4zhvml8 发表于 2024-6-29 18:56:32

【医学生期末复习资料】药理学 名词解释(含英文)


    <h2 style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;">1. <span style="color: black;">药品</span>(drug)<span style="color: black;">指的是</span>能够影响机体(<span style="color: black;">包含</span>病原体)功能和(或)细胞代谢活动,用于<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>的治疗、预防和诊断,以及计划生育等方面的化学物质。</h2>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">1. Drugs are chemicals that alter the function of living systems by interactions at the molecular level and can be used to prevent, diagnose and treat disease.</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">2. 不良反应(adverse drug reaction ADR)<span style="color: black;">指的是</span>上市的合格<span style="color: black;">药物</span>在常规用法、用量<span style="color: black;">状况</span>下<span style="color: black;">显现</span>的,与用药目的<span style="color: black;">没</span>关,并给<span style="color: black;">病人</span>带来痛苦或<span style="color: black;">害处</span>的反应。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">3. 副<span style="color: black;">功效</span>( side effect)是<span style="color: black;">因为</span><span style="color: black;">药品</span><span style="color: black;">功效</span><span style="color: black;">选取</span>性低,<span style="color: black;">功效</span>范围广,在治疗剂量<span style="color: black;">导致</span>的,与用药目的<span style="color: black;">没</span>关的<span style="color: black;">功效</span>。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">4. 毒性反应(toxic effect)是<span style="color: black;">因为</span>用量过大或用药时间过长<span style="color: black;">导致</span>的严重不良反应。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">5. 后遗效应(residual effect)<span style="color: black;">指的是</span>在停药后,<span style="color: black;">血液</span><span style="color: black;">药品</span>浓度下降至阈浓度以下时残存的药理效应。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">6. 变态反应(allergic reaction)是<span style="color: black;">药品</span><span style="color: black;">导致</span>的免疫反应,反应性质与<span style="color: black;">药品</span>原有效应<span style="color: black;">没</span>关,其临床表现<span style="color: black;">包含</span>免疫反应的<span style="color: black;">各样</span>类型。致敏原<span style="color: black;">能够</span>是<span style="color: black;">药品</span>本身或<span style="color: black;">药品</span>代谢产物,<span style="color: black;">也</span>可能是制剂中的杂质或辅剂。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">7. 继发反应(secondary reaction)是继发于<span style="color: black;">药品</span>治疗<span style="color: black;">功效</span>之后的不良反应。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">8. 停药反应(withdrawal reaction)<span style="color: black;">指的是</span><span style="color: black;">病人</span><span style="color: black;">长时间</span>应用某种<span style="color: black;">药品</span>,<span style="color: black;">忽然</span>停药后发<span style="color: black;">患病</span>情恶化的现象。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">9. 特异质反应(idiosyncrasy reaction)<span style="color: black;">指的是</span><span style="color: black;">少许</span><span style="color: black;">病人</span><span style="color: black;">因为</span>遗传<span style="color: black;">原因</span>对某些<span style="color: black;">药品</span>的反应性<span style="color: black;">出现</span>了变化。特异质反应表现为对<span style="color: black;">药品</span>的反应<span style="color: black;">尤其</span><span style="color: black;">敏锐</span>,或<span style="color: black;">显现</span>与在<span style="color: black;">一般人</span><span style="color: black;">区别</span>性质的反应。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">10. 依赖性(dependence)是<span style="color: black;">药品</span>与机体相互<span style="color: black;">功效</span>所<span style="color: black;">导致</span>的一种状态,表现出强迫<span style="color: black;">需求</span>连续或<span style="color: black;">定时</span><span style="color: black;">运用</span>该药的<span style="color: black;">行径</span>或其他反应,其目的是感受<span style="color: black;">药品</span>的精神效应,或避免<span style="color: black;">因为</span>停药<span style="color: black;">导致</span>身体不适应。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">11. 量效关系(does-effect relationship)药理效应的强弱与其剂量<span style="color: black;">体积</span>或浓度高低呈<span style="color: black;">必定</span>关系,<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>剂量-效应关系,简<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>量效关系。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">12. 最小有效量(minimal effective does)或最小有效浓度<span style="color: black;">指的是</span><span style="color: black;">导致</span>效应的最小药量或最低<span style="color: black;">药品</span>浓度,<span style="color: black;">也</span><span style="color: black;">叫作</span>阈剂量或阈浓度。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">13. 最大效应(maximal effect Emax)在<span style="color: black;">必定</span>范围内<span style="color: black;">增多</span><span style="color: black;">药品</span>剂量或浓度,效应强度随之<span style="color: black;">增多</span>。但当效应<span style="color: black;">加强</span>打最大时,继续<span style="color: black;">增多</span>剂量或浓度,效应<span style="color: black;">再也不</span><span style="color: black;">加强</span>。这一药理效应的极限<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>为最大效应,又<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>效能(efficacy)。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">14. 效价强度(potency)用于<span style="color: black;">功效</span>性质相同的<span style="color: black;">药品</span>之间的等效剂量的比较,达到等效时所用药量较小者效价强度大,所用药量<span style="color: black;">很强</span>者效价强度小。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">15. 构效关系(structure-activity relationship ,SAR)<span style="color: black;">药品</span>的结构与药理活性或毒性之间的关系<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>为SAR。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">16. 受体(receptor)是细胞在<span style="color: black;">长时间</span>进化过程中形成的,对生物活性物质<span style="color: black;">拥有</span>识别和结合的能力,并<span style="color: black;">拥有</span>介导细胞信号转导功能的蛋白质。与受体特异性结合的生物活性物质<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>为配体(ligand)。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">17. 激动药(agonist)<span style="color: black;">指的是</span>既有亲和力又有内在活性的<span style="color: black;">药品</span>,它能与受体结合并激动受体而产生效应。分为完全激动药和部分激动药。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">18. 拮抗药(antagonist)<span style="color: black;">指的是</span><span style="color: black;">拥有</span>较强的亲和力,而<span style="color: black;">没</span>内在活性,拮抗药与受体结合但<span style="color: black;">不可</span>激动受体。竞争性拮抗药(competitive antagonist)能与激动药竞争相同受体,但其结合是可逆的,竞争性拮抗药能使激动药的量效曲线平行右移,但最大效应不变。非竞争性拮抗药指拮抗药与受体的结合是相对不可逆的,或能<span style="color: black;">导致</span>受体构象的改变,从而干扰激动药与受体的正常结合,使激动药<span style="color: black;">不可</span>竞争性对抗这种干扰。增大激动药的剂量<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">不可</span>使量效曲线的最大<span style="color: black;">功效</span>强度达到原来的水平。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">19. PA2:竞争性拮抗药对相应激动药的拮抗<span style="color: black;">功效</span>强度,</p>




nqkk58 发表于 2024-10-4 12:30:05

感谢你的精彩评论,为我的思绪打开了新的窗口。

nqkk58 发表于 2024-11-13 22:25:08

“BS”(鄙视的缩写)‌

7wu1wm0 发表于 前天 15:24

期待更新、坐等、迫不及待等。
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