癌症分为几个时期,为么要分期?
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">大夫</span>说的癌症三期、四期是什么意思?癌症一共有几个时期,每一期是<span style="color: black;">怎样</span>定义的,<span style="color: black;">为何</span>要分期?</p>
<div style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><img src="https://pic3.zhimg.com/80/v2-09acf58d4e7ca4ba60f7f99eb2ec4512_720w.webp" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></div>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">作者说:癌症分期的概念在癌症<span style="color: black;">科研</span>和治疗方面非常<span style="color: black;">要紧</span>。这篇内容偏知识介绍,比较枯燥。太长不看的话,<span style="color: black;">便是</span>癌症有系统的<span style="color: black;">办法</span>分为几个不同的时期。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">癌症分期(cancer staging)是<span style="color: black;">按照</span>癌症<span style="color: black;">出现</span>的程度将癌症分为几个不同的时期。<span style="color: black;">晓得</span><span style="color: black;">病人</span><span style="color: black;">处在</span>哪一时期,有助于更好的制定治疗<span style="color: black;">方法</span>。手术和放疗<span style="color: black;">针对</span>治疗<span style="color: black;">初期</span>癌症<span style="color: black;">非常</span>有效,进程较深的癌症可能<span style="color: black;">必须</span>借助其他治疗<span style="color: black;">办法</span>,<span style="color: black;">例如</span>化疗。查看"<a style="color: black;">癌症的<span style="color: black;">平常</span>治疗<span style="color: black;">办法</span></a>"<span style="color: black;">认识</span><span style="color: black;">更加多</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">大夫</span>会借助X光、实验<span style="color: black;">检测</span>、CT扫描、核磁共振、活组织<span style="color: black;">检测</span>等手段来看癌症发展到了哪一时期,<span style="color: black;">必须</span><span style="color: black;">思虑</span>的<span style="color: black;">原因</span><span style="color: black;">包含</span>:肿瘤在身体什么部位,有多大,<span style="color: black;">可否</span>转移,癌细胞类型和<span style="color: black;">反常</span>程度。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">病人</span><span style="color: black;">处在</span>哪个时期是在癌症最初诊断时决定的,即使癌症经过治疗得到<span style="color: black;">掌控</span>或恶化,癌症分期<span style="color: black;">一般</span>是不会改变的。<span style="color: black;">然则</span>分期<span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">始终</span><span style="color: black;">伴同</span>着治疗过程以及<span style="color: black;">出现</span>在治疗之后,在癌症诊断后的分期<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>为“再分期”(re-staging)。再分期能够<span style="color: black;">帮忙</span><span style="color: black;">大夫</span>判断当前的治疗<span style="color: black;">可否</span>有效,癌症<span style="color: black;">可否</span>恶化或复发,如有必要,需制定新的治疗<span style="color: black;">方法</span>。<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>再分期的结果与癌症最初诊断时的分期结果不同,最初结果依旧会<span style="color: black;">保存</span>,<span style="color: black;">同期</span>新的结果以字母r来标注。</p>
<h3 style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><span style="color: black;">平常</span>的癌症分期<span style="color: black;">办法</span></h3>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">TNM分期系统(TNM staging system)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">此刻</span>通用的癌症分期标准是TNM分期系统。大部分癌症都采用TNM系统进行分期,少部分癌症<span style="color: black;">运用</span>的是特殊的分期<span style="color: black;">办法</span>,<span style="color: black;">例如</span>血液癌症,<span style="color: black;">由于</span>血细胞在人<span style="color: black;">身体</span>循环。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">TNM三个字母分别有不同的含义。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">T:取自<span style="color: black;">重点</span>肿瘤的英文(Primary Tumor)中的字母T,<span style="color: black;">表率</span><span style="color: black;">重点</span>肿瘤的<span style="color: black;">体积</span>和程度,TX和T0说明<span style="color: black;">无</span>检测到或找到<span style="color: black;">重点</span>肿瘤。T后面任何大于0的数字则<span style="color: black;">暗示</span><span style="color: black;">发掘</span>了<span style="color: black;">重点</span>肿瘤,数字越大,肿瘤越大。有T1,T2,T3,T4四种<span style="color: black;">暗示</span>,某些癌症有更加细分的<span style="color: black;">周期</span>,<span style="color: black;">能够</span>在数字后面加字母<span style="color: black;">暗示</span>,如T3a。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">N:取自淋巴结的英文(Lymph Node)中的字母N,<span style="color: black;">表率</span>肿瘤<span style="color: black;">周边</span>有多少淋巴结<span style="color: black;">出现</span>了癌症。在癌症转移到更远的身体部位之前,<span style="color: black;">常常</span>会先扩散到<span style="color: black;">周边</span>的淋巴结。NX和N0说明<span style="color: black;">无</span>检测到<span style="color: black;">周边</span>淋巴结有癌症。