><span style="color: black;">welandlaboratories.com/</span><span style="color: black;">pdf/specimen/Weland_24_Hour_Urine_Collection.pdf</span></a>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">Smith, S. J., Diehl, N. N., Smith, B. D., and Mohney, B. G. (2010). Urine catecholamine levels as diagnostic markers for neuroblastoma in a defined population: Implications for ophthalmic practice. Eye, 24(12), 1792–1796.</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">Brodeur, G. M., Seeger, R. C., Barrett, A., Berthold, F., Castleberry, R. P., et al. (1988). International criteria for diagnosis, staging, and response to treatment in patients with neuroblastoma. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 6(12), 1874–1881.</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">Brodeur, G. M., Pritchard, J., Berthold, F., Carlsen, N. L., Castel, V., et al. (1993). Revisions of the international criteria for neuroblastoma diagnosis, staging, and response to treatment. Journal of clinical oncology, 11(8), 1466–1477.</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">Weinstein, J. L., Katzenstein, H. M., & Cohn, S. L. (2003). Advances in the diagnosis and treatment of neuroblastoma. The Oncologist, 8(3), 278–292.</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">Nakagawara, A., Zaizen, Y., Ikeda, K., Suita, S., et al. (1991). Different genomic and metabolic patterns between mass screening‐positive and mass screening-negative later‐presenting neuroblastomas. Cancer, 68(9), 2037–2044.</p>Gao, R. N., Levy, I. G., Woods, W. G., Coombs, B. A., et al. (1997). Incidence and mortality of neuroblastoma in Canada compared with other childhood cancers. Cancer Causes Control, 8(5), 745–754.<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">本文系对文献的翻译和总结,不承担任何因信息不实而产生的后果。转载须注明出处;未经许可,不得转载。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">阅读其他<span style="color: black;">文案</span>,请点击公众号目录菜单。</p>
<div style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><img src="https://pic3.zhimg.com/80/v2-27503e0e55b2aacfb4e956fb018f15ce_720w.webp" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></div>
<div style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><img src="https://pic2.zhimg.com/80/v2-cb3cd727ec4a23c9bfeebc074354b77d_720w.webp" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></div>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">长按二维码关注<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>的公众号</p>
<div style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><img src="https://pic4.zhimg.com/80/v2-907f1d00f6e98cbfba44be80069133c3_720w.webp" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></div>
请问、你好、求解、谁知道等。 外贸网站建设方法 http://www.fok120.com/
页:
[1]