N1,N2,N3<span style="color: black;">暗示</span><span style="color: black;">周边</span>淋巴结<span style="color: black;">出现</span>癌症的程度,数字越大,程度越深。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">M:取自转移的英文(Metastasis)中的字母M,MX和M0<span style="color: black;">暗示</span><span style="color: black;">无</span>检测到或<span style="color: black;">无</span><span style="color: black;">出现</span>转移,M1则<span style="color: black;">暗示</span>癌症转移至较远的身体部位。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">举个例子,T3N1M0,意思是<span style="color: black;">发掘</span>了<span style="color: black;">重点</span>肿瘤,肿瘤<span style="color: black;">很强</span>,<span style="color: black;">周边</span>淋巴结有少许癌症,未<span style="color: black;">出现</span>转移。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">数字分期</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">针对</span>TNM系统可能大部分人还比较陌生,另一种综合<span style="color: black;">思虑</span>了T、N、M三个指标的不同状态而将癌症分为5个时期的癌症分期<span style="color: black;">办法</span>更为<span style="color: black;">平常</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">癌症零期(Stage 0):检测到<span style="color: black;">反常</span>细胞,但<span style="color: black;">反常</span>细胞<span style="color: black;">无</span>扩散到别处,这个时期<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">叫作</span>为原位癌(carcinoma in situ)。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">癌症一期(Stage I),二期(Stage II),三期(Stage III)<span style="color: black;">暗示</span>已<span style="color: black;">出现</span>癌症,数字越大,癌症<span style="color: black;">发展</span>越深,对<span style="color: black;">周边</span>组织扩散越大。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">癌症四期(Stage IV):癌症已转移较远。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">扩散位置分期</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">还有一种适用于所有癌症的分期<span style="color: black;">办法</span>是<span style="color: black;">按照</span>癌症扩散的位置来分期的,<span style="color: black;">重点</span>用于数据收集和统计时的<span style="color: black;">归类</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">原位(in situ):检测到<span style="color: black;">反常</span>细胞,但<span style="color: black;">反常</span>细胞<span style="color: black;">无</span>扩散到别处。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">局部(localized):癌症仅限于<span style="color: black;">发掘</span>的部位,<span style="color: black;">无</span>扩散的迹象。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">区域(regional):癌症扩散到<span style="color: black;">周边</span>淋巴结或组织。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">远发(distant):癌症扩散到身体较远的部位。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">未知(unknown):<span style="color: black;">没</span>法判断。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">其他特殊分期<span style="color: black;">办法</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">上面<span style="color: black;">说到</span>某些癌症不适合用TNM系统进行分期。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">血液癌症<span style="color: black;">便是</span>一个例子。在电影《我不是药神》中<span style="color: black;">显现</span>的慢性粒细胞白血病(chronic myeloid leukemia, CML),是一种<span style="color: black;">出现</span>在骨髓的癌症,<span style="color: black;">一般</span>是<span style="color: black;">按照</span>骨髓的成髓细胞数目和血细胞数目等<span style="color: black;">原因</span>来决定<span style="color: black;">处在</span>什么<span style="color: black;">周期</span>。英文里,比起大部分癌症用stage<span style="color: black;">暗示</span>“期”,它用的是phase这个词。慢性粒细胞白血病<span style="color: black;">通常</span>分为慢性期(chronic phase),加速期(accelerated phase),急变期(blast phase, acute phase)。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">医学上还有一种分期<span style="color: black;">办法</span>叫安娜堡分期(Ann Arbor Staging),常用于霍奇金淋巴瘤(Hodgkin lymphoma),<span style="color: black;">重点</span><span style="color: black;">按照</span><span style="color: black;">出现</span>癌症的淋巴结的数目和受影响的器官决定。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">另外</span>,一些儿童癌症<span style="color: black;">亦</span>会采用不同的分期<span style="color: black;">办法</span>。</p>
<h3 style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;">癌症分期与存活率</h3>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">癌症分期除了<span style="color: black;">帮忙</span>制定治疗<span style="color: black;">方法</span>,还<span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">帮忙</span><span style="color: black;">认识</span><span style="color: black;">病人</span>存活率。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">以乳腺癌为例,美国国家癌症<span style="color: black;">科研</span>所调查的2008-2014年数据<span style="color: black;">表示</span>,乳腺癌<span style="color: black;">病人</span>的五年存活率(指癌症诊断后<span style="color: black;">病人</span><span style="color: black;">最少</span>存活五年的比例)为89.7%。<span style="color: black;">思虑</span>分期的话,<span style="color: black;">初期</span>的存活率<span style="color: black;">显著</span>高于晚期。仅限于<span style="color: black;">发掘</span>部位的局部癌症五年存活率高达98.7%,扩散至<span style="color: black;">周边</span>的区域癌症为85.3%,<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>癌症<span style="color: black;">已然</span>转移到较远的身体部位,治疗更加困难,五年存活率仅为27%。</p>
<div style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><img src="https://pic2.zhimg.com/80/v2-1dd55f1a15f884b33eea85d4c8fee291_720w.webp" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></div>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">乳腺癌五年存活率与分期(从左到右依次为:局部,区域,远发,未知)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">照片</span>来自<a style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">https://</span><span style="color: black;">seer.cancer.gov/statfac</span><span style="color: black;">ts/html/brea</span></a>st.html</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">今后,<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>将会<span style="color: black;">持续</span><span style="color: black;">颁布</span>某种<span style="color: black;">详细</span>癌症在不同分期的治疗<span style="color: black;">方法</span>的<span style="color: black;">文案</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">封面来自公有<span style="color: black;">行业</span><span style="color: black;">照片</span>库pixabay</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">编辑:LINN</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">感谢校对</p>
<div style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><img src="https://pic3.zhimg.com/80/v2-fec6a72d629d8d122530beef92ea8346_720w.webp" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></div>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">健康驿站是什么?</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">健康驿站是一个公益<span style="color: black;">网</span>,由哈佛大学博士创办。健康驿站的成员是一群医学健康<span style="color: black;">关联</span>专业的的美国名校博士,<span style="color: black;">数年</span>在医学健康<span style="color: black;">行业</span>学习和从事一线<span style="color: black;">研究</span>,以国外权威医学信息为参考,力求<span style="color: black;">供给</span>专业、<span style="color: black;">可靠</span>、公益的健康<span style="color: black;">新闻</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">官方<span style="color: black;">网</span>:<a style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">http://www.</span><span style="color: black;">healthsite.org</span></a></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">微X</span>公众号:healthsite</p>
<div style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><img src="https://pic1.zhimg.com/80/v2-d612ea09d2b23f95fb6b75973f7e5354_720w.webp" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></div>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">参考</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">National Cancer Institute. Cancer Staging. <a style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">https://www.</span><span style="color: black;">cancer.gov/about-cancer</span><span style="color: black;">/</span></a>diagnosis-staging/staging</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">American Cancer Society. Cancer Staging. <a style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">https://www.</span><span style="color: black;">cancer.org/treatment/un</span><span style="color: black;">derstanding-your-diagnosis/staging.html</span></a></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">National Cancer Institute. Cancer Stat Facts: Female Breast Cancer.<a style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">https://</span><span style="color: black;">seer.cancer.gov/statfac</span><span style="color: black;">ts/html/breast.html</span></a></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">National Cancer Institute. Table 3. Ann Arbor Staging Classification for Hodgkin Lymphoma.<a style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">https://www.</span><span style="color: black;">ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/</span><span style="color: black;">NBK65726/table/CDR0000062933__557/</span></a></p>
我完全同意你的看法,期待我们能深入探讨这个问题。 你的见解真是独到,让我受益匪浅。 你的努力一定会被看见,相信自己,加油。 感谢楼主分享,祝愿外链论坛越办越好!
页:
[1